Pinglu Hongshan Buckwheat is a geographical indication certification trademark. Pinglu Hongshan Buckwheat is an agricultural product with geographical indication.
Shuozhou City is rich in buckwheat. In recent years, with the strengthening of farmers' market economy concepts, the planting area of ??buckwheat has increased year by year. Pinglu Hongshan buckwheat ranks first in the country in selenium content, with a thousand-kernel weight of 38.8 grams and a selenium content of 0.73 mg/g. It is favored by Japan and Southeast Asian countries and has been selected for state banquets many times. Buckwheat is an ancient crop native to northern my country. Due to its short growth period, it can be sown in spring, summer and autumn. In disaster years, buckwheat can be replanted or replanted to obtain a certain harvest. It is an ideal disaster relief and famine preparation crop. Buckwheat is a dicotyledonous plant, belonging to the Polygonaceae family in botanical classification. It is distantly related to monocotyledons, Gramineae, wheat, barley and other wheat crops. It has almost no close relatives among common field crops and behaves differently in many aspects. Characteristic. There are four species of cultivated buckwheat, namely sweet buckwheat, tartary buckwheat, winged buckwheat and rice buckwheat. Sweet buckwheat is also called ordinary buckwheat. There are nectaries in its flowers, which can emit fragrance, attract insects, and cross-pollinate; tartary buckwheat, also known as Tartary buckwheat, has small flowers, no fragrance, self-pollination, and artificial hybridization is extremely difficult to succeed; as for artificial hybridization, it is extremely difficult to succeed; Winged buckwheat and rice buckwheat are so named because the ribs of the achenes they produce are thin and wing-shaped or the spaces between the two ribs of the achenes are so plump that they are easily cracked and the "rice" inside the fruit is easily exposed. In short, no matter what kind of buckwheat, the seeds they produce have a hard shell and are triangular achenes, which are extremely rare in other crops.
Regional Scope
According to the provisions of the "Registration and Management Measures for Geographical Indications of Agricultural Products" and the specific human history and natural ecological environment conditions of Hongshan Buckwheat, after research and decision by the Pinglu District Agricultural Bureau, We have extensively solicited opinions from relevant parties and planned to delineate the geographical protection scope of Hongshan Buckwheat Geographical Indication: mountainous areas and some hilly areas in northwestern Shanxi Province, including: Zuhu Township, Gaoshizhuang Township, Shuangnian Township, Xishuijie Township, and Fenghuang Town. , Xiashuitou Township, Xiamujiao Township, Yuling Township and other eight townships, involving 232 administrative villages, with a total production area of ??3,300 hectares. The protected area is located between 111°52′-112°41′ east longitude and 39°21′-39°56′ north latitude. The highest point above sea level is 1,458 meters and the lowest point is 1,234 meters above sea level. It borders Youyu to the north, Shanyin to the east, Shuocheng District to the south, Qingshuihe and Lingeer counties in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region along the Great Wall to the northwest, and Pianguan and Shenchi under the jurisdiction of Xinzhou area to the southwest. The total production area is 49,500 acres, and the total annual production volume is 2,000 kilograms.
Natural ecological environment and humanistic and historical factors
(1) Soil and landform conditions: Due to great differences in natural conditions and climatic factors, soil distribution is relatively complex and can be roughly divided into the following three types: Individual soil types: Mountain meadow soil: The distribution range is narrow and the area is small. It is mainly concentrated in Heituo Mountain and Hutou Mountain, with an altitude of more than 1,800 meters and an area of ??3,500 hectares. Gray brown soil: mainly distributed in Hutou Mountain and Heituo Mountain, with a large area of ??about 47,000 hectares. Chestnut soil: has the widest distribution range and the largest area. It is mainly distributed east of Hutou Mountain and north of Renma Mountain. It is the main soil type in our region, with an area of ??133,000 hectares. The pH value is between 8.0-8.5, which is slightly alkaline.
The average soil organic matter is 0.895g/kg, the average total soil nitrogen is 0.062g/kg, the average available phosphorus is 7.7ppm, and the average available potassium is 77.6ppm. The soil is relatively poor.
Topography The topography of Pinglu District was formed by internal and external forces after the tectonic movement of the Himalayas. There are 143 large peaks in the district, among which those with an altitude of more than 2,000 meters There are 4 peaks, 134 between 1500 and 2000 meters, and 5 below 1500 meters. The peaks vary in size. Among them, 41 are more than 5 kilometers away, 91 are between 2.5 and 5 kilometers away, and 11 are less than 2.5 kilometers away. 60% of the mountains run north-south. There are a small amount of cultivated land, pasture slopes and forests in the mountains. The entire terrain slopes from northwest to southeast. The average altitude is 1400-1600 meters, the highest altitude is 2170.1 meters, the highest point is Heituo Mountain, the lowest altitude is 1106.8 meters, and the lowest point is the Gaoyangpo river bed in the southeast. Due to terrain differences, it can be clearly divided into three major geomorphological units: bedrock mountainous areas, loess hilly areas and mountain stream basins.
