Stendhal was an outstanding French critical realist writer in the19th century. His life is not long, less than 60 years old, literature started late, and he began to publish his works in his thirties. However, he left a huge spiritual legacy to mankind: several long articles, dozens of short stories or stories, millions of words of literary theory, essays and travel notes.
Stendhal's real name is Henry Bell. 1783 65438+/kloc-0 was born in Grenoble, France on October 23rd. My father is a bourgeois, but he supports the monarchy and the church, and his mind is full of noble thoughts. Stendhal's tutor is a priest. The priest gave him strict aristocratic education and forbade him to play with ordinary children. It was his mother and grandfather who had the greatest influence on him. His mother is of Italian descent, lively, free and open-minded, and can read the works of Dante and others in Italian. But she died when Stendhal was seven. Stendhal's grandfather is a doctor. Particularly liberal, he was a disciple of Rousseau and Voltaire, and supported * * * and factions. When Stendhal was a teenager, he often lived in his grandfather's house, where he read many world famous books.
Stendhal spent his childhood in the storm of the French Revolution.
1796- 1799 studied at grenoble central school, which was a new school established in accordance with bourgeois revolutionary thoughts and educational thoughts during the French revolution. Stendhal systematically studied new ideas and new knowledge, and became interested in French literature and materialist philosophy. 1779, he came to Paris, originally prepared to enter the famous comprehensive technical school, but encouraged by the revolutionary situation, he joined the army led by Napoleon. 1800, arrived in Milan, Italy with the army led by Napoleon. Milanese were ruled by Austria for a long time and regarded Napoleon's army as their savior. Their enthusiasm for the French Revolution and their excellent cultural traditions have a deep influence on Stendhal. After that, he lived and wrote in Milan for a long time and claimed to be a Milanese.
From 1806 to 18 14, Stendhal fought Napoleon's army in Europe. He served as a logistics officer during his retreat from Moscow in 18 12. Long-term struggle practice strengthened his views on * * * and factions, and he hated the decadent feudal aristocracy and the dark rule of the church even more. Therefore, it is not surprising that when he took off his military uniform and devoted himself to literary creation, his critical pen always pointed to the nobility and the church.
18 14 Napoleon stepped down and the bourbon dynasty was restored. Bourgeois revolutionaries were suppressed, while feudal princes and nobles celebrated each other. In this case, Stendhal felt that he could get nothing but humiliation, so he left his motherland and settled in Milan. Here, he has great sympathy for Italian patriots and keeps close contact with members of the Carbon Party who are fighting for national liberation. His behavior attracted the attention of the Austrian military and police who ruled Italy. 182 1 when the Italian revolution failed, many patriots were imprisoned, and he was also deported by the police authorities as a sympathizer of charcoal burners. It was not until 1834 was appointed as the French consul in Civita Vecchia under the jurisdiction of the Pope that he returned to Italy again.
Stendhal published his works from 18 17. The first work was completed in Italy, which is called "History of Italian Painting". Soon after, he published his travel notes Rome, Naples and Florence for the first time under the pseudonym of Stendhal. From 1823 to 1825, he published articles that were later included in the literary criticism collection Racine and Shakespeare. Then he turned to novel creation. Harmance was published in 1827, and the famous short story Vanina vanini was published in 1829. The masterpiece Red and Black was written in 1829 and published in 1830. From 1832 to 1842, it was the most difficult period in Stendhal, with financial difficulties, diseases and bad environment. But it is also his most important creative period. He wrote the novel Lv Xian Louwan (also known as Red and White), Bama Abbey, a long autobiography, The Biography of Henry Braura, and a dozen short stories. When Stendhal died on March 23rd, 1842, he still had several unfinished manuscripts.
Stendhal is famous for his novels. His masterpiece "Red and Black" has been circulated for more than a hundred years, and its charm has not diminished. However, his short stories are also wonderful. His representative works, Vanina vanini and Ai Lei (literally translated as Abbot Castro), are vivid and well-known, which can be called the wonderful flowers in the world short story garden. Together with Matteo Fargo of Merimee, Tamango and Gobsek of Balzac, they mark the maturity of French short story creation.
"Serialization of the Past" was serialized in London Pictorial from 1825 to 1826. 1826, French translation or adaptation to meet readers at the British Bookstore in Paris. At first, no one knew that the author was Stendhal. After Stendhal's death, his cousin Columbo found some manuscripts of this work while sorting out his manuscripts, so he included them in Stendhal's novel 1854.
