1. Mo Zhai’s educational thoughts
Mo Zhai (about 468 BC - 376 BC) was a thinker and politician who represented small craftsmen and working people during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. , the founder of the Mohist family (see Inset Figure 1 for the portrait of Mo Zhai). Most of the members of the Mohist family came from the front line of production, and "Mo Jing" is their work that explored Mo Zhai's thoughts. Among them, regarding educational thought, there are also some influential discussions that deserve our attention.
1. The purpose and content of education
The purpose of Mo Zhai’s education is to cultivate students with practical knowledge and skills, the character of “love for all” and the ability to “love and benefit all people” "Sage" or "Sage". Therefore, in terms of educational content, in addition to poetry and books, it also focuses on the teaching of production knowledge and skills, and military knowledge and skills.
2. Thoughts on the process of cognition
Mo Zhai divided knowledge into hearing knowledge (knowledge acquired through teaching), speaking knowledge (knowledge by analogy), and personal knowledge (personal experience) There are three types of knowledge obtained). He paid special attention to personal knowledge, which is inspiring for the importance of observation and experiment in physics teaching.
Mo Zhai also studied the process of cognition, among which his "four elements and three expressions of knowledge" are distinctive and representative.
Mo Zhai believes that there are four elements in the formation of human knowledge: This is what the "Book of Sutras" says: "Knowledge is material." "Knowledge material" refers to people's cognitive ability, so it is subjective conditions of knowledge. "Consult means seeking." "Consult and seek" refer to people's desire for knowledge. "Knowledge, connection." "Knowledge" here only refers to the feeling formed by contact with the outside world. At the same time, Mozi also collectively referred to various sense organs as the "Five Ways", that is, the perception through "passing things" is the perceptual knowledge formed by the five sense organs of eyes, ears, nose, tongue, and body: "( "Zhi Ming" refers to people's profound and clear understanding of things, from "passing things" to "discussing things", that is, from perceptual knowledge to rational knowledge. Obviously, Mozi’s starting point for understanding things here is to acknowledge the existence of objective things and admit that they are primary things. Human consciousness is a reflection of objective existence and is secondary.
So, is people’s understanding correct? He proposed that "words must establish rituals", that is, he believed that there should be standards for measurement. He wrote in "Fei Ming 1": "Words must have three expressions (i.e. three standards). What are the three expressions? Mozi said: "There is the foundation, the original, and the advantage. ” ② This means that we must not only rely on the indirect knowledge of the ancients in historical books, but also verify it with the actual experience that the people’s eyes and ears have come into contact with, and use it in practice to see whether it is beneficial to the people of the country. Mozi in education These three standards for testing the correctness of understanding are proposed and used to teach students to acquire knowledge and judge right from wrong. They still have great positive significance for today's physics education.
3. Teaching theory
The Mohists expounded the teaching theory based on Mozi’s teaching thoughts and their own understanding and experience. This is mainly reflected in the incomplete but distinctive teaching principles they proposed. The main ones are:
(1) Teaching students in accordance with their aptitude, "If you don't knock, you will sing." Regarding teaching students in accordance with their aptitude, Mohism believes: "The students should be as deep as they are deep and as shallow as they are shallow, so as to benefit them and respect them." "That is to say, different teaching materials and different teaching methods should be used according to the different levels of students. "If you don't knock, you must sing." When Mencius, a disciple of Confucianism, said to Mozi, "A gentleman treats himself with respect, and when he asks, he answers. When asked about the Confucian attitude of "stopping when you knock, just like a bell, if you knock, it will ring; if you don't knock, it will not ring." Mozi clearly expressed his position, "Even if you don't knock, it will ring." Those who do not come to ask for advice should take the initiative to teach, that is, teachers should have the spirit of teaching others. Since students, especially students with learning difficulties, often cannot ask questions by themselves, it should be said that this spirit is especially important for physics teachers.
(2) Use names to refer to reality, and observe the analogy to understand the reasons. This is the dialectical method of Mohism in the relationship between name and reality. What is more valuable is that they also proposed on this basis. From the perspective of "taking and testing the name", "taking" means taking action.
(3) Do what you can according to your ability.
This is Mohism’s requirement for teaching, which can be summarized as follows: First, be knowledgeable in Taoism and have no need for miscellaneous knowledge. Second, the depth should be appropriate, and the complexity and simplicity should be appropriate. Third, take the same area and don’t choose the creek.
