Bogda Peak is adjacent to the Junggar Basin to the north, and faces the Turpan Basin across the Dabancheng Valley to the south, surrounded by desert. Due to the tall mountains, more water vapor is intercepted. In alpine areas above 3,500 meters, the annual precipitation is 600 to 700 mm, the annual average temperature is -6°C, and the temperature above the snow line is lower than -9°C. The surface of the peak area is covered with ice and snow. It is the largest modern glacier center in the East Tianshan Mountains, with 113 glaciers distributed over a total area of ??101.42 square kilometers. Melting water from ice and snow is one of the important supply sources for rivers. On the north slope are the Sangong River, Sigong River, Ganhezi and Baiyang River; on the south slope are the Guban Bogda River and Baiyang River, which nurture the Fukang and Da rivers. Oasis such as Bancheng and Toksun.

From the top of Bogda Peak to the plain, the vertical zoning landscape is very obvious in terms of vegetation and soil. From top to bottom, it is the ice and snow belt-alpine meadow grassland-forest belt-mountain grassland- Desert zone. Correspondingly, there are glacial marsh soils, meadow soils, gray-brown forest soils, chestnut soils, and desert gray calcium soils. It is located at the northern foot of Bogda Peak in the Tianshan Mountains and the southern edge of the Gurbantunggut Desert in the Junggar Basin. It has a temperate continental desert climate and obvious vertical distribution of vegetation. There are more than 160 species of wild animals, and 25 species of national key protected animals include brown bear, ibex, and black stork. There are many medicinal plants, such as Fritillaria, Snow Lotus, Cistanche deserticola, etc. It is an ideal place to study desert ecosystems. In 1987, the Chinese Academy of Sciences established a desert ecosystem observation and experimental station here, and in 1990, it joined the International Biosphere Reserve Network.

Bogda Mountain is located on the Nantula River in Ulaanbaatar. It is a sacred mountain named after the Mongolian King Bogda Khan. It has green cypresses and attractive scenery. It is a nature reserve and National parks in Mongolia. Here you can have a bird's eye view of the entire city of Ulaanbaatar and the winding Tula River. The Soviet Red Army monuments on the northern slope of the mountain - three slopes record the chapter of the Soviet-Mongolian Red Revolution. The main peak of Bogda Mountain, which runs east-west in the eastern section of the North Tianshan Mountains in China, is also the highest peak of the East Tianshan Mountains, with an altitude of 5,445 meters. The western part of Bogda Mountain has Bogda Peak as the apex and forms an arc protruding to the north. The central part has Koitida Ban as the apex and forms an arc protruding to the south. The ridges and peaks above 4,000 meters above sea level are basically distributed on the west wing of the arc. , is a complex anticline of Variscan folds. It formed a mountainous area in the late Paleozoic Era and was eroded into a peneplain by the Mesozoic Era. After the late Tertiary and early Quaternary Himalayan movements, the present mountainous appearance was formed.

Bogda Peak in the southeast corner of the reserve is 5,445 meters above sea level. Looking to the south, Bo Peak rises steeply. Within a distance of 25 kilometers in depth, the elevation rises by more than 4,000 meters, and glaciers are extremely developed on it. The main rivers in the area, Sangong River, Shuimogou River and Sigong River, originate from the Ximai Glacier in Bofeng. Due to the sudden rise of the mountains, the peaks in the southern part of the reserve are all over 4,000 meters high. The moisture flow from the Arctic Ocean is blocked at the foothills, so the climate is humid and rainy. The core part of the reserve is in the inversion layer of the Tianshan Mountains. The temperature is mild and stable, with an average annual temperature of 2°C; the annual precipitation is 497.5 mm; the maximum snow thickness is 47 cm. The above-mentioned climatic conditions are not only conducive to vegetation development and animal survival, but also make Tianchi a pleasant tourist destination in all seasons. The reserve is divided into four natural landscape vertical zones from top to bottom:

1. Glacier and snow zone, an alpine area above 3,700 meters above sea level. The soil is alpine glacier snowfield permafrost and mountain rocky primitive soil. , the vegetation has only very few alpine mosses and lichens, and the animals are distributed in alpine groups;

2. Alpine subalpine zone, between 3700-2700 meters above sea level, the soil is mainly mountain meadow soil , the vegetation at 3700-3200 meters is alpine cushion plants, 3200-2900 meters is alpine meadow, 2900-2700 meters is sub-alpine meadow, and the animals are alpine species;

3. Mountain The coniferous forest belt is distributed between 2700-1500 meters above sea level. The soil is mountain gray brown soil and meadow grassland soil. Dense spruce forest and subalpine meadow grassland vegetation are developed respectively, and forests and forest animal groups are distributed. ;

4. Low mountain belt, with an altitude below 1,500 meters, has a gentle terrain, arid climate, and is distributed with mountain grassland soil and mountain grassland vegetation.

