System integration engineer

Reason: The Tenth Five-Year Plan period is a crucial period for the development of electronic information industry in China. It is predicted that the electronic information industry will still develop at twice the speed of economic growth, and the industrial prospect is very broad. At present, there are four kinds of talents supported by information technology: troubleshooting, equipment and customer service, software and hardware installation, configuration update and system operation, monitoring and maintenance. In addition, there is a great demand for e-commerce and interactive media, database development and software engineering. On the whole, the demand for IT talents will increase by 6.5438+0 million people every year.

Experts estimate that the annual income of domestic system integration engineers is 654.38+10,000 to 200,000 yuan. In the future, the salary of network professionals, especially the online game industry, will reach 6,543,800 yuan to 6,543,800 yuan.

Financial planner

Reason: According to the data, it is estimated that the personal finance market in China will grow to USD 57 billion in 2006, with an annual growth rate of 65,438+00% to 20%. At present, on the one hand, the social demand for financial management is very urgent, and the market demand potential is huge; On the other hand, wealth management products are obviously stretched. Financial planners, especially those who can provide customers with all-round professional financial advice and design reasonable tax planning to meet residents' long-term living goals and financial goals by constantly adjusting the investment portfolio of various financial products such as deposits, stocks, bonds, funds, insurance, movable property and real estate.

Experts predict that there will be a gap of 200,000 financial planners in China. In the next five to 10 years, financial planner will become the most attractive job in China. Some experts believe that the annual salary of domestic financial planners should be between 654.38+10,000 yuan and 1 10,000 yuan.

lawyer

Reason: In recent years, lawyers have been a popular occupation in China. In the next few years, it will still be one of the hot jobs sought after. According to incomplete statistics, at present, there are less than 20,000 full-time lawyers qualified as lawyers in China, with an average of only two lawyers per 6,543,800+population. The enterprises that employ lawyers only account for a few thousandths of all enterprises, which is far from meeting the needs of society in quantity and quality. At present, China's lawyers lack high-level, high-skilled and compound talents, professional knowledge and service experience of international lawyers, and their competitiveness in the foreign-related legal service market is weak. The annual income of lawyers is between 654.38 million and 800,000 yuan.

logistics manager

Reason: The logistics industry is a hot spot of contemporary economic development, covering sea, land and air transportation, transportation, warehousing, procurement, supply, distribution, distribution processing, information, third-party logistics, chain sales, manufacturing and many other industries related to logistics. At present, there is a shortage of logistics talents in China. Only 2 1% logistics employees have college education or above. Many managers in the logistics department are half-way monks and rarely receive professional training. According to a preliminary estimate, the demand for logistics talents in China is more than 6 million. According to the situation abroad, the annual salary of middle and senior managers in China's logistics division will reach 654.38+0.5 million-0.4 million yuan in the next few years.

Certified public accountant

Reason: At present, there are more than 70,000 certified public accountants in China. According to the needs of China's rapid economic development, at least 350,000 certified public accountants are urgently needed. That is, among more than 70,000 certified public accountants who have obtained professional qualifications, less than 15% is internationally recognized. The huge demand gap makes certified public accountants a hot talent in China in the next few years. According to relevant sources, most of the fresh graduates who entered the four major accounting firms, such as Deloitte and Bi Bo, earned 5,000 to 6,000 yuan a month. Together with the generous year-end bonus, the annual income will exceed 654.38+10,000 yuan. The annual salary of middle and senior managers is between 200,000 and 500,000 yuan.

Marketing department

Reason: Marketing personnel refer to those who engage in market analysis and development research, provide suggestions for enterprise production and operation decisions, and promote products. Due to the continuous improvement of China's market economy, marketing has penetrated into various enterprises, and people will have a deeper understanding of the concept of marketing, so the demand for talents in this field will continue to be optimistic and may continue to heat up. At present, the most famous are real estate marketers, automobile marketers and insurance marketers. Salary varies due to external factors such as industry.