This novel describes the social customs, social conditions and public opinion during the occupation of Italy by Napoleon's army. Conservatives gathered under the banner of the church in an attempt to protect the Virgin Mary and stop the rolling revolutionary wave, while church forces took the opportunity to create miracles and fabricate lies about the so-called Virgin Mary's appearance to deceive ignorant people; Young people and rational people opposed the church. They welcomed the arrival of Napoleon's army. The novel describes an important historical event-the kidnapping of the Pope, and there are some wonderful descriptions of heroes in troubled times. In short, the Italian society described in the novel is a conservative and ignorant society, and the general public regards the Pope as the representative of God on earth. Therefore, the defeat of Napoleon's army in Italy, the restoration of the Pope and the revenge movement are inevitable.
Boxes and ghosts are written at the end of 1829. This Christmas, Stendhal read it to Merrimi. This novel exposes the cruelty and hegemony of the Spanish Restoration forces to readers through the story of a police chief who used his power to seize a civilian and break up a couple alive. As the opposite of this evil force, two pure and kind lovers, for the sake of love, do not hesitate to bleed, a very touching force.
Mei Yao was written in 1830 1 and published in the Paris Review in June of the same year. Stendhal claimed that he wrote this work to "treat headaches and relax". And he admitted to referring to a work by Scarron, a French writer in the 7th century. He said: "The sauces of each era are different. I just changed the sauce from 1660 to 1830. " This work describes a young Spanish woman who is obsessed with ghosts and abandons her rich but elderly husband. The story of eloping with a circus performer and being cheated. Maybe it's really a pastime, with mediocre ideas, but it's unique in creative techniques, especially in the beginning and end. The time, place, atmosphere and plot described at the beginning are very harmonious, which can catch the reader very well; The ending is concise and profound, giving people room for imagination.
Mina de Wangel wrote in 1829 to 65438+February to 1830. It has been revised several times since then. But Stendhal didn't publish it before he died. It was not until eleven years after his death that the Review of Two Worlds in Paris was published. In Stendhal's works, it is rare to describe the Germans. Mina de Wangel comes from a noble family in Germany. Because her father hated the unjust war, he was watched by the court and eventually died of depression. In pursuit of her own happiness, she left her hometown for Paris and fell in love. In order to achieve her goal, this dreamy German girl condescended to disguise herself and worked as a maid in the house of someone she secretly loved. Unexpectedly, she was overjoyed and revealed the secret, which led to tragedy and finally died of double suicide. Through this sad and tortuous love story, Stendhal shows the personality differences between Germans and French and their different attitudes towards love. Mina de Wangel, the heroine of the novel, is a vivid and dazzling figure in the author's gallery.
Experts haven't come to a conclusion about when Felipe was published. Some people think it is between 1827 and 1830. Others think it is in 1839. However, Crewe, a French literary historian, analyzed the personality characteristics of the protagonists Philip and Lv Xian in Red and White, and found that they were similar, so he thought that they were formed between 1835 and 1839. Strictly speaking, it may not be a short story, but a short story, a bit like China's note novel. The content is really like a subtitle, which is a few fragments of the life of rich children, such as business, love, emotion and so on. , write more extensive. In Stendhal's short story Creating the Garden, it may be just a blade of grass, but it is helpful for us to fully understand Stendhal's creation, so we also included it in the anthology.
Of the eight short stories included in Italian Anecdotes, all were written after 1833, except Vanina vanini, who was written at 1829. About these novels, some situations need to be briefly introduced.
1833, after Stendhal came to Italy again, he found a batch of "ancient manuscripts" in his friend's library. These manuscripts truly recorded some important "social news" of Italy in 16 and 17 centuries. After reading them, Stendhal became very interested, thinking that they were "a useful supplement to Italian history in the 16th and 17th centuries". They described "the local conditions and customs that gave birth to the genius of Raphael and Michelangelo", so they spent a lot of money to buy the right of reproduction, and asked people to carefully copy some chapters, carry them with them, read them repeatedly, and rewrite these manuscripts into short stories by means of partial translation and partial creation. In his life, he chose Ai Lei, Weitorya Courand Bonnie (or translated as Duchess Pagliano) and the Sansi family to publish. 0/2 years after his death, his cousin wrote a short story according to his temper, and joined Vanina vanini, who described the Italian love story, to form an episode called Italian Anecdotes.