(4) Words and deeds are consistent and consistent with one’s ambitions. Mozi said, "Although a scholar has knowledge, his conduct is fundamental." In his teaching, he emphasized the unity of knowledge and action, and the unity of ambition and merit. That is, when examining the effect of words and deeds, we must look at both the subjective intention and the resultant merit. Therefore, he proposed that "words must be true and actions must be fruitful; act with strength and dare not be tired; train the will to strengthen the will; match the will and work and clearly distinguish the work." Students are required to be able to implement what they say, and do not say too much if they cannot implement it. explain. Students are also required to strictly train themselves and develop a strong will. He said: "Those who are not strong in ambition will be incapable of wisdom." "Those who are brave and do not practice will be lazy later." These teaching theories are of great significance to physics education that pays attention to the development of students' non-intellectual factors and emphasizes the unity of theory and practice. There is a certain positive meaning.
In addition, Mozi also attached great importance to the role of social environment in education. For example, he used dyeing silk as an example to describe the change of personality due to the influence of the environment. He said: "Dyeing with green will make it green, dyeing with yellow will make it yellow. If it is dyed, it will change, and its color will also change." Therefore, he advocated choice. A good environment and kind friends.
2. Wang Chong’s educational thoughts
Wang Chong (AD 27-97) was a great materialist thinker and educator in the Han Dynasty of my country (see Insert Figure 2 for Wang Chong’s portrait). He likes to read extensively but does not stick to rules and regulations. He is very diligent in studying, so he can "know a lot about the opinions of hundreds of schools of thought." "Lunheng" written by Wang Chong is very rich in content and can be called an encyclopedia of my country in the medieval period. In terms of educational thought, he boldly and profoundly exposed and criticized the false, cumbersome and rigid shortcomings of Neo-Confucian education. , put forward some valuable discussions.
1. The value of education
Wang Chong believes that the value of education lies in its ability to cultivate children's nature and develop their talents. Through education, people can "learn more and become more concise." "To cultivate talents who can not only "understand the meaning of the great sage" but also "understand the feelings of the people", and such talents should be "simple in body, clear in thinking, and able to see what is right and what is wrong." of. It can be seen that the purpose of his education is to cultivate virtuous gentlemen who "serve the country and serve the country".
2. Teaching principles
Wang Chong has his own unique insights into teaching and learning, and shows his unique foresight.
(1) "Remember the original thing from the heart". Wang Chong realized that feeling alone cannot reveal the essence of things and may produce false images or illusions. He said: "If you judge with your ears and eyes, you will use imaginary images to speak, and if imaginary images are effective, you will judge real things to be wrong. Therefore, right and wrong are not just based on the ears and eyes, but must be happy." This shows that Wang Chong has realized that due to human physiological conditions, Limitations, so the reach of hearing and vision has a certain limit. Many things cannot be directly experienced. Even if they are directly experienced, false image distortion will often occur. Therefore, it is necessary to go through deductive reasoning, that is, the process of rational thinking, which Wang Chong calls "creating things with the heart." On this basis, Wang Chong also put forward the point of view of "validation". He said: "Nothing can be known until it is effective, and nothing can be determined until there is evidence." He believes that the judgment of right and wrong, true and false, should be verified by facts before it can be believed.
(2) Advocate step-by-step and advocate "diligence in study". Wang Chong advocated that learning must be determined and hard-working, and continuous learning can have the hope of success. He said: "The combination of river ice and ice is not a day's cold, and the accumulation of soil is not a mountain." He also pointed out that "learning does not last forever." , "Those who advance rapidly will retreat quickly." It requires people not to be exposed to the cold and try to achieve it overnight, but to learn step by step in a down-to-earth manner.
(3) Oppose "belief in the ancient teacher" and advocate "extreme questioning". Wang Chong believes that learning must be creative and innovative, and we must pursue the root and seek for a deep understanding.
(4) Advocate "broad communication" and advocate "learning for the world". Wang Chong said: "The sea does not lead to hundreds of rivers, how can it be called huge? My wife contains the words of hundreds of schools of thought, just like the sea contains hundreds of rivers." A person who is good at learning should "he is all-encompassing in Taoism." He also said: "If a person has knowledge and knowledge, he will be powerful." "Sages write scriptures and sages have biographies to help the common people and drive the people to return to truth and sincerity.
"It can be seen that he is not only aware of the power of knowledge, but also believes that the purpose of acquiring knowledge is to govern the world and save the people. In physics teaching, we must expand the scope of knowledge and be conducive to transforming society and educating students. There is no inheritance and development in it.
3. Educational Thoughts of the Tang Dynasty
The Tang Dynasty was the most prosperous period of the feudal economy in the history of our country, and it was also the heyday of the development of feudal education. The valuable experience of scientific and technological talents has made our country shine among the ancient talent groups. Therefore, the educational ideas of the Tang Dynasty have unique significance and are of certain universality, which are worthy of our attention.