Environmental engineer

Reason: The rapid expansion of cities, the higher requirements of municipal construction and the rapid development of real estate construction have greatly increased the demand for environmental engineers in China. Relevant data show that at present, there are only 1.3 million employees in China's environmental protection industry, including more than 80,000 technicians. According to international practice, there is a gap of 420,000 environmental engineers in China. With the development of domestic real estate industry, the monthly salary of domestic landscape designers and landscape designers is around 7,000 to 8,000 yuan. The forecast annual income should be between 80,000-65,438+10,000 yuan.

actuaries

Reason: Actuaries are individuals whose qualifications are recognized by financial and insurance regulatory authorities. Actuaries can play a role in any field that needs to deal with risks. Compared with accountants, lawyers and doctors, actuaries are a smaller and more professional profession. It is predicted that there will be at least 60 domestic insurance companies and 20 foreign insurance companies in China by 20 10. At present, the number of actuaries is far from meeting the needs of China's insurance industry development. According to insiders, there are less than 10 actuaries recognized by the insurance industry in China, and there are more than 40 "quasi-actuaries". At present, actuaries are rare in the domestic talent market. At present, the average annual salary of actuaries abroad is $654.38+million, and the current monthly salary in China is more than RMB 654.38+million. It is predicted that its income will be 6.5438+0.2 million yuan to 6.5438+0.5 million yuan in a few years.

enterprise management consulting

Reason: Management consultants carry out a series of consulting activities from strategic planning to tactical application, including planning and guiding the implementation of CIS, human resources, process reengineering, organizational structure design and marketing. Experts pointed out that there is a serious shortage of management consulting professionals in China. In the next 10 year, the demand of management consulting industry in China will increase by 10 times every year, and by 20 10 year, the total effective demand of management consulting industry in China will reach 10 billion US dollars. The annual salary of management consultants is about 654.38+10,000 to 600,000 RMB.

Chinese and Western Doctors in Pharmaceutical Sales

Reason: The global modern pharmaceutical technology industry continues to show a high-speed growth trend, and the modern biotechnology industry has become the new international competition focus of the pharmaceutical industry. At the same time, the aging population and the increasingly affluent people's lives have made medical and health care one of the most profitable occupations in the early 20th century. Some experts point out that not only doctors and nurses, but also nutritionists, home nurses, vitamin manufacturers, masseurs and acupuncturists will become popular occupations. At present, the monthly salary of the pharmaceutical industry is between three and five thousand yuan, and it is expected that there will be a better salary level in four years. It is predicted that the annual income will be at least 60,000 yuan.

economics

The so-called economics is a theory of helping others and one of the most important social sciences in today's society. Economics is a science that comprehensively analyzes the causes and social manifestations of economic growth and recession, such as inflation, unemployment rate, bank interest rate, import and export volume, etc. Microeconomics and macroeconomics are its foundations. Microeconomics specializes in consumers and production.

The buyer's purchase and production behavior; Macroeconomics studies the economic phenomena of the whole country. Economists should find out the objective laws of economic development through analysis and research, and take corresponding measures, such as adjusting bank interest rates, adjusting or guiding investment in certain industries, and adjusting tax policies. Stimulate or maintain economic growth and avoid economic recession.

Main courses: Economics, Political Economy, Capital, Western Economics, Accounting, Statistics, Econometrics, International Economics, Monetary Banking, Finance, Economic Theory History, Development Economics, Enterprise Management, Marketing, International Finance, International Trade, etc.

Those who study economics will mainly engage in theoretical research or enterprise management in the future. As an economic adviser to government departments, providing reference opinions for formulating economic policies; As a researcher in the institute, I mainly engage in economic theory research and also provide consulting services for the government or enterprises; Be the manager of the enterprise and engage in the management of the enterprise; As a teacher, engaged in the teaching of economics courses.

There are many schools offering economics majors, and the range of choices is relatively large. Most comprehensive universities and economic colleges offer this major, such as Tsinghua University, Peking University, China Renmin University, Nankai University, Fudan University, Wuhan University, Shanghai University of Finance and Economics and Xiamen University. Some comprehensive universities, such as Peking University and Tsinghua, have abundant teachers and more international information exchange.

Legal science

Law is a hot major now.

The law covers a wide range, and almost all the people and things we come into contact with every day use legal knowledge. For example, you need to know the contract law when signing a contract in business, and you need to know the labor law when you have a dispute with your work unit. In addition, criminal law, procedural law on how to go to court, and international law on relations between countries all belong to the scope of legal research.

Learning law requires a keen mind, good at learning and thinking, good at analysis, meticulous and watertight; To study law, you should like to help others and have a sense of justice; To study law, you must have good written and written expression skills and good understanding skills; Learning law requires rich knowledge accumulation, especially humanistic knowledge.

