Respondent: andoniowang- senior manager level 712-1219:10.
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Simply put, whois is a database used to query whether a domain name has been registered and the detailed information of the registered domain name (such as domain name owner, domain name registrar, domain name registration date and validity period, etc. ). Whois is used to query domain name information.
If you want to know more about this problem, the following is a detailed introduction about WHOIS on the website of China Internet Network Information Center (CNNIC), including the concept, development process, CNNIC WHOIS system and its application.
Overview of WHOIS (Wang Lang, Technical Department of China Internet Information Center)
I. the concept of whois
1. 1 What is "WHOIS"
WHOIS is an indispensable information service in the current domain name system. When surfing the Internet with domain names, many users want to know more about domain names and name servers, so WHOIS is used. WHOIS is usually used to confirm whether the domain name data has been correctly registered in the domain name registration authority. Intuitively, WHOIS is a search engine linked to the domain name database, which is generally one of the name services provided and maintained by the network information center (NIC).
1.2 WHOIS system composition
According to IETF standard, WHOIS service is generally provided by WHOIS system. WHOIS system is a client/server system. The client is mainly responsible for:
1) provides a user interface for accessing the WHOIS system;
2) generating a query and sending it to the server; In an appropriate format;
3) Receive the response from the server and output it in a user-readable form.
The server is mainly responsible for receiving requests from clients and sending back response data. Basic services based on TCP protocol on the Internet all have their own default TCP port numbers, such as 80 for HTTP service and 2 1 for FTP service. WHOIS service is also one of the core services on the Internet. It listens to TCP port 43 by default on the server side, receives query requests and generates responses. Generally speaking, the server can receive three types of information queries: contacts, hosts and domain names. For the same query, the output of the server should be consistent and stable.
1.3 WHOIS workflow
WHOIS service is an online request/response service. WHOIS server runs on background listening port 43. When Internet users search domain names (or hosts, contacts and other information), the WHOIS server first establishes a TCP connection with the client, and then receives the information requested by the user, and accordingly queries the background domain name database. If there are corresponding records in the database, it will feed back the owner, management information, technical contact information and other related information to the client. When the server output is completed, the client closes the connection, and at this point, the query process ends.
Two. The history and development of whois
The establishment and application of domain name system theory is of milestone significance to the Internet, so as early as the ARPANet era, domain name information has attracted the attention of network users. Stanford Research Institute (SRI), located in Menlo Park, California, USA, fulfilled the function of network information center (NIC) of DDN in the early 1980s. Ken Harrenstien and Vic White, who work here, are sensitive to the importance of NIC providing registered domain name information, so they set out to build a WHOIS system and submit their work results to IETF. After improvement and modification by Ken Harrenstien and others, NICNAME/WHOIS theory has been further improved and become one of the standard services on the Internet. Where NICNAME is the name of WHOIS service on TENEX, TOPS-20 and some UNIX systems. Due to the limited number of hosts on ARPANet, the WHOIS service is currently maintained mainly through the central database located in SRI.
Since then, almost all UNIX versions have adopted WHOIS as the upper application protocol in TCP/IP protocol stack, and realized the famous client program whois. Type man 1 whois in most UNIX and UNIX-like systems, and you will get help from the whois client program. Similarly, users only need to telnet to port 43 running the WHOIS server and input the information they need to query, and they can also get the corresponding information feedback.
With the rapid development of the Internet, people realize that centralized WHOIS servers can no longer meet the needs of network users, so distributed WHOIS servers have become the main development direction. "referral WHOIS" (Rhois for short) is the research result in this direction. Its main idea is to use distributed database to maintain a large number of domain names, hosts and other information, and use Referral to instruct clients to finally connect to the authoritative Whois server of the inquired information through multiple servers on the network. On the other hand, IETF has set up a working group on Whois and Web Information Search Services (WNILS) to study the expansion and standardization of local WHOIS services, which is called WHOIS++.
With the development of computer and network communication technology, the new functions of WHOIS system are increasing. Such as multilingual function, support for more character sets, structured data, stronger expression search, safer data connection, more friendly user interface and so on. Since the 1990s, Web applications have been rapidly popularized, and it has become a mainstream trend to query domain name information through Web system. Domain name registration agencies at all levels have implemented the WHOIS system based on Web, and most of the clients are provided in the form of web pages. Such as the WHOIS homepage of InterNIC:
The second-level domain name and * * domain name at the end (except edu.cn), such as cnnic.cn and sina.com.cn;
2) Chinese domain name: contains at least one Chinese character, which is composed of Chinese, letters (a-z, A-Z, equal case), numbers (0-9) or symbols (-) and domain name hierarchy separator "."(or Chinese). "), a string of no more than 20 characters, such as China Internet Information Center, Internet, People's Daily, China, Sina Company, etc.