1. Educational Thoughts
(1) The specifications of scientific and technological talents. Many scientists in the Tang Dynasty paid great attention to the specifications of scientific and technological talents. For example, the medical scientist Sun Simiao summarized. On the basis of medical practice, later scholars solemnly pointed out that in order to master medicine, one must be "bold in desire but small in heart, wise in wisdom and wise in practice." Here, "zhiyuan" means rich in knowledge, resourcefulness, and ability. Achieve "act according to the opportunity, do not wait until the end of the day". "Xingfang" refers to behaving uprightly, that is, not deviating from the right path for the sake of gain, and not feeling anxious or uneasy because of upholding justice. Another example is that the historian Liu Zhiji pointed out in his discussion of Shicai, "There are three things in history." Long, talented, knowledgeable, and knowledgeable, it is rare to have both, so there are few historians. A man who has knowledge but no talent is like a foolish man working with gold, unable to make a loan; a man who is talented but without learning is like a skillful craftsman without an axe, unable to make a weapon. He must write down both good and evil deeds, so that the arrogant ruler, thieves and ministers will know how to fear him. This is unreasonable. Adders. "This kind of thought was regarded as a "hard theory" at the time. It echoed Sun Simiao's requirements for talents and had a great influence on later generations. It can be said to be an important discussion on the talent structure.
(2 ) Scientific and technological moral education. While imparting scientific knowledge and skills, most of the accomplished scientists and craftsmen in the Tang Dynasty attached great importance to scientific and technological moral education and the cultivation of professional ethics of scientific and technological talents. At that time, they had realized that scientific and technological workers had high moral standards. Skills can benefit the people, but poor skills can cause great harm. Therefore, establishing the ideal of devoting oneself to science and serving the country as an important part of science and technology education is required for future students. "Relieve the suffering", "not pity the rich and hate the poor", "not show obscenity", "balance the mind and avoid anger and joy". Today, this means cultivating students and allowing them to establish correct science in physics education. Outlook on life.
(3) Science and technology professional education in the Tang Dynasty mainly focused on intelligence and gathering strengths, that is, on the one hand, it attached great importance to the cultivation of students’ intelligence and put forward the idea of ??" The requirement of "Zhi Yuan" emphasizes the requirement for knowledge to be comprehensive and flexibly applied to practice, and opposes "the calculator is ignorant of images and the calculator is obsessed with numbers", and focuses on cultivating the ability of independent thinking and daring to create among post-modern scholars; on the other hand, it advocates being knowledgeable about the past and the present. , Gathering the strengths of all schools, and boldly breaking through the limitations of Confucianism's emphasis on division and family law. Regarding the key points of gathering all schools, Sun Simiao proposed in "Qian Jin Fang·Preface" that "the beginning of the text on the top, and the Sui Dynasty on the bottom." In this world, whether it is a classic or a prescription, I have adopted all of them. Gather the secrets of various schools of thought and eliminate what others have said.” He also said, “Those who are better at one thing than themselves can travel thousands of miles to decide it.” "In other words, his experience and requirements for future scholars are that they should not only learn from each other, but also study deeply, discard the rough and select the essence, and at the same time, they should not be ashamed to ask their subordinates.
In the current physics education in our country, in terms of training goals, In the textbook, it is emphasized that students are required to have the lofty ideals of communism, the spirit of serving the people wholeheartedly, and that students should have a reasonable intellectual structure; in the compilation of teaching materials, it is highlighted that it is necessary for students to further master physical knowledge and understand physics. The application of knowledge also pays attention to reflecting the cutting-edge of physics and the latest achievements of science and technology; in terms of professionalism, emphasis is placed on enabling students to have a broad knowledge and the ability to analyze and solve problems; in terms of teaching methods, physical experiments and The cultivation of hands-on ability, etc., is the inheritance and development of the spirit of science and technology education in the Tang Dynasty.
2. Science and technology textbooks
Our country’s unified science and technology professional textbooks are issued by the state. Starting from the Tang Dynasty, the science and technology professional textbooks it issued have four characteristics:
(1) Integration.
(2) Combining the preparation of teaching materials with research. In the Tang Dynasty, science and technology professional textbooks were compiled and top-notch scientists were selected to combine the compilation of textbooks with scientific research, making the textbooks themselves the latest scientific research results.
(3) It has a unique style. The textbooks issued in the Tang Dynasty were all annotated editions, allowing students to know their origins, their flow, and learn new knowledge. Some are also annotated editions, allowing students to understand the opinions of various schools, broaden their horizons, and activate their academic thinking. Therefore, this system makes it easier for students to learn by themselves.
(4) Pictures and texts, vivid images. In addition, in the Tang Dynasty, it was also very common to use poetry and rhyme to describe scientific knowledge, which made it have a certain rhythm and make it catchy to read. All of these are worthy of reference and learning for our current compilation of physics textbooks.