What "strange diseases" should you be wary of when traveling to Africa? Africa straddles the equator, has a hot climate, breeds mosquitoes, and is prone to infectious diseases. When traveling to Africa, people may be infected with malaria, filariasis, and Leishmania. Filariasis, schistosomiasis, babesiosis, myiasis, tick paralysis and other relatively rare tropical diseases in China, and these "weird diseases" are easily misdiagnosed. Filariasis is transmitted by mosquitoes, including lymphatic filariasis and skin filaments. Parasitic filariasis and visceral filariasis. Lymphatic filariasis can cause fever and skin inflammation in the early stage, and elephantiasis on the limbs like elephant legs can occur in the later stage. Cutaneous filariasis can cause skin inflammation, especially onchocerciasis. It can cause visual impairment or even blindness in the eyes, also known as river blindness. Visceral filariasis is mild and may cause symptoms such as chest pain or rash. Leishmaniasis is transmitted by the bite of an insect called a sandfly. Diseases, including visceral leishmaniasis and cutaneous leishmaniasis. Visceral leishmaniasis is also known as kala-azar. The main clinical manifestations are long-term fever, splenomegaly, anemia, etc. The main clinical manifestations of cutaneous leishmaniasis are lesions. Skin nodules and ulcers are unbearably itchy, and secondary infections occur after scratching. There are 1.3 million new cases and 20,000 to 30,000 deaths worldwide every year. Babesiosis is transmitted through tick bites, similar to malaria. The severity of the disease is closely related to factors such as the person's age, immune level, and whether the spleen has been removed. In mild cases, there are no obvious symptoms or only fever, while in severe cases, fever, anemia, jaundice, hematuria, and even death may occur. The disease can also be transmitted through blood transfusion and mother-to-child transmission.

Visitors to Africa should consult local entry-exit quarantine bureaus and other agencies to learn about tropical diseases, and do the following: Try to travel by car. And close the car windows; when doing outdoor activities, apply mosquito repellent on all parts of the body; avoid going to high-risk areas, and be careful to enter forests, pastures, grasslands, bushes and other blood-sucking insect breeding places. If you must enter these environments, you should Wear long clothes, long pants and long socks, and try to avoid dark clothes such as black or blue that attract mosquitoes; avoid sleeping in simple accommodations, and use mosquito nets or spray insecticide indoors at night. Travelers to Africa should do this. "Almost no": Do not swim or play in rivers and ponds easily, and avoid contact with unfamiliar water bodies; pay attention to dietary hygiene, do not drink raw water, do not eat food or drinks that may be contaminated by mosquitoes and flies, and do not eat half-cooked food. What equipment and food are necessary for traveling to Africa now

First of all, you should bring anti-mosquito and repellent medicines such as mosquito repellent liquid, wind oil essence, etc., and secondly, you should bring anti-malarial medicines such as artesunate, Ketamine, etc. Don’t forget to bring Taixin and antibacterial drugs such as amoxicillin, norfloxacin, cold medicine and airsickness medicine. For food, you can bring some instant noodles, biscuits, dried meat, small bags of mustard, melon seeds, etc. For use, you can bring mosquito nets, Sun hat, umbrella, rain-proof rubber shoes, band-aid, now that the rainy season is approaching, it is necessary to bring autumn clothes to prevent you from getting cold at night. I hope these are helpful to you. Good luck to you!!

What special properties should you be wary of when buying a house?

Well, it’s time for the country to take control, but then again, house prices are high? You don’t have to buy it! Real estate developers don't care about you. If you don't buy it, others will. What pitfalls should you be wary of when starting a business?

Avoiding the following six common mistakes can save you a lot of "tuition fees" for your start-up business.

The two brothers founders of Woolly Pocket

Text | Lorie A. Parch

Like all start-ups, Rodney Nelson also needs to provide support for his company Woolly Pocket Build a great website. He founded the company with his brother Miguel Nelson to sell exquisite, environmentally friendly plants online. But they encountered some problems.