Vanina vanini, published in 1829, is a masterpiece of short stories. Through the love between Charcoal party member etro and Roman noble lady Vanina, it eulogized the Italian national liberation movement and Charcoal party member who devoted himself to the cause of national liberation. Vanina is an amazing beauty. Although she was born in a famous family, she regarded wealth as a floating cloud and willingly pursued a fugitive who was born in humble origins and was seriously injured and wanted by the government. For love, she is willing to give up everything, even her reputation. But in order to gain etro's love, she even betrayed Peter etro's soldiers and sabotaged their uprising. She fell in love with Peter etro because she admired his meaningless spirit of fighting for national liberation. However, due to selfish domination, her love eventually became an obstacle to the just cause.
On the contrary, Peter etro showed an epic patriotic spirit. He loves Vanina more than his own life. But when he had to choose between the fate of his motherland and personal happiness, he gave up the latter. He is willing to endure hardships for national liberation. When his soldiers were arrested and the uprising failed, he resolutely surrendered to avoid being suspected of being a traitor. When he learned that his sweetheart told him the secret, he angrily refused her rescue and broke up with her. His awe-inspiring righteousness and extraordinary personality strength make him a dazzling patriot image in the history of literature.
San Francesco Church on the Shore is a novel about Italian passion. Princess campobasso, the nephew of the Pope, is indifferent and lofty on the surface, but her heart is full of irresistible passion. She had a secret affair with the military attache of the French Embassy in the Holy See, the illegitimate son of the French Regent. But all she wants to do is enjoy her lover's love alone. Once she learned that he had moved elsewhere, she colluded with the careerist of the church and sent someone to assassinate her lover. When describing the twists and turns of the couple's love, Stendhal attached several strokes, exposing the ugly facts of nepotism, nepotism and private transactions under the high-sounding banner of the church.
"Weitorya Courand Boni" tells the story of two conspiracies and vendettas by court nobles for love and interests. This novel is written in the style of "social news". Although the case is very tortuous and the way to solve the case is thrilling, the most wonderful thing is the description of montague, who was first a cardinal and then Pope celeste V Felix, the nephew and adopted son of montague. The cardinal knows him like the back of his hand. However, after hearing the news of the assassination of his adopted son, he "kept a straight face" and showed no shock. The next day, the Vatican held a cardinal meeting. It is thought that he will not attend. Who knows that he was the first to attend the meeting as usual. When the Pope himself shed tears to comfort him, he was as calm as ever, and asked the holy family not to order an investigation into the case, saying that he had forgiven the murderer. His performance won the favor of the Pope and others. Everyone says he is a great priest. Shortly thereafter, he was elected Pope (his performance after his nephew's death undoubtedly paved the way for his election temper), and his face changed greatly, forcing those suspected of being involved in his nephew's murder to flee Rome. His various performances vividly show the hypocrisy of an ambitious and unscrupulous senior priest.
The Sangxi family wrote the unfortunate experience of Beatrice and her family in a sad and touching style. She is a beautiful girl. She should fully enjoy her parents' love at the age as beautiful as flowers and pure as jade. Who knows that her father is a devil wears Prada and wants to abuse her and spoil her. She couldn't bear it. Together with her stepmother, she killed the slut. This murder case has a cause and deserves the judge's sympathy. However, the judiciary of the church ignored justice and sentenced the girl and her family to death. Here, the author expresses strong indignation at judicial injustice and deep sympathy for this unfortunate girl.
The Duchess of Pagliano tells a common story in a noble family: the hostess cheated on her with a young waiter. Stendhal did not describe the scene of infidelity too much, but described the process of dealing with it in detail, and vividly showed the life-and-death struggle within the Vatican with a lot of pen and ink. Of course, two swindlers were executed. Even the fetus in the womb. In feudal families, this inhuman lynching system is shocking.