3) Universal website: a string consisting of Chinese characters, letters (a-z, A-Z, case equivalence), numbers (0-9) or symbols (-), with a maximum of 365,438+0 characters, excluding the domain name separator ".",such as China Internet Information Center and CNNIC.
Accordingly, CNNIC WHOIS service also consists of three systems:
1).cn domain name WHOIS system (nic.cn);
2) Chinese domain name WHOIS system (nic.cn);
3) Universal website WHOIS system (nic.cn).
At present, some domestic registration services also provide WHOIS services, but the information source of these registration services is ultimately CNNIC's WHOIS system for domain names registered in CNNIC. Therefore, the WHOIS of CNNIC is the most authoritative in its jurisdiction.
3.2 the use of CNNIC whois
3.2. 1 .cn domain name WHOIS query
Using this WHOIS system, Internet users can query all English domain names ending in. Cn is registered in CNNIC domain name database. Except for edu.cn, you only need to enter the end of English domain name string. Cn is in the column of "domain name query", and then press enter to get the query result.
If the queried domain name is not in the CNNIC domain name database, for example, the domain name ending in the wrong name is entered. Com or. Net, the system will display "The information you inquired does not belong to this registration institution". CNNIC will protect the domain names involving company names and well-known trademarks of well-known enterprises. Inquiring about this domain name system will declare that "the domain name you applied for has been included in the restricted registration list with the approval of the competent department". If the queried domain name has not been registered, or the domain name is prohibited from being queried by CNNIC for different reasons, the system will display "The information you queried does not exist".
At the same time, according to the convention, the system also provides the contact information and host information query registered in CNNIC domain name database. Just enter the domain name or contact phone number of the host in the "Contact Query" or "Host Query" column, and then press Enter, and the system will return the corresponding information. If the input is wrong, the system will prompt "The information you inquired does not exist".
3.2.2 WHOIS query of Chinese domain names
Using this system, Internet users can query Chinese domain names registered in CNNIC domain name database. At present, the suffix of domain name can be one of ".". cn“，”。 China ",". Company and ". Network ". If the domain name separator "."is mistyped as a Chinese period ".",the system will automatically correct it and return the correct query information. Generally speaking, if you enter a simplified Chinese domain name, the system will display the corresponding simplified and traditional Chinese domain name information to the client.
CNNIC will also give protective reservations to Chinese domain names such as company names, well-known trademarks and geographical names of famous enterprises, such as "Beijing Company". Inquiring about this domain name system will explain: "This Chinese domain name has been reserved by China Internet Information Center". If the queried domain name is not in CNNIC database, the system will display "This domain name is not registered". If the system says "this domain name does not exist", it may be because the queried domain name is forbidden to register for some reason. Internet users can also use the system to query the information of contacts and hosts.
3.2.3 general website WHOIS query
Using this system, Internet users can query the related information of general websites registered in CNNIC domain name database.
If you want to inquire about the universal URL reserved by CNNIC, the system will inform you that "the universal URL you inquired is restricted from registration"; For the universal URL whose registration is prohibited, the system will display "The universal URL you inquired does not exist". If the system indicates that "the universal URL/contact you inquired is not registered at present", it means that you can apply to the corresponding registration service agency for registering the universal URL.
Internet users who use the system can also inquire about relevant contact information. Just enter the name or number of the contact person to be inquired, select the registration service organization to which the contact person belongs in the drop-down list, and press Enter, and the system will return the corresponding information. If you don't know which registration service organization the contact belongs to, you can also leave the drop-down list as "All" and the system will return all the contact information that matches the input.
To sum up, CNNIC's WHOIS system can provide clear and readable domain name information within its management scope. At the same time, CNNIC is also actively making progress, constantly improving the WHOIS system, and striving to provide more convenient, accurate and fast domain name information query services for the vast number of Internet users and domain name registration service agencies.
Respondent: ZB_ qingqing spring-manager level 412-1219:10.
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Simply put, whois is a database used to query whether a domain name has been registered and the detailed information of the registered domain name (such as domain name owner, domain name registrar, domain name registration date and validity period, etc. ). Whois is used to query domain name information.
If you want to know more about this problem, the following is a detailed introduction about WHOIS on the website of China Internet Network Information Center (CNNIC), including the concept, development process, CNNIC WHOIS system and its application.