"Our first website was designed without following the standard rules of the web," recalls Nelson. He lives in Phoenix and works as a business management consultant.

"The navigation function was difficult to use, and customers had to scroll to the bottom of the homepage and then scroll to the next page to find the 'Buy Now' button."

The brothers began looking for another company. a programmer, but their second e-commerce site was also not working very well, and they found it difficult for the technical team to respond quickly to it. "The first design of the website cost almost US$7,000, and it needed to be revised six months later." Nelson said, "The second time we spent US$15,000, and we felt satisfied at the time, but it did not bring any benefits to people. It was refreshing. Then we started looking for help from a company a year later. So we designed three websites in one year and ended up redesigning the website four times in a year and a half. This is when it really works.”

For your business, it may not only cost you so much to build a website, but also everything else may require you to pay “tuition”. ——This is Murphy’s Theorem for startups. Running a start-up seems to cost money everywhere, and it’s hard to be smart enough to get value for money at first. But some common mistakes can doom a bootstrapped startup. Here are six pitfalls to be wary of and professional advice on how to avoid them.

Expensive price one: weak team

Bill Aulet is the managing director of the Martin Trust Center, a subsidiary of MIT Entrepreneurship. He is also the author of the book "Disciplined Entrepreneurship". He believes that picking the wrong team is one of the most expensive mistakes entrepreneurs make, not only causing a huge loss of revenue, but also easily destroying morale.

He explained: "Recruiting for a job at a startup looks like playing basketball on the court. You can pick your friends to play with, but if you want your team to always have opportunity to compete, then you have to choose your teammates carefully.”

Recruiting people with a variety of special skills is critical. But Aulet advises: “Like a great team, they must hold the same values ??and have the ability to still trust each other in difficult times. Based on this, be able to work with your co-founders and early employees under heavy pressure. Supporting each other is often more important than friendship."

Expensive price two: biased pricing

Sarah Shaw, CEO of Entreprete, a consulting firm in Durango, Colorado, said: "The first company I founded. One company was a handbag company, and the biggest mistake I made was pricing. ”

“I didn’t expect that for clothing and accessories, you have to allocate the required fabrics, including the wasted fabric area. It’s taken into account,” Shaw explained. Because she lacked an accurate understanding of costs, she failed to price her products accurately.

"I think people generally think that the price is twice the cost, but this is incorrect." She said, "After accounting for marketing, showroom fees and other expenses, the price should be 2.5 times the cost.”

In the first two years of joining the business world, Shaw himself invested US$100,000. Thanks to her own persistence and word-of-mouth media spread (many celebrities like her handbags), the company finally achieved an annual revenue of US$1 million and successfully attracted investors. However, after the "9·11" incident, the company fell into a downturn and eventually died in 2002.

Blue Oak Energy CEO Tobin Booth, like Shaw, also paid a heavy price for the wrong pricing strategy.

In 2010, the California solar photovoltaic system builder signed a contract with a retail company to install solar equipment for the latter in eight states across the United States.

“In such a competitive market, we have zero experience dealing with such complex orders.” He said, “We did not know in advance the tax liability that would be incurred across so many states, and we did not know in advance. Know the labor costs in different states, and also caused delays in delivery due to weather and transportation reasons. ”

The company needs to pay for delays caused by failure to plan the specific time for installation. Additional storage fees. In 2011, our losses reached $500,000. Booth revealed that wrong valuation was his worst experience as an entrepreneur, but he also said that it was not without its benefits: "As the old saying goes, 'Eat a cut and gain a wisdom.' The most painful experience is also yours. The best classroom to learn something from. ”

Expensive Price 3: Missed Opportunities

When you have a killer idea, you naturally want to package it well. After a while, recommend it to the world. But even people without CPA qualifications know that the longer you take before releasing an idea, the more money you'll spend.

“This is a common mistake people make, especially for those in the technology industry.” Drew Williams, co-author of the book Feed the Startup Beast, analyzed, “Many skilled people make mistakes before launching an App. You want to make it perfect, but this often means that you spend a very long time and spend a lot of money.” This mistake is likely to put you in a dilemma - you need to get consumer approval before you can get it. Funds maintain normal operations and enable product research and development to make progress.

