negotiate
Refers to the process of negotiation between countries on the content and conclusion of a treaty. Except for heads of state, heads of government and foreign ministers, it is usually necessary to check whether the representatives have full authority to negotiate treaties at the beginning. The result of the negotiation was written into an official text agreed by both parties. Multilateral treaties are negotiated in the form of international conferences, and draft treaties are submitted to the conferences for adoption. The texts of international treaties concluded within the framework of the United Nations shall be adopted by the United Nations General Assembly or a diplomatic conference specially convened for this purpose. After the negotiation, the contract is drafted and can be initialled by negotiators.
symbol
Refers to the authorized signature representative to sign the official text of the treaty, indicating that the parties agree to be bound by the treaty. Before signing a bilateral treaty, representatives of both parties read the signed credentials, while multilateral treaties are examined by a Credentials Committee composed of representatives of the parties. Generally speaking, a treaty takes effect from the date of signing, and no ratification or other formalities are required. International conventions are sometimes concluded within the scope of international organizations, without going through the traditional signing procedure, but according to the provisions of the organization's constituent documents, the competent authorities draft the conventions and send them to countries for deliberation and approval.
agree with
Refers to the final confirmation of the treaty signed by the national authorities on behalf of them. According to national constitutions and practices, heads of state or parliaments generally have the right to ratify treaties, and sometimes heads of state ratify treaties according to parliamentary resolutions. Some treaties can be simply ratified, that is, by the government. Generally speaking, countries are not obliged to ratify treaties signed by their representatives. In addition to ratification, a country can express its consent to be bound by a treaty in new ways such as acceptance and approval.
Exchange of ratification
After the ratification of bilateral treaties, it is usually necessary to exchange the instruments of ratification. For multilateral treaties, the instrument of ratification shall be deposited with the custodian responsible for keeping the instrument of ratification as stipulated in the treaty. Unless otherwise specified, bilateral treaties shall enter into force as of the date of exchange of instruments of ratification. The entry into force of multilateral treaties requires all or a certain number of signatories to deposit their instruments of ratification.
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