Overview of WHOIS (Wang Lang, Technical Department of China Internet Information Center)
I. the concept of whois
1. 1 What is "WHOIS"
WHOIS is an indispensable information service in the current domain name system. When surfing the Internet with domain names, many users want to know more about domain names and name servers, so WHOIS is used. WHOIS is usually used to confirm whether the domain name data has been correctly registered in the domain name registration authority. Intuitively, WHOIS is a search engine linked to the domain name database, which is generally one of the name services provided and maintained by the network information center (NIC).
1.2 WHOIS system composition
According to IETF standard, WHOIS service is generally provided by WHOIS system. WHOIS system is a client/server system. The client is mainly responsible for:
1) provides a user interface for accessing the WHOIS system;
2) generating a query and sending it to the server; In an appropriate format;
3) Receive the response from the server and output it in a user-readable form.
The server is mainly responsible for receiving requests from clients and sending back response data. Basic services based on TCP protocol on the Internet all have their own default TCP port numbers, such as 80 for HTTP service and 2 1 for FTP service. WHOIS service is also one of the core services on the Internet. It listens to TCP port 43 by default on the server side, receives query requests and generates responses. Generally speaking, the server can receive three types of information queries: contacts, hosts and domain names. For the same query, the output of the server should be consistent and stable.
1.3 WHOIS workflow
WHOIS service is an online request/response service. WHOIS server runs on background listening port 43. When Internet users search domain names (or hosts, contacts and other information), the WHOIS server first establishes a TCP connection with the client, and then receives the information requested by the user, and accordingly queries the background domain name database. If there are corresponding records in the database, it will feed back the owner, management information, technical contact information and other related information to the client. When the server output is completed, the client closes the connection, and at this point, the query process ends.
Two. The history and development of whois
The establishment and application of domain name system theory is of milestone significance to the Internet, so as early as the ARPANet era, domain name information has attracted the attention of network users. Stanford Research Institute (SRI), located in Menlo Park, California, USA, fulfilled the function of network information center (NIC) of DDN in the early 1980s. Ken Harrenstien and Vic White, who work here, are sensitive to the importance of NIC providing registered domain name information, so they set out to build a WHOIS system and submit their work results to IETF. After improvement and modification by Ken Harrenstien and others, NICNAME/WHOIS theory has been further improved and become one of the standard services on the Internet. Where NICNAME is the name of WHOIS service on TENEX, TOPS-20 and some UNIX systems. Due to the limited number of hosts on ARPANet, the WHOIS service is currently maintained mainly through the central database located in SRI.
Since then, almost all UNIX versions have adopted WHOIS as the upper application protocol in TCP/IP protocol stack, and realized the famous client program whois. Type man 1 whois in most UNIX and UNIX-like systems, and you will get help from the whois client program. Similarly, users only need to telnet to port 43 running the WHOIS server and input the information they need to query, and they can also get the corresponding information feedback.
With the rapid development of the Internet, people realize that centralized WHOIS servers can no longer meet the needs of network users, so distributed WHOIS servers have become the main development direction. "referential whois" (RHOIS for short) is the research result in this direction. Its main idea is to use distributed database to maintain numerous domain names, hosts and other information, and use Referral to instruct clients to finally connect to the authoritative Whois server for information inquiry through multiple servers on the network. On the other hand, IETF has set up a working group on Whois and Web Information Search Services (WNILS) to study the expansion and standardization of local WHOIS services, which is called WHOIS++.
With the development of computer and network communication technology, the new functions of WHOIS system are increasing. Such as multilingual function, support for more character sets, structured data, stronger expression search, safer data connection, more friendly user interface and so on. Since the 1990s, Web applications have been rapidly popularized, and it has become a mainstream trend to query domain name information through Web system. Domain name registration agencies at all levels have implemented the WHOIS system based on Web, and most of the clients are provided in the form of web pages. Such as the WHOIS homepage of InterNIC:
The second-level and third-level domain names at the end (except edu.cn), such as cnnic.cn and sina.com.cn;
2) Chinese domain name: contains at least one Chinese character, which is composed of Chinese, letters (a-z, A-Z, equal case), numbers (0-9) or symbols (-) and domain name hierarchy separator "."(or Chinese). "), a string of no more than 20 characters, such as China Internet Information Center, Internet, People's Daily, China, Sina Company, etc.
3) Universal website: a string consisting of Chinese characters, letters (a-z, A-Z, case equivalence), numbers (0-9) or symbols (-), with a maximum of 365,438+0 characters, excluding the domain name separator ".",such as China Internet Information Center and CNNIC.
Accordingly, CNNIC WHOIS service also consists of three systems:
1).cn domain name WHOIS system (nic.cn);
2) Chinese domain name WHOIS system (nic.cn);
3) Universal website WHOIS system (nic.cn).
At present, some domestic registration services also provide WHOIS services, but for information such as domain names registered in CNNIC, the information of these registration services comes from