“After you have perfected the most original and basic product vision, you need to let more people know about your product and find buyers for it.” Williams suggested, “Find one or two people who are passionate about your product. Interested customers are willing to provide experimental support for you to build, test and modify the product. There will always be a gap between the product and your vision, and you need to explore slowly if you have a real customer to back you up. You can create a better product in a very cost-effective way."

Expensive Price Four: Technical Ignorance

In founding Traklight, this company focuses on helping individuals and businesses identify and identify. When working with a software company that protects intellectual property rights, although Mary Juetten was not a Luddite who wanted to hinder technological progress (a person who opposed capitalist oppression by destroying machines and other means in Britain from 1811 to 1816), she did know nothing about technology. . "I know how to demonstrate what our software can do...but I don't know much about software coding or website development," said Juetten, who is a certified public accountant in Canada.

She had relied on her co-founder’s experience in technology, but when that relationship ended, she was left in a mess. "This was the biggest mistake I made: I was always looking for the best opportunities to work together, but I didn't allow myself to learn more programming languages, nor did I introduce talents in this area to the team."

The team she recruited to create the Traklight software division told her that she simply "couldn't" use one programming language and "had to" use another to build the site. "If someone who designed a website for me came up to me and said, 'You'd better use this color instead of that color,' I would question it. But I've never had an opinion on programming languages. Because it is a technical issue.”

The four-month period set aside for software development was extended to eight months, and later to nine months or even longer. “If I have professional technical knowledge, I can definitely buy more time and bring the product to the market earlier.” She said, “So entrepreneurs who are ‘technologically illiterate’ like me need to be self-taught.

”

Juetten ended up taking the “Essential Technical Knowledge for Entrepreneurs” course. She recommended other business founders who need relevant professional knowledge to visit the fun programming website Codecademy, or through the entrepreneurial education company General Assembly. Training courses to obtain corresponding solutions.

Expensive price five: distressed legal fees

Booth of Blue Oak Energy is very eager to get the order spanning eight states in the United States. Redraw a quotation, but he also deeply regrets being too frugal with legal fees and other legal expenses when the company was still in its infancy. “If I could reorganize the early employees, it would cost a few thousand dollars to hire from the beginning. How nice it would be to have a lawyer draw up a proper contract!" he recalled. "My mistake was not finding a lawyer who really understood the company's business. "

Many of the company's early customers did not repay the cost of solar equipment as scheduled, and Booth found a debt collection company to cooperate. He said that he also suffered some losses in the process: "I found that in our contract, There are some clauses in which the other party does not bear attorney's fees. "Today, Blue Oak Energy's annual revenue has reached 20 million US dollars.

Shaw also had a similar experience because when she signed the contract, she did not know that the company trademark rights named after her should belong to her. , so when investors negotiated to purchase the company, her name was also purchased. “I can no longer use my own name to start any company. ” She was very remorseful, “I wish I had hired a lawyer to remind me. ”

Expensive Price 6: Randomly saving on promotion fees

Williams, the writer mentioned above, said: “Many entrepreneurs will think that other people need to spend money to promote their products or services. But my company doesn't need it, because my products are good enough and the aroma of the wine is not afraid of the depth of the alley. "Another myth is that you can build a brand and attract consumers for free through social media. "Social media doesn't provide a free lunch. ” He said, “Being just right on social media often requires an incredible amount of effort, and it usually takes you six months to a year before you make even a small amount of progress—in a word, it’s not a Promotional tools that enable quick response. "

If you are not sure how much budget you should invest in marketing, Williams' suggestion is to invest 10 to 20% of the company's estimated gross revenue. "As your company gradually stabilizes, this proportion can be appropriate. Reduce it to 5-10. If the company becomes the leader in the market, it only needs to invest 5 or even lower. "

After the Traklight website was launched, Juetten found that the company's ranking on search engines was not ideal. She recalled: "No one found us through search. "So, she decided to invest a certain amount of marketing expenses. "For a small company, the first promotion expenses are staggering, but we did not adopt the method of modifying the website, but launched email marketing and CRM (customer relationship management). " How much loss has Juetten suffered from the lag in marketing? She estimates that “tens of thousands of dollars are wasted on meaningless programming language updates, but the time cost caused by the delay in product launch is , it may have caused hundreds of thousands of dollars in losses." If not, "we should be much better off than we are now." What diseases should we be wary of if the stool remains unformed for a long time?

