Motor-driven electric vehicles
In short, electric vehicles are vehicles that are driven by electricity and use electricity as energy. The first electric car was built in 1834 and was driven by a DC motor. Today, electric vehicles have changed dramatically and come in many different types.
The invention of electric cars in the early stages of development predates the most common internal combustion engine-powered cars we have today. The father of the DC motor, the Hungarian inventor and engineer Aniush Jedlik Nyos
Jedlik first tested an electromagnetic rotating mobile device in the laboratory in 1828. American Thomas Davenport built the first DC motor-driven electric car in 1834. In 1837, Thomas received the first patent in the American motor industry. Between 1832 and 1838, Scotsman Robert Anderson invented the electric carriage, a vehicle powered by a primary battery that could not be recharged. In 1838 Scotsman Robert Davidson invented the electric train. The tram that is still running on the road today was patented in England in 1840. The history of battery electric vehicles. The world's first electric car was born in 1881. The inventor was French engineer Gustave Truve. It was a three-wheeled vehicle powered by lead-acid batteries. In 1873, it was used by Englishman Robert Davidson. Electric cars powered by primary batteries are not included in the scope of international recognition. Later, lead-acid batteries, nickel-cadmium batteries, nickel-metal hydride batteries, lithium-ion batteries, and fuel cells appeared as electricity.
In the mid-term of 1884, the third generation of Siemens trams was running in Germany
1860-1920 stage: With the development of battery technology, the application of electric vehicles in the second half of the 19th century The leaves have been widely used in Europe and the United States. In 1859, the great French physicist and inventor Gaston Plante invented the rechargeable lead-acid battery.
From the late 19th century to 1920, in the early automobile consumer market, electric vehicles had more advantages than internal combustion engine-driven vehicles: no smell, no vibration, no noise, no need to shift gears and low price, which formed the following Steam, electric
and internal combustion engines divide the world automobile market. Stagnation period 1920-1990: With the development of Texas oil and the improvement of internal combustion engine technology in the United States, electric vehicles gradually lost their advantages after 1920. The automobile market is gradually being replaced by cars driven by internal combustion engines. Only a few trams and trolleybuses and very limited battery cars (which use lead-acid battery packs and are used in golf courses, forklifts, etc.) remain in a few cities. The development of electric vehicles has stalled for more than half a century. As oil resources continue to flow to the market, people have almost forgotten that electric vehicles exist. The technologies used in electric vehicles: electric drive, battery materials, power battery packs, battery management, etc. cannot be developed or applied. Recovery
Soviet period 1990 to present: The dwindling oil resources and serious air pollution have caused people to pay renewed attention to electric vehicles.
Before 1990, the promotion of the use of electric vehicles was mainly among the private sector. For example, the private academic group organization established in 1969: World Electric Vehicle Association (World Electric Vehicle Association). The World Electric Vehicle Association holds professional electric vehicle academic conferences and exhibitions Electric Vehicle Symposium and Exposition (EVS) every year and a half in different countries and regions around the world.
Since the 1990s, major automobile manufacturers have begun to pay attention to the future development of electric vehicles and have begun to invest capital and technology in the field of electric vehicles.
At the Los Angeles Auto Show in January 1990, the president of General Motors introduced the Impact pure electric sedan to the world.
In 1992 Ford used calcium-sulfur batteries for the Ecostar,
In 1996 Toyota used nickel-metal hydride batteries for the RAV4LEV, in 1996 France's Renault Clio was launched, and in 1997 Toyota's Prius hybrid sedan rolled off the production line,
p>
In 1997, Nissan launched the world's first electric car using lithium-ion batteries, the Prairie Joy EV. In 1999, Honda released and sold the hybrid Insight. Domestic Development Electric vehicles, as a green sunrise industry, have been developing in China for ten years. In terms of electric bicycles, by the end of 2010, the number of electric bicycles in China had reached 120 million, and it was growing at an annual rate of 30%. From the perspective of energy consumption, electric bicycles are only one-eighth that of motorcycles and one-twelfth that of cars. From the perspective of occupied space, an electric bicycle occupies only one-twentieth of the space of an ordinary private car, making it a very effective energy-saving means of transportation. From the perspective of development trends, the market prospects of the electric bicycle industry are still promising. In particular, as a medium- and short-distance means of transportation that is energy-saving, environmentally friendly, convenient, and relatively low-cost, electric bicycles are very popular in second- and third-tier cities and rural areas. As the industrial development environment improves, rural road construction accelerates, and residents' income levels increase, the market space will further expand.
Electric bicycles were once favored by low- and middle-income people in cities for their functional advantages of being cheap, convenient, and environmentally friendly. From the research and development of China's electric bicycles to the launch of small batches on the market in the mid-1990s, to the production and sales since 2012, China's electric bicycles have been growing significantly year by year. Due to strong demand, China's electric bicycle market has been growing by leaps and bounds in recent years. According to Qianzhan.com's "2013-2017 China Electric Vehicle Industry Development Prospects and Leading Enterprises Operation Analysis Report" survey data, the national output in 1998 was only 54,000 units, and in 2002 it was 1.58 million units. By 2003, China's electric bicycle output reached
More than 4 million vehicles, ranking first in the world, with an average annual growth rate of more than 120% from 1998 to 2004. In 2009, the output reached 23.69 million vehicles, a year-on-year increase of 8.2%. Compared with 1998, it has increased by 437 times, and the development speed is quite amazing. The average annual growth rate of electric bicycle production in the above statistical years was about 174%. According to industry forecasts, the electric bicycle market will reach 100 billion yuan by 2012, and the market potential of electric vehicle batteries alone exceeds 50 billion yuan. On March 18, 2011, four ministries and commissions jointly issued the "Notice on Strengthening the Management of Electric Bicycles", but it ultimately became a "dead letter." This means that the electric vehicle industry is facing huge pressure for market survival in a long-term improving environment, and policy restrictions will become a sharp sword for the survival of many companies; while the external environment, the international economic environment is weak, and recovery is weak, which also makes the electric vehicle industry The export dividend of cars will be greatly reduced. In terms of electric vehicles, the "Energy-saving and New Energy Vehicle Industry Development Plan" has been clearly reported to the State Council. The "Plan" has been elevated to a national strategic level, aiming to lay out a new situation for the automobile industry. As one of the seven strategic emerging industries identified by the country, the planned investment in new energy vehicles will reach 100 billion yuan in the next 10 years, and the sales volume is ranked first in the world.
According to the contents of the "Plan" disclosed by the industry: By 2020, new energy vehicles will be industrialized, energy-saving and new energy vehicles and key component technologies will reach the internationally advanced level, and pure electric vehicles and plug-in hybrids will The number of electric vehicles in the market has reached 5 million. Analysis predicts that from 2012 to 2015, the average annual growth rate of electric vehicle sales in the Chinese market will reach about 40%, most of which will come from pure electric vehicle sales. By 2015, China will become the largest electric vehicle market in Asia