Main courses: law, jurisprudence, Chinese legal history, constitution, administrative law and administrative procedure law, civil law, commercial law, intellectual property law, economic law, criminal law, civil procedure law, international law, private international law and international economic law.

All walks of life need legal talents, and the range of graduates to choose from is still relatively wide. Can be civil servants, such as: police, prosecutors, judges, civil servants of administrative organs, etc. ; As a legal consultant in a large company, responsible for legal affairs; Be a lawyer and display your talents in court; Be an educational researcher, a law teacher in a university, and a law researcher in a research institute.

There are many colleges with law majors, of which nearly 200 are specialized law schools, such as China University of Political Science and Law, East China University of Political Science and Law, Southwest University of Political Science and Law, and Zhongnan University of Economics and Law (formed by the merger of Zhongnan University of Economics and Law and Zhongnan University of Political Science and Law); The other is the law department or law school in a comprehensive university, such as Peking University Law School and Renmin University of China Law School. The first model has a fine division of disciplines and a high degree of specialization, which allows students to receive systematic edification; The second model can give full play to the advantages of multiple disciplines, and students can choose courses across departments, which is conducive to establishing a complete knowledge system.

journalism

Journalism is a discipline to cultivate communication talents in the information age, and it is one of the hot majors at present. Journalists mainly rely on mass media, including radio, television, newspapers, periodicals, news books, news films, outdoor news bulletin boards and so on. , to carry out news editing and broadcasting (distribution). Now we have to add news websites and emerging personal electronic terminals (fixed terminals and mobile terminals with wireless news information receiving functions such as mobile phones and PDA). In recent years, with the rapid development of information technology, there are more and more research topics in journalism: network news and advertising planning are becoming new forces in journalism, and their development is on the rise. Therefore, the accurate title of journalism in the modern sense should be journalism and communication.

Main professional courses: Chinese and foreign news history, news communication theory, news business (including news interview, news editing, news writing, news commentary), Chinese and foreign literature history, world cultural history, etc. In addition, journalism requires students' political and ideological quality and comprehensive knowledge content, so it often involves courses in political science and economics.

The employment prospect of journalism is very broad. After graduation, I mainly go to some mass media, such as newspapers, magazines, radio and television stations. Others work in internet companies or advertising companies. The salary situation is optimistic.

The journalism departments of Fudan University and Renmin University of China have a high reputation. China Communication University, Zhejiang University, Jinan University, Wuhan University and Xiamen University are also very strong in journalism. In addition, all kinds of normal universities and Chinese departments of universities for nationalities in China generally offer journalism majors.

Advertising film

Specially train advertising senior professionals with advertising theory skills and extensive cultural and scientific knowledge, who can engage in advertising management, advertising planning creativity and design, marketing planning and market research and analysis in the advertising department of news media, advertising companies, market research and information consulting industries and enterprises and institutions.

Main courses: Introduction to Communication, Sociology, Social Psychology, Introduction to Advertising, Introduction to Public Relations, Advertising Design Basis, Marketing, Advertising Art Aesthetics, Trademark Advertising, Public Relations Practice, Advertising Creativity and Case Analysis, Advertising Planning and Writing, Broadcasting Advertising, Advertising Management, Advertising Psychology, Television Advertising, Advertising Professional Design, CI Planning and Design, and Advertising Photography.

Graduates can engage in advertising management, management and public relations in advertising companies, news media, advertising administrative departments or enterprises and institutions.

Many universities in China have set up advertising majors, among which Xiamen University is the earliest and most famous.

Mathematics and applied mathematics

Mathematics and applied mathematics are pure science majors. First of all, you need to have a strong interest in the three basic scientific disciplines of logarithm, physics and chemistry, especially mathematics.

The courses of mathematics and applied mathematics include some systematic and complete theoretical courses, such as mathematical analysis, advanced algebra and elementary number theory. Other basic courses include real variable function, complex variable function, ordinary differential equation, partial differential equation, geometry, cryptography, group theory, topology, combinatorial mathematics and so on. There are some.

Other courses related to the development direction of cutting-edge science and technology, such as mathematical and physical equations and group representation theory. Through learning, we can cultivate students' rigorous and open thinking methods, strong creativity and scientific and technological innovation ability.