What diseases should we be wary of when buying a house with enteritis? Special real estate

1. Private real estate

What is private real estate? There is more than one right holder on the real estate certificate. This kind of real estate means several people** *Some properties.

The purchase of any real estate must obtain the consent of all owners, otherwise the sales contract may be deemed invalid. When buying some real estate, you should pay attention to the following issues:

1. The name of one spouse is on the real estate certificate, but the real estate is the joint property of both spouses

In this case In this case, although the party registered on the real estate certificate sold the house without the consent of the other party, the real estate registration has the effect of publicity and credibility. The home buyer has no obligation or ability to verify whether the property is the joint property of the couple. Therefore, as long as the home buyer is in good faith and does not know the fact that one party does not agree to sell the house, the sales contract is valid.

2. There are two people on the property ownership certificate, but only one person signed the contract.

According to the provisions of judicial interpretations, the rights of a husband or wife in handling the property of the husband and wife are: equal. When dealing with the joint property of husband and wife due to daily needs, either party has the right to decide. If a husband or wife makes important decisions on the disposal of joint property due to daily needs, both husband and wife should negotiate on an equal footing and reach a consensus.

If others have reason to believe that it represents the consent of both husband and wife, the other party shall not use the excuse of disagreement or ignorance against a bona fide third party.

2. Suites and low- and medium-priced housing

Suites refer to *** providing preferential policies, limiting construction standards, and supplying construction of major projects in the city, renovation of key old areas, etc. Policy-based commercial housing for residents to be demolished by the project. Low- and medium-priced housing refers to policy-based commercial housing that *** provides preferential policies, restricts construction standards, and supplies low- and middle-income families in the city.

Many places stipulate that ancillary units and low- and medium-priced houses may not be transferred or rented within 5 years after obtaining the real estate certificate. However, these regulations are not laws or administrative regulations, so even if they are violated, they cannot be handled immediately. The transfer procedures and the sales contract itself are still valid. However, since you have to wait until five years before transferring the ownership, the legal risks are very high.

Even if the home buyer already lives in the house, the original seller may break the contract after the house price rises in the future. The seller may mortgage the house or sell it to another person, resulting in the inability to transfer the property.

If the seller sells one house and two, and someone else has obtained the property certificate, the buyer can only pursue the seller's liability for compensation, but it is difficult to obtain the property rights of the house. Therefore, it is difficult to have a foolproof plan to guarantee that the previous home will be transferred smoothly after five years. You must be extremely careful when purchasing this type of property.

3. After-sales public housing

The purchase and sale of after-sales public housing mainly involves two issues:

1. The issue of the owner of the after-sales public housing

When selling a public house, there is only one person's name on the property ownership certificate, but there may be other property owners, such as the resident, the person with a rank, the person with seniority, etc., all of whom have the right to request confirmation as the final owner of the property.

However, based on the publicity and credibility of real estate, as long as a sales contract is signed with the right holder on the real estate certificate, other property owners cannot claim that the sales contract is invalid on the grounds that without their consent, other property rights A person may require the seller to bear compensation liability.

2. Living rights of co-residents

Although co-residents are not property owners, they have the right to reside in the house. In the past, when handling the transfer procedures for post-sale public housing, the real estate trading center required that the contract include a statement from the roommates agreeing to the sale, but now it only conducts a formal review and does not require the roommates to come to the trading center to sign on the spot.

If the property owner sells the house to another person without the consent of the co-resident, the co-resident may claim that the sales contract is invalid, or may believe that although the sales contract is valid, it does not infringe on their right to live, and therefore refuse to move out of the house .