(2) Hydrological situation: Pinglu District is located in the Loess Plateau of northwest Shanxi, the watershed of the Yellow River and the Haihe River. The main water system of the Yellow River Basin is the Cangtou River, with a drainage area of ??291 square kilometers and a total length of more than 20 kilometers. The peak flow rate is 110 cubic meters/second. The other is Tangxi River, with a total length of 15 kilometers. It originates from Liudun, Jiudun and Heijayao Village in Zuhu Township, the main buckwheat producing area. The drainage area is 53 square kilometers and the peak flow is 75 cubic meters/second. The Haihe River Basin mainly includes Dashagou, which originates from the villages of Yangjiayao and Panjinggou in the northern mountainous area. It has a total length of 150 kilometers, a drainage area of ??1,035 square kilometers, and a peak flow rate of 230 cubic meters/second.
In addition, the Haihe River Basin also has large and small springs in the area such as Guanhe River, Qilihe River, and Xiemaguan River. The annual runoff is 46.41 million cubic meters. The total groundwater reserve is calculated based on the water flow rate, which is 200 million cubic meters per year. cubic meter. The average annual precipitation in the region is 410 mm, concentrated in July, August and September. The underground water table is deep and difficult to exploit. The utilization rate is 1.26%, and the flood irrigation utilization rate is 5.5%. There are no sources of pollution in the buckwheat growing area. In October 2007, it was approved by the Provincial Environmental Protection Bureau as a national ecological demonstration zone. The water quality in our area meets the standards and meets the requirements.
(3) Climate conditions: Pinglu District has a temperate semi-arid continental climate. Under the interaction of the northwest cold current and the southeast monsoon, coupled with the complex terrain within the territory, the relative temperature differences between various regions are large, forming unique climate characteristics, with four distinct seasons, long winter and short summer, strong monsoon, and rain and heat in the same period. The spring is dry and windy, the summer rainfall is concentrated, the autumn is short, and the winter is long and snowless.
Temperature The average temperature throughout the year is 5.8℃. The summer is cool, with the average temperature in the hottest month of July being 20.3°C, which is suitable for crop growth and development. High temperature is less harmful, and weather with temperatures above 30°C is rare. The cold winter is not conducive to planting overwintering crops.
The average temperature in January, the coldest month, is -10.7℃, with an annual range of 30℃.
During the frost-free period, most crops can only grow actively when the daily average temperature is above 10℃. The period in which the average temperature for several days is stable above 10℃ is called the active crop growth period. The annual average frost-free period in the region is about 115 days. The frost-free period in the west is 115 days, and the frost-free period in the north is 95 days (Zhuhu, Gaoshizhuang and other townships). The frost-free period in the southeast is 125 days. The active growth period of crops in our region generally begins in April. 27th, finally October 2nd. The accumulated temperature that stably passes 10°C is 2514°C.
The temperature difference between day and night is averaged by month over the years, with the largest daily difference being 13.3℃ in May and the smallest being 10.2℃ in August. It is 11.5℃ throughout the year. The temperature during the day is high and the light is sufficient, which is conducive to crop photosynthesis. The temperature at night is low, which reduces the respiration consumption of crops and is conducive to the accumulation of organic matter.
Precipitation The average annual precipitation in the western and central parts is 370-410 mm, in the north 410-430 mm, and in the southeast 330-370 mm.
Wind direction and speed are affected by the monsoon, topography and surrounding environment. Southeast winds prevail in summer and northwest winds prevail in winter. The diurnal changes in wind direction are obvious. When controlled by the same air mass, the wind can also turn at night or during the day. The annual average wind speed is 3.4 meters/second, and the maximum wind speed is 21 meters/second. In general years, the wind speed is the highest in April and May, and the wind speed is the lowest in August. The wind force is generally level 4-5, and the wind force is stronger in winter and spring. The average number of windy days above level 8 is 40 days per year, with a maximum of 80 days in a year and a minimum of 10 days in a year. Strong winds mostly occur from April to May, accounting for 50% of the average annual number of windy days; August and September are the least windy, accounting for only 30%. In summer, strong winds of level 7-8 or above will occur along with thunderstorms, which will cause great harm to crops.
