1. Contents of Appraisal: Appraisal of an ancient ceramic requires the following four aspects:

1. Identification of counterfeiting: that is, identifying whether the ceramic is genuine or a descendant. Imitation or counterfeit. This is the first and critical step in the identification work. For example, a piece of porcelain with the year mark "Made in the Kangxi Period of the Qing Dynasty" should be carefully identified to determine whether it is indeed a porcelain made during the Kangxi period, or whether it is a counterfeit imitated by later generations.

2. Dating: that is, identifying the era when ceramics were made. For example, Longquan Kiln porcelain was produced in Song, Yuan and Ming Dynasties. It is necessary to identify whether it is a product of Song Dynasty, Yuan Dynasty or Ming Dynasty.

3. Broken kiln mouth: This is to identify the origin of ceramics and products belonging to a certain kiln mouth. For example, for a piece of printed celadon porcelain, it is necessary to identify whether it was made by Yaozhou kiln, Linru kiln, or other kilns.

4. Evaluation: that is, to evaluate the quality of the ceramic, as well as its artistic value and economic value. For example, whether the artifact is complete, whether there are cracks, deformations, etc., and then evaluate its artistic level? How much is it worth economically? All of these should be correctly evaluated.

2. Identification methods The basic methods of ceramic identification include classification, comparison and screening.

1. Classification method: Use the classification and comparison method of typology to find out the similarities and differences between various ceramics, classify them, and explore the laws of the evolution of the artifacts to achieve the purpose of understanding and mastering.

2. The comparison method uses known standard objects (such as kiln site specimens, unearthed ceramics from dating tombs, or ceramics with year marks on the objects themselves) to compare them with identification objects that are somehow related to each other. Conduct research and comparison from all aspects, compare the known with the unknown, make the unknown known, and draw a fact-based judgment.

3. Screening method: On the basis of practice, different methods such as investigation, textual research and scientific testing are used to correctly screen the identification objects through logical thinking and generalization.