Based on the publicity and credibility of real estate registration and the protection of transaction security, the co-residents can only claim the right of residence from the seller, or demand division of the house payment obtained by the seller, but have no right to claim that the sales contract is invalid or Refusal to vacate the premises.

In order to avoid such disputes as much as possible, when purchasing a post-sale public house, you must understand the situation of the people who live with you. You can ask the previous family to show their household registration book, and ask the people living with you to agree in writing to agree to sell the house. What risks should we be wary of in equity crowdfunding?

JD.com’s private equity investment risks include the following:

1. The operating risks are relatively high.

2. Business performance is related to the personal qualities of corporate managers. A large number of private equity investment failures are due to the lack of managers’ level and ability.

3. Exit risk is a risk unique to private equity funds. Unlike publicly issued stocks and bonds, investments in private equity funds usually require an investment cycle of three or even five years.

4. Therefore, when participating in private equity investment, it is necessary to check the investor’s financial ability and risk resistance ability. High profits are often accompanied by the same high risks. It is necessary to have a comprehensive awareness and understanding of investment risks. Finally, consider investing based on the maximum risk you can bear.

Warm reminder: This business has been offline. It is recommended that you pay attention to other businesses of JD Finance. For details, please see the JD Finance website (: jr.jd./). What kind of household registration disputes should you be wary of when buying a second-hand house?

Ten things to note when buying a second-hand house:

1. Is the property right of the house clear?

Some houses have multiple ** * There are people, such as heirs, family members, and couples. For this, the buyer should sign a house sales contract with all the parties. If only some parties dispose of the owner's property without authorization, the sales contract signed by the buyer without the consent of other parties will generally be invalid.

2. Is the land situation clear?

Buyers of second-hand houses should pay attention to the nature of land use and see whether it is allocated or transferred. The allocated land is generally used free of charge. *** It can be taken back for free. The transfer means that the homeowner has paid the land transfer fee, and the buyer has relatively complete rights to the house. You should also pay attention to the use period of the land. If the land use right of a house is only 40 years, the homeowner has used it. In the next ten years, it will be a bit uneconomical for the buyer to judge whether it should still be measured by the price of a commercial house with a land use right of 70 years in the same location.

3. Whether the transaction house is rented

Some second-hand houses are physically burdened when they are transferred, that is, they are still rented by others. If the buyer only looks at the property certificate and only pays attention to the transfer procedures without paying attention to whether there is a lease, the buyer is very likely to get a property that cannot be moved in or used in time. This is because our country, including most other countries, recognizes that "sales do not violate leases", which means that a house sales contract cannot compete with a previously established lease contract. In practice, this point is ignored by many buyers and intermediary companies, and is also exploited by many sellers, causing many disputes.

4. Whether the house procedures are complete

The real estate certificate is the only proof that the homeowner has ownership of the house. It is not profitable for the buyer to trade a house without a real estate certificate. Extreme risk to the house. The homeowner may have a real estate certificate and mortgage or resell it. Even if he does not obtain it in the future, he can still mortgage and resell it. Therefore, it is best to choose a house with a real estate certificate for transaction.

5. Is welfare housing legal?

Housing reform housing, housing projects, and affordable housing are themselves policy housing of a welfare nature, and there are certain restrictions on the transfer, and these houses There are certain national regulations on the nature of land and the scope of house ownership. The buyer must avoid conflicts between the sales contract and national laws when purchasing.

6. Whether property management fees are in arrears

When some homeowners transfer their houses, their property management fees, electricity fees and three gas (natural gas, heating, gas) fees have been in arrears for a long time, and A considerable amount of fees have been owed, and the buyer purchased the house without his knowledge. The buyer may have to bear all the fees.

7. Whether municipal planning affects it

Some homeowners may sell second-hand houses because they know that the house will face demolition in about 5 to 10 years, or that high-rise residential buildings will be built nearby. It may affect lighting, price and other municipal planning conditions before you rush to sell. As a buyer, you should fully understand the details when purchasing.