According to historical records, Pinglu Hongshan buckwheat has been cultivated for more than 800 years. It is famous for its large grains, thin skin, high quality, and good color. The weight of one thousand grains is 38.8 grams, and it contains 8 kinds of amino acids necessary for the human body. Similar to eggs, the trace element selenium content reaches 0.791ug/g, ranking first among similar products in the world. What is particularly precious is that the content of the flavonoid "rutin" is extremely rich, second only to ginkgo biloba.
In the early 1970s, when former Japanese Prime Minister Kakuei Tanaka and former French President Pompidou visited China, they specifically ate Red Mountain Buckwheat Noodles. At present, there are more than 10 varieties of food processed from Hongshan buckwheat, among which "Zhuwowo" and "Cat's Ears" have unique and lifelike shapes. People call them folk delicacies and handicrafts. Eating buckwheat food has formed a unique food culture.
Production technical requirements
(1) Origin selection and special content requirements: Buckwheat is drought-resistant and barren-resistant, has strong adaptability and consumes large soil resources.
Land with medium fertility or above should be chosen for planting. However, it is not suitable for continuous cropping and soil with heavy alkaline content should be avoided. Sandy loam soil with loose soil and good air permeability is suitable. It is best to choose after beans, potatoes and row crops. The environment is required to be good and away from pollution sources.
(2) Variety selection and specific requirements: Choose Hongshan buckwheat and Japanese "Zaozao" that are suitable for local climate conditions, have wide adaptability, high quality, high yield, disease resistance, strong stress resistance and good commercial properties. "Black" is used as the main variety, screened to remove impurities and inferior seeds, and then sun-dried for 1-2 days to increase the germination rate.
(3) Production process management: Buckwheat seedlings with fine soil preparation have poor soil-bearing ability, weak root development, and high requirements for soil preparation. This link of tillage and soil preparation should be done as much as possible.
Sowing time is June 5th to June 20th (around the summer solstice); method: machine sowing or plowing furrows, hand seeding; depth, 1.5-2 inches; 60,000-80,000 seedlings per mu. Plants, the seeding rate is 3-4 kg per mu.
Additional application of fertilizers to buckwheat. On the basis of sufficient base fertilizer, 100-200 kilograms of plant ash and 10 kilograms of diammonium phosphate are applied per acre, and an appropriate amount of high-quality organic fertilizer is added as seed fertilizer, which can significantly increase the yield. From flowering to fruiting stage, use 0.5 kg of urea and 200 g of potassium dihydrogen phosphate per mu, mixed with 60 kg of water and spray 1-2 times. During the blooming period, artificially assist pollination, and pay attention to preventing and controlling pests and diseases.
Timely cultivating: once in the seedling stage, combined with shallow hoeing to determine the seedlings, and once in the budding stage.
Pest and disease control: prevention is the first priority, comprehensive prevention and control is given, priority is given to agricultural control, physical control, biological control, and chemical control is used scientifically and rationally.
(4) Product Harvest: The most suitable harvest period for buckwheat is generally when 2/3 of the whole plant has turned black and 1/3 is at the milky stage. It should be Harvest and stack in time to promote later ripening. To reduce grain loss. Harvesting should be carried out early in the morning and before 11 a.m., and the seeds should be stored in storage in time when the moisture content of the seeds is less than 14%.
(5) Production record requirements: Establish production files for the geographically indicated agricultural product Pinglu Hongshan Buckwheat, and record in detail the specific measures taken in each link such as the environment of the place of origin, production technology, pest control and harvesting.
Typical product quality characteristics and product quality and safety regulations
Hongshan buckwheat belongs to the genus Buckwheat of the Polygonaceae family, with upright stems, tall stems, obvious edges and corners, few branches, and soft texture. . The leaves are broad and halberd-shaped, green to dark green, and the leaves are round. Racemes, not clustered, with sparse flowers, small, white and pink, fragrance-free, cross-pollinated. The grains are large, thin-skinned, triangular in shape, with sharp edges and corners, and the surface is smooth and brown.
Buckwheat is composed of four parts: pericarp, seed coat, endosperm and embryo. The thick pericarp accounts for 25-30% of the whole kernel weight; the seed coat is very thin, close to the endosperm, and is yellow-green; the embryo is very developed, accounting for a large proportion, and is closely surrounded by the endosperm. It is located in the center of the kernel, is thin, large and twisted, and has a cross-section Slightly S-shaped. Buckwheat is sown on Miscanthus seeds, and the food made from its powder is white in color. The weight of 1,000 grains of Pinglu Hongshan buckwheat is 38.8 grams.
Compared with other major grains, the nutritional content of buckwheat is higher in protein and fat than wheat flour and rice. Vitamin B2 is 2-10 times higher than that of rice and corn flour. Rutin and chlorophyll are not found in cereal grains. As for inorganic salts, trace elements, etc., they are also higher than other grains to varying degrees. In particular, amino acids, bitters, lysine, tryptophan, and arginine are higher than those of wheat flour, rice, corn, and soybeans.