There are more than 200 species of seed plants in the reserve. The vertical distribution of vegetation is obvious, and it can be divided from top to bottom:

1. Alpine cushion-like vegetation zone, including four-flowered plum and clustered grass cushion-like vegetation. There are also snow lotus and snow lotus growing among the piles of rocks. Plants such as sagittaria;

2. Alpine meadow zone, dominated by artemisia and carex, mixed with many alpine and sub-alpine weedy plants;

3. Subalpine meadow zone, the main type is five-flowered meadow composed of geranium, nasturtium, and carex. The species composition is complex and the distribution area is large. At higher altitudes, there are alpine Polygonum, Artemisia spp., and Carex meadows;

4. The mountain forest belt occupies a vast area in the mid-mountain belt, dominated by snow-covered spruce, and the lower part is connected with mountain meadows. The grasslands intersect with each other, presenting a sparse forest landscape;

5. Mountain grassland zone. The shady slopes are dominated by forbs, roses, and honeysuckle shrub meadows; the sunny slopes are dominated by mugwort and carex meadows. ;

6. Valley deciduous broad-leaved forest is distributed along the floodplain in the valley, and the main species are dense-leaf poplar and European poplar. The forest is dominated by original snow-capped spruce forest, which is widely distributed on the shady slopes and river valleys of the mid-mountain belt. The forest coverage area of ??the central reserve accounts for 41.5 to 358 hectares, which is very important both in terms of landscape and ecological functions.

There are about 80 kinds of excellent forage in the grassland, among which leguminous species have the best quality and Gramineae species have the largest number. The main grass species in grazing pastures are furrow fescue; the main grass species in mowing pastures include sedge, bromegrass, oats, goosegrass, etc. Abundant pasture resources create good conditions for livestock production and the habitat of herbivorous wild animals.

Nationally protected plants include Snow Lotus, Populus euphratica, Haloxylon ammodendron, etc. Economic plants include sugar, wild fruit, medicinal, ornamental, greening and other plants.

Populax euphratica - the tenacious patron saint of the desert, a deciduous tree in the Salicaceae family. The leaf shape is variable, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate. There is a layer of white frost on the surface of the leaves, which can reflect part of the sunlight and reduce water transpiration. Populus euphratica is very drought-tolerant and can adapt to salty soil. It is a natural oasis and one of the most widely distributed tree species in the desert plains of Asia. Its vitality is very strong. It is said that Populus euphratica "will not die for a thousand years; it will not fall for a thousand years after death; and it will remain immortal for a thousand years after it falls." It is precisely because of those tenacious guardian spirits that the desert is less likely to flow. Various mammals from the Tianshan Mountains are distributed in the reserve. Representative mammals include red deer, roe deer, ibex, wild boar, argali, brown bear, snow leopard, wolf, fox, lynx, otter, stone marten, snow plow , Ai Weitai et al. Among the birds are stone hen, spotted-winged partridge, dark-bellied snowcock, willow warbler, golden bear finch, red-fronted goldfinch, rosefinch, etc.

Nationally protected animals include snow leopard, ibex, stone marten, lynx, argali, red deer, dark-bellied snow chicken, etc. Among them, the red deer population is the largest.

The dark-bellied snow chicken is a national second-level protected animal

Galliformes, Phasianidae. Also known as Alpine Snow Chicken. Body length 52-70cm. The jaw and throat are white, and the ear feathers are light brown. There is a white stripe behind the ear feathers along the side of the neck, and between it and the white throat, there is a narrow line composed of gray feathers. The feathers on the chest and abdomen are willow leaf-shaped with dark brown feather edges. The back of the tail feathers is brown, and the near end of the tail is dark chestnut. It inhabits bare rock, desert, or semi-shrub areas at an altitude of about 2,000-5,000 meters, and is active near the snow line. Groups of 5 during non-breeding season. In pairs during the breeding season. It feeds on achenes and young leaves of Cyperaceae and Gramineae, and occasionally eats insects, snails, etc. They lay 10 eggs per clutch and are resident birds.

Lynx, a national second-level protected animal

Carnivora, cat family. The body length is 90-130 cm, the tail length is 11-24cm, and the weight is 18-32 kg. The body is like a cat, with long and thick limbs, a short and thick tail, and upright tufts of hair on the ends of its ears. The back of the body is grayish brown, the midline of the back is darker brown, and there are brown spots on the back and both sides of the limbs; the upper lip is grayish white, with white edges around the eyes; the backs, ear edges, and ear tufts are all black; the tail end is black, and the claws are white.

Live in tall dense forests and nest in rock crevices. A lot of morning and evening activities; good at climbing trees, running and swimming. It feeds on small mammals such as rabbits and squirrels, and large birds such as pheasants. They mate in March-April every year, with a gestation period of about 2 months, giving birth to 2-4 litters per litter, a lactation period of 2 months, and a lifespan of 12-15 years.

Bogda Mountain, like its parent Tianshan Mountains, is the youngest mountain range in the world. It first emerged from the sea during the orogeny 300 million years ago, and did not emerge until the Himalayan orogeny 60,000 to 70,000 years ago. The main peak of Bogda Mountain is on the south side of Tianchi. The three peaks on it stand side by side, forming a mountain shape. The middle peak is slightly higher, with an altitude of 5445 meters, and the east peak is 5287 meters above sea level. Looking at the three peaks from a distance, they stand on a vast sea of ??snow, like three giants holding up the sky and holding the sun. They are brave and brave, which makes people full of emotions. Therefore, the beautiful scenery known as the Three Peaks of Snow Sea by the world has been praised by literati and poets of all ages, and a large number of psalms have been written. Qiu Chuji, a real person from Changchun, praised in his poem "Looking at Yin Mountain from the Southeast of Su Luntai": Three peaks rise together to insert the cold clouds, and the four walls lie horizontally around the stream. Song Bolu, a scholar in the Qing Dynasty, praised that the three peaks are absolutely leaning against each other, and they have always been inserted into the sky. Wang Shunan, the editor of "Xinjiang Illustrated Chronicles", wrote more vividly about the tallness and majesty of the three peaks. The poem said that the Nanshan Mountain stretches its arms to the sky, and the Western Region raises its head to the edge of the sun. From here we can somewhat appreciate the wonders of the Three Peaks.