Most graduates enter universities and research institutions at home and abroad to engage in advanced research, mainly in mathematics, computer, information science, finance and management science. In the future, I will directly enter research institutions and companies to engage in analysis and application. You can also engage in mathematics teaching, which has great social demand.

Most comprehensive universities, some normal universities and universities of science and engineering in China have set up mathematics departments, and most of them have set up mathematics majors. Mathematics majors in different schools have different development priorities. If the ambition is to develop in the direction of mathematics major, we should attach importance to the scientific research and teaching strength of this major in schools. Peking University, Tsinghua University, Beijing Normal University, Fudan University and Nankai University are universities with strong professional strength in mathematics in China.

Actuarial science

Actuarial science is an applied mathematics based on probability theory and mathematical statistics, which studies the laws of insurance accidents, insurance losses, average losses borne by insurers and their laws, insurance premiums and liability reserves. In addition to the insurance industry, actuarial methods are also widely used in risk analysis in financial, investment, social security and military fields. With the establishment of China's socialist market economic system, the insurance industry is bound to enter a new and higher development stage, which will inevitably require a large number of actuaries to undertake risk analysis and scientific calculation.

The main courses of this major are: insurance, risk management, interest theory, life insurance actuarial science, non-life insurance actuarial science, survival model, loss distribution, pension, insurance accounting and financial management, actuarial practice, etc. Students are required to have strong basic skills in foreign languages, computers and mathematics. It is characterized by the basic use of foreign textbooks, the direct integration of teaching with foreign actuarial examinations, the organization of students to participate in domestic actuarial examinations, and the combination of university education and vocational training.

After graduation, students can engage in actuarial work of insurance companies, and their main employment directions are insurance companies and banks. Many students go abroad directly for further study, and some students get job opportunities directly in foreign insurance companies. But in general, actuaries are still a profession with limited employment fields.

At present, there are not many actuarial schools in China, and there are not many students enrolled. More prestigious are China Renmin University and Nankai University.

Applied physics major

Applied physics majors cultivate innovative, adaptable and competitive physics applied talents in the era of knowledge economy. They should have a good mathematical foundation and skilled experimental skills; Good training in computer application and foreign language application skills and methods; Adapt to the high-tech industrial environment and have strong market competitiveness.

Main courses: basic physics, introduction to mathematical methods, introduction to theoretical mechanics, introduction to electrodynamics, introduction to modern physics and quantum mechanics, introduction to thermodynamics and statistical physics, solid physics (or material physics), structure and physical properties, analog electronics, college physics experiments, modern physics experiments, microcomputer principles and applications, etc. After graduation, students are suitable to engage in research, development, production technology management and teaching in applied high-tech fields in scientific research departments, high-tech industrial departments, companies and universities, and can also continue to study for master's degrees in applied physics and high-tech disciplines related to physics, interdisciplinary disciplines and other related disciplines.

geographical science

Geographical science is a science that deeply studies geographical features such as geology and surface morphology from various angles, and it is also a science that studies the relationship between regions and people's lives. The research is roughly divided into two areas, namely, physical geography with topography, geology, climate, ocean and other natural environments as the object, and human geography with population, city, transportation and culture as the object. In addition, a lot of research on geographical application is needed, and learners will be exposed to knowledge about geology, exploration, surveying and mapping, geographic information system, urban and rural planning and so on. Geographical science is also an interdisciplinary subject of arts and sciences, with emphasis on science.

The major courses of geographical science mainly include: physical geography, modern geomorphology, economic geography, human geography, surveying and mapping cartography, and an overview of geographic information systems. In computer application, I mainly learn to use drawing software. Through systematic study and research, you will find that all aspects of people's lives are inseparable from geographical science. The most popular printed matter in the world is a map. Building construction, road and bridge engineering and underground resources exploitation are all inseparable from geographical science, and the global positioning system on buses is the application of geographical information system.

Geography graduates are mainly engaged in the following industries: engaged in geography teaching in middle schools or universities; Engaged in map drawing and editing in map publishing house; Working as a civil servant in the Bureau of Geology and the Bureau of Land Planning; Engaged in construction, land survey and other related work in a large construction group, such as engineering surveyor.