Ai Lei is a tearful love tragedy. Ai Lei, a noble lady, fell in love with the robber Euler and was strongly opposed by her father and brother. Unfortunately, in a battle, her brother died by Euler's sword. Her heartbroken parents sent her to a monastery and broke off their relationship with Euler. Euler failed to attack the monastery. In order to avoid detection, he ran away from home and lost contact. Where are you going with your lover? Under harsh environment and very painful circumstances, Ai Lei indulged in depravity. First, he spent a lot of money to bribe, became an abbot, and then lost his virginity as a respected bishop. Finally, because she was pregnant, she was sentenced to a heavy sentence. When she heard that Euler had brought someone to save her, she left a long letter and committed suicide. Through the unfortunate experience of celebrity Ai Lei, this masterpiece profoundly reveals that the feudal concept of family status is the murderer who stifles the happiness of young people; False churches and monasteries are the root of corruption.
The theme of Blood Custom (literally translated as indulgence of injury) and Solasco Latikka are similar. Although the story took place in different times, one was around 1585 and the other was around 1740, both novels described the inhumanity of feudal system and the shady of aristocratic temples. In order to ensure that the family property will not be scattered, those aristocratic families with many children often only pass on the property to the eldest son, only give the rest of the sons a certain living allowance, and drive all their daughters out. Or get married and get rich, or send them to the noble buddhist nun specially set up for these people. Entering a monastery is tantamount to entering a grave, and all contact with the outside world must be cut off. As a nun said in "Blood-stained amorous feelings": "Our parents sent us to a monastery, and all our property was occupied by our brothers. We are locked in the tomb of the living dead and have no second chance to live. " But girls are living people, unwilling to sacrifice their youth, love and happiness, and try their best to satisfy the lovers outside. But once this behavior is discovered, it will be regarded as blasphemy, ranging from breaking into a dungeon to life imprisonment and death penalty. Bloody amorous feelings and Sola Latikka are about the life of noble nuns, their yearning for happiness and their struggle against fate. The author deeply sympathizes with nuns persecuted by society and family, enthusiastically praises their heroic resistance and pursuit of happiness and freedom, and calls these "simple and affectionate people" pioneers of modern civilization.
Jane. Austin
Jane Austen is one of the few famous female writers in the world. She is a "little painter" and a "family novelist" between neoclassicism and romanticism. In the eyes of literary critics, she can be compared with Shakespeare.
In 2000, the BBC launched the "Millennium Writers Selection" campaign. As a result, Austin ranked second after Shakespeare, and she was the only female writer in the top ten. This woman is the pride of Britain. She created a large number of characters and opened the climax of realistic novels in the 19 era.
There have been several interesting revolutions in the history of English literature, and the renovation of literary interest has affected the reputation of almost all writers, except Shakespeare and Austin. This great woman has only gone through 42 seasons in her life.
1794-95 the first impression (pride and prejudice) has been written.
1796 the first impression (pride and prejudice) was completed, and Eleanor and Marianne (reason and emotion) were written.
1798-99 northanger abbey (Susan) completed.
1803 Susan (northanger abbey) was sold to Richard crosby at 10, but it was not published. The Watson family (published in 18 18).
1805 "The Watson family" gave up.
18 1 1 mansfield manor. Sense and Sensibility (Eleanor and Marianne) was published.
Pride and prejudice (revised edition). Mansfield manor is finished.
18 14 published in mansfield manor. Emma began to write.
18 15 completed and released in Emma. Persuasion began to be written. Susan (northanger abbey) was bought back from the publisher Richard crosby.
18 16 persuasion is over. Susan's Revised Edition (northanger abbey).
18 17 began to write "sandtun"
18 18 northanger abbey (revised edition) and Persuasion were published.
Maupassant
Mo Bosang's more than 350 short stories can be roughly divided into the following aspects:
1. Reflecting the Franco-Prussian War: In such works, Mo Bosang exposed the brutality and barbarity of the Prussian invaders; The incompetence of the French army praised the French people's patriotic spirit of resisting invaders without fear of violence, such as boule de suif (1880), Father Miron (1883) (required reading) and two friends (1883). Boule de suif is a story about a dozen residents fleeing in a carriage occupied by the enemy in Lyon. Carriage is the epitome of a society. The author shows the passengers' different social identities and personality characteristics through different escape reasons and performances along the way, especially their different attitudes towards Suicide Ball.
2. Describe bourgeois secular life and expose bourgeois moral degeneration, such as Necklace (1884), Daijialou (188 1) and My Uncle Fishing Music (1883), which shows that the world is greedy for money and does not pay attention to it.
3. Reflect the poverty, pain and excellent quality of working people's lives, such as Simon's father (188 1) and the story of a long-term female worker (188 1).
Look for the book you want to read