8. Whether the unit’s housing infringes the law

Generally, units’ houses include employee housing at cost price and standard price employee housing. Both land properties are allocated and should be transferred when transferring. Pay land use fees. Furthermore, units generally enjoy partial property rights for standard-priced housing, and when employees transfer the units, the unit enjoys the right of first refusal. If the buyer fails to pay attention to these, he may infringe the legal rights and interests of the unit together with the homeowner.

9. Whether the intermediary company violates the rules

Some intermediary companies provide intermediary services in violation of regulations. For example, when providing second-hand housing loans, they provide zero down payment services to the buyers. All the money paid for the house can be fraudulently loaned out from the bank. The buyer thinks that he has taken advantage of it, but he doesn't know that if the bank discovers it, he may have to bear all the responsibilities.

10. Is the contract agreement clear?

Although the sales contract for second-hand houses does not need to be as comprehensive as the sales contract for commercial houses, some details should be clearly agreed upon, such as: the subject of the contract, Rights guarantee, house price, transaction method, liability for breach of contract, dispute resolution, signing date and other issues should be fully considered. What should patients with vitiligo be wary of when bathing?

Hello, for patients with vitiligo, when taking a bath, cosmetics and other things should have less contact with the white spots. Blue oxygen is used to target the blood to remove whitening, and treat vitiligo from the blood source of vitiligo. Through the superoxidation of blue oxygen, it quickly awakens the tyrosinase active factor, stimulates the tyrosinase activity in the blood serum, and catalyzes the production of chromosomes in the tyrosinase. This disease can be completely cured only by producing the nutrients required by melanocytes through the amino acid enzyme reaction and promoting the synthesis of melanin. What problems should diabetics be wary of when they suffer from lower limb edema?

Clinical Case Aunt Zhang and Aunt Li used to work in the same textile factory. After retirement, the old sisters, who have known each other for many years, have not lost contact. They see each other every once in a while, and they always have something to say. Endless topics to talk about. A few years ago, diabetes took care of the two old sisters. Since then, the topic when the two met has focused on diabetes, talking about everything from symptoms to diet and medication. On this day, Aunt Li came to Aunt Zhang's house again to chat. Aunt Zhang said that recently she has been feeling weak all over, her eyelids and calves are swollen, and there are pits when she presses her fingers. She wonders if there is something wrong with her kidneys. Aunt Li took over and said that she recently had a new disease - high blood pressure. After taking antihypertensive drugs for a period of time, her blood pressure was stabilized, but she also developed ankle edema. The shoes used to fit well, but now My feet are so tight that I can’t wear them anymore. The two old sisters were thinking as they talked. We both have diabetes, and now we both have edema in our lower limbs. It seems that it is inseparable from diabetes. The two of them made an appointment to go to the hospital for a checkup tomorrow to find out what was going on. After hospital examination, Aunt Zhang's urine protein was positive. Her edema was related to hypoalbuminemia caused by diabetic nephropathy. She needed a low-protein diet, strict control of blood sugar, blood pressure, and blood lipids, and was given traditional Chinese medicine to protect the kidneys. Aunt Li's urine protein was negative. , the kidney function is normal, and the edema is related to taking antihypertensive drugs such as nifedipine. As long as such antihypertensive drugs are stopped and replaced with other antihypertensive drugs (such as angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors), the edema will disappear. . Experts interpret edema as a pathological phenomenon caused by excessive accumulation of fluid in tissue spaces, and edema in the lower limbs is the most common clinical condition. Except for a few reasons, edema of the lower limbs in diabetic patients is mostly related to various chronic complications of diabetes and is a sign of many chronic complications. Commonly seen in the following situations: 1. Diabetes complicated by renal insufficiency. Diabetic nephropathy is the most common cause of lower limb edema in diabetic patients. When diabetic patients suffer from kidney damage, edema of the lower limbs, eyelids, and face may occur due to large amounts of urinary protein leakage, reduced globular filtration rate, and severe hypoalbuminemia. In severe cases, systemic edema may occur.