At present, more than 50 universities in China have opened this major, mainly normal universities. Some institutions focus on professional research, such as Wuhan Technical University of Surveying and Mapping (now merged into Wuhan University), whose main research directions are map surveying and mapping, geographic information system, and urban and rural planning; The main research direction of China Geo University is geological exploration. These two schools are well-known institutions in geography.

Machinery manufacturing and its automation (I personally think this is very good and the employment rate is very high)

Studying mechanical design, manufacturing and automation is likely to become a senior engineer with basic knowledge and application ability of mechanical design and manufacturing, who can engage in design, manufacturing, scientific and technological development, applied research, operation management and sales in the field of mechanical engineering in the front line of industrial production.

Main courses: engineering mechanics, mechanical design, mechanical principle, electrical and electronic technology, microcomputer principle and interface technology, engineering.

Fundamentals of materials and molding technology, mechanical manufacturing technology, modern testing technology, mechanical CAD technology, electromechanical transmission and control, computer control technology, etc.

After graduation, students can engage in modern design, manufacture, control, operation, management and teaching of mechanical and electrical products in relevant scientific research institutes, large enterprises, companies and universities. The country has a great demand for graduates of this major every year.

At present, many colleges and universities in China have set up mechanical design, manufacturing and automation majors. There are many students enrolled in the whole country, and there are many graduates every year, but the demand is also great.

architecture

Architecture is a comprehensive subject. It involves many fields, such as science, engineering, literature, art, etc., and requires students to have a wide range of knowledge and strong image thinking ability and graphic expression ability. Learning architecture requires students to be good at perceptual creation and have strong tool application ability and practical ability; Learning architecture requires a good foundation in mathematics, English, history and art. Learning architecture requires students to pay attention to the ability and creativity of learning and designing architecture under the guidance of theory. The study content of design mainly includes fine arts, architectural design theory, architectural design, architectural history, architectural mechanics, architectural technology and materials, architectural structure and other courses.

Among them, architectural design requires learners to have the ability to express spatial concepts and drawings, that is, they can not only imagine the desired design theme, but also express it clearly and accurately through drawings. On this basis, we need to learn architecture-related courses, such as urban planning, landscape architecture, art courses and so on.

Main courses: architecture, architectural design foundation, architectural design and principle, Chinese and foreign architectural history, architectural structure and architectural mechanics, architectural structure, etc.

Graduates can engage in many jobs related to architecture. Be an architect and engage in design work in a design institute; Being a teacher is teaching at school; Be a civil servant and engage in management work in the urban construction department; Be a real estate developer and engage in real estate development in a real estate company.

There are about 70 universities in China that have architecture majors, and the academic system of this discipline in the better schools is generally five years. Tsinghua University, North Jiaotong University, Southeast University, Tianjin University, Tongji University, Dalian University of Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, etc.

Computer science and technology

Computer science and technology is a subject that studies the theory, application and development of computer technology, and it is also a hot subject at present. Computer science and technology involve a wide range of fields. How to complete all kinds of complicated calculation tasks (such as weather forecast, nuclear explosion simulation, biochemical reaction simulation, etc.). ), how to make computers more intelligent and humanized (such as voice recognition, portrait recognition, virtual reality, robots), how to use computers to accelerate people's information exchange and improve information exchange methods (such as network technology) are all the contents that computer science and technology workers strive for.

Main professional courses: discrete mathematics, computer principle, digital circuit, programming, data structure, computer architecture, operating system, compilation principle, database principle, software engineering, etc. The main basic courses are mathematical analysis, advanced algebra, physics, English and so on. The main teaching form of specialized courses is the combination of classroom teaching and computer practice (or after-school practice). There are usually courses, internships, engineering or experimental tasks.

Computer science and technology will be one of the most promising majors at present and for a long time to come, and graduates can engage in many promising jobs. For example: software development, hardware development and design, information technology consultation, management of information department of unit, organization and management of software production, software engineering management of maintaining and controlling software development process, etc.