(1) High-quality protein: The protein of buckwheat flour includes both water-soluble protein and salt-soluble globulin. These two proteins account for more than 50% of the total protein, which is different from the protein composition of general cereal grains. Not quite the same, but close to beans. Buckwheat contains 8 essential amino acids that cannot be synthesized by the human body. In addition, the 18 amino acids of buckwheat protein also contain histidine and arginine, which are essential for adults and children. The proportion of essential amino acids in buckwheat is appropriate and is closest to that of eggs (which is closest to the balanced essential amino acids required by the human body). Other wheat flour, corn flour, soybean flour, etc. are not as good as buckwheat flour. In addition, data from the National Crop Variety Resource Database shows that in addition to the 8 amino acids in buckwheat, the content of aspartic acid, which has a fatigue-relieving effect, is also relatively high.
(2) Easily digested and absorbed sugar: Most of the buckwheat endosperm is starch (sugar). It is a polygonal monomer with a certain number similar to that of rice starch.
(3) Rich in selenium: Selenium is an extremely important trace element necessary for the human body. It is known as the "effective element of life" and is the only anti-cancer recognized by the World Health Organization (WHO). , anti-cancer substances. It is known that more than 40 diseases in the human body are related to the lack of selenium in the diet. The content of selenium in Pinglu Hongshan buckwheat ranks first among similar products.
(4) Unique vitamins: Buckwheat vitamins are unique. Vitamin E in buckwheat flour has the highest r_tocopherol content, indicating that it has strong antioxidant capacity. It is not only effective in infertility, but also prevents aging. It is effective in cell regeneration and can maintain the continuity of enhanced exercise. It has preventive and therapeutic effects on almost all adult diseases such as arteriosclerosis, heart disease, hypertension, liver disease, and diabetes. It has a certain effect on diseases caused by lipid peroxide. Efficacy. VE has anti-oxidation and anti-aging effects in the human body, and can prevent and treat all middle-aged and elderly diseases, especially coronary heart disease. VPP is an important substance that maintains the normal function of brain nerve cells and develops language ability. It is the main raw material for manufacturing nerve endings and transmitting nerve impulse chemicals. Buckwheat is also rich in chlorophyll and rutin that other cereals do not have. Rutin (VP) is one of the flavonoids and a polyphenol derivative. Its basic structure is 2-1 chromone. Rutin is quercetin-3-0-rutinoside and has various physiological activities. It has the functions of relieving cough, relieving asthma, eliminating phlegm, dilating coronary blood vessels and reducing blood vessel fragility. It can be used as an auxiliary therapeutic drug to prevent and treat hypertension and cerebral hemorrhage, and to treat capillary fragility. Consuming 2 ounces of therapeutic powder every day is equivalent to consuming 100-150 20 mg rutin tablets.
(5) Full range of trace elements: Buckwheat is very rich in trace elements, among which the contents of potassium, magnesium and copper are the highest, 2-4 times higher than wheat flour and rice; the content of magnesium is the highest, It is 4 times higher than wheat flour and more than 3 times higher than rice. The various trace elements in buckwheat can protect the liver, enhance kidney function, hematopoietic function and increase immune function, and achieve the effects of strengthening the body and brain, beautifying, improving intelligence, maintaining the normal operation of cardiovascular vessels, and lowering cholesterol.
Pinglu is a famous main buckwheat producing area in the country and even the world. Hongshan buckwheat won the silver medal at the Third International Agricultural Exposition in 1995 and the silver medal at the Shanxi Provincial Grains Exhibition in 1985. Former Japanese Prime Minister Kakuei Tanaka and former French President Pompidou specifically ate Red Mountain Buckwheat Noodles when they visited China in the 1970s. Buckwheat series products are exported to Russia, Japan and South Korea. Due to the unique geographical environment, the local area is also rich in oats, peas, millet, kidney beans and other cereals.
Pinglu Buckwheat Processing Enterprise relies on the advantages of local small grain resources, adopts folk processing formulas, and combines modern processing techniques to develop three major categories of products: one is a pasta series, including fresh noodles, stuffed pies, Dried asparagus noodles, hollow noodles, bowl noodles, buckwheat pancakes, green onion cakes, enema, cold cakes, etc.; the second category is the porridge series, including buckwheat health porridge, mixed bean instant porridge, etc.; the third category is puffed food, including small Food, buckwheat noodle porridge, noodle tea, milk powder, etc.
Relevant regulations on packaging and labeling
Buckwheat is a processed raw material and generally does not undergo relatively standardized packaging and labeling. Storage conditions: cool, ventilated, dry place. Transportation: Sealed, pollution-free transportation.