Routine urine examination of patients shows protein and casts, and elevated renal function indicators (such as creatinine and urea nitrogen) can be used for identification. 2. Diabetes is complicated by heart disease. Diabetes is easily complicated by cardiovascular diseases such as coronary heart disease and cardiomyopathy. In severe cases, cardiac insufficiency (especially right heart insufficiency) can cause systemic circulation congestion and water and sodium retention, leading to jugular vein distension, Hepatosplenomegaly and symmetrical edema of both lower limbs. Such patients are often accompanied by cardiovascular symptoms such as palpitation, chest tightness, and shortness of breath, as well as ischemic changes in the electrocardiogram, which can be identified. 3. Diabetes combined with peripheral neuropathy. Diabetic neuroedema is more common in the lower limbs and is related to pain and activity. This is due to damage to the autonomic nerves (mainly sympathetic nerves), causing peripheral blood vessels to dilate and become congested, causing venous congestion and edema in the lower limbs. In addition, neurotrophic disorders cause increased permeability of local capillaries, which can also lead to edema of the lower limbs. Edema caused by diabetic neuropathy is often accompanied by symptoms such as numbness, pain, and sock-like hypoesthesia in the extremities, which can be used for identification. 4. Diabetes combined with vascular disease of the lower limbs: When a patient has disease in the veins of the lower limbs (deep vein thrombosis of the lower limbs, venous valve insufficiency), resulting in venous hypertension caused by obstruction of venous return, edema of the lower limbs may occur, but it is often unilateral. 5. In patients with diabetes and foot infection, the skin of the foot is injured and infected, and the local inflammatory reaction can also lead to edema. Such patients are often accompanied by acute inflammatory manifestations such as increased local skin temperature, skin redness, and pain. 6. Diabetes combined with severe malnutrition. Some diabetic patients have hypoalbuminemia and malnutrition edema due to long-term excessive dieting and severe insufficient intake of calories and protein. 7. Drug factors: Some anti-diabetic drugs and anti-hypertensive drugs can cause water and sodium retention, leading to edema of the lower limbs. The former include insulin and thiazolidinediones (eg, rosiglitazone, pioglitazone); the latter include calcium antagonists (eg, nifedipine, amlodipine, etc.). Its unique feature is that edema occurs after taking the drug and disappears soon after stopping the drug. 8. Diabetes combined with hypothyroidism. Some diabetic patients (especially elderly female patients) are also complicated by hypothyroidism. The latter can cause myxedema of the lower limbs or face, which is characterized by the fact that there is no concave change when pressing the edema area with fingers. In addition, patients with hypothyroidism often have accompanying symptoms such as fatigue, lethargy, cold sensitivity, bradycardia, constipation, etc. Tests showing low thyroid function (FT3, FT4) can be used for identification. 9. Idiopathic edema When female diabetics experience edema in their lower limbs, they should pay attention to rule out "idiopathic edema". This kind of edema often occurs in the childbearing age, and patients are often accompanied by symptoms of neurosis. The occurrence of edema is often related to the menstrual cycle. A positive "upright and supine water test" will help in the diagnosis of idiopathic edema. Other diabetic patients may also experience lower limb edema when combined with chronic liver disease and other conditions. Patients have symptoms of chronic liver disease (such as anorexia, fatigue, liver disease, liver palms, spider nevi, jaundice, etc.) and abnormal liver function, which can be identified by combining hepatobiliary B-ultrasound examination. In short, the causes of diabetic edema are multifaceted, and specific analysis should be conducted based on the patient's specific situation in order to identify the cause and provide targeted treatment. Attachment: Water test in the upright and recumbent position. After urinating on an empty stomach in the morning, drink 1000ml of water; urinate once an hour in the upright position for 4 consecutive times, and calculate the total urine output. Drink the same 1000ml of water the next day; while resting in the supine position, urinate once an hour for 4 consecutive times, and calculate the total urine output. Comparing the two measurement results, if the standing urine volume is less than 50% of the supine urine volume, it is considered positive.