Almost all comprehensive universities and institutes of technology in China have set up computer science and technology majors, among which the computer departments of Peking University, Tsinghua University, Zhejiang University, National University of Defense Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology and Nanjing University are famous.

biological engineering

Bioengineering is a hot major. Mainly study the theory of genetic engineering, genetic engineering, protein engineering, enzyme engineering, cell engineering, fermentation engineering and its development and application in industry, medicine, agriculture, environmental protection and other departments, such as changing the combination of genetic factors to produce wheat with strong disease resistance; Fermenting bananas under the action of microorganisms to make sweet wine; Dolly, the well-known cloned sheep, was created by bioengineering technology; According to the new development trend of international plant genetic engineering, transgenic plants can also be used to produce various protein drugs, and eating such foods containing drug genes can play a role in treating diseases and preventing diseases.

The main courses include: molecular biology, genetic engineering principles, genetic engineering, enzyme engineering, fermentation engineering, modern biochemistry and molecular biology experimental technology, modern microbial experimental technology, computer application, the use and maintenance of modern biochemical analysis instruments, etc.

The employment prospect of bioengineering major is very bright. After graduation, most students will continue their studies and become the academic backbone of universities and scientific research units, or become the main technicians of major biological products factories and companies.

Clinical Medicine

Clinical medicine mainly studies how to use accumulated medical knowledge and rapidly developing high-tech means to relieve human suffering; The diagnosis, treatment and prevention of diseases are all research fields of clinical medicine. Through the study and practice of basic medical theory, I gradually master the basic diagnosis and treatment skills of common diseases and frequently-occurring diseases, and initially have the ability to deal with acute, difficult and severe diseases, and have certain scientific research and clinical teaching capabilities.

The main courses are human physiology, anatomy, histology and embryology, biology, pharmacology, pathophysiology, pathology, judgment, internal and external medicine, gynecology and pediatrics.

After graduation, you can engage in all medical-related work and have broad employment prospects. You can be a clinician, the real angels in white, and save lives. You can be a teacher or a scientific research expert, you can work in a medical school or specialize in scientific research. Can also be a medical marketer, marketing medical devices and drugs.

At present, the vast majority of medical colleges have merged into comprehensive universities, and their basic strength has been significantly enhanced. The academic system is generally five years, and there are seven-year (Clinical Fellow) classes and postgraduate and doctoral classes in Peking University Health Science Center.

financial management

Financial management is to apply scientific decision-making methods to all aspects of financial management activities, such as raising the funds needed by enterprises at the lowest cost, choosing the best investment scheme to maximize the value of enterprises, and sharing the investment and financing risks of enterprises reasonably. Financial management is the core of enterprise management, and any decision of an enterprise involves financial decision. The difference between financial management and accounting is that financial management focuses on management and accounting focuses on practical operation.

The major courses of financial management include management, microeconomics, macroeconomics, management information system, statistics, accounting, financial management, marketing, economic law, commercial bank management, investment, multinational company finance, project evaluation, etc.

Graduates can engage in accounting or financial management-related work, basically without industry restrictions, and all units that need to manage funds have corresponding positions. In addition to being an accountant and cashier in some enterprises and institutions, you can also do investment and financial analysis or fund operation in investment companies.

There are more than 50 colleges and universities offering financial management majors, mainly some financial colleges and comprehensive universities. Well-known ones are China Renmin University, Central University of Finance and Economics, Shanghai University of Finance and Economics, Fudan University, Nankai University, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Zhejiang University, Xiamen University and Wuhan University.

E-commerce/e-commerce

E-commerce major is to cultivate high-quality compound talents who have a solid theoretical foundation of economy and management, master information science and technology, have the ability to carry out business activities by using modern information technology, and engage in modern e-commerce operation and management. Students are required to systematically master modern information technology, economic management theory and methods, modern business theory and practice, and network marketing theory and practice, master the analysis, design, implementation and evaluation technology of e-commerce systems, and understand the relevant laws of engaging in e-commerce, with a high sense of competition, innovative ability and strong e-commerce application ability.

The main courses are: economics, management principles, network economics, computer network and networking technology, introduction to e-commerce, e-commerce website construction, online marketing, e-commerce logistics management, online banking and electronic payment, e-commerce security, e-commerce system analysis and design, e-commerce law, object-oriented programming, database principle and application, etc.

E-commerce graduates are the most sought-after majors, and they can choose almost all industries. The work that can be done mainly includes: industrial enterprises and commercial enterprises are engaged in the design, development, operation and management of e-commerce systems; Government departments and institutions at all levels are engaged in the planning, design, implementation, operation and management of e-commerce systems; Scientific research institutes and universities are engaged in the teaching, research and development of e-commerce.