1. "Guanyong" classical Chinese
"Guofeng·Zhounan·Guanju" is a Chinese folk song from the pre-Qin era.
It is the first poem in the Book of Songs and is generally considered to be a love song describing the love between a man and a woman. This poem cleverly uses the expression technique of "Xing" in art.
In the first chapter, the bird sings to each other, showing love and affection, evoking the idea of ??a lady accompanying a gentleman. In the following chapters, the act of picking watermelon arouses the protagonist's crazy lovesickness and pursuit of women.
The language of the whole poem is beautiful, and it is good at using double voices, overlapping rhymes and overlapping words, which enhances the phonological beauty of the poem and the vividness of describing people and onomatopoeia to convey emotions. The Book of Songs is the first collection of poems in the history of Chinese literature.
It had a profound impact on the development of poetry in later generations and became the source of the realist tradition of Chinese classical literature. Guan Guan Jujiu, in the river island.
A graceful lady, a gentleman likes to fight. There are various water plants flowing left and right.
A graceful lady, I long for her. If you don't get what you want, you will sleep hard and think about it.
Leisurely, leisurely, tossing and turning. There are different kinds of watercress, pick them from left to right.
A graceful lady, a friend of the piano and the sesquito. There are different kinds of watercress, with leaves on both sides.
A graceful lady, played with bells and drums. Vernacular translation On the small sandbank in the river, a pair of doves sang to each other.
A beautiful and quiet woman is a good spouse that a man longs for. The girl plucked the jagged water-lilies from left to right.
Beautiful and demure woman, the young man wants to pursue you day and night. Unable to pursue her, he missed her in his sleep.
The endless longing makes it difficult to fall asleep. The girl picked the jagged water-lilies back and forth.
Beautiful and demure woman, the young man wants to play the harp and harp to get close to you. The girls are picking the jagged water plants back and forth gracefully, the beautiful and demure women, and the young men are beating drums to please you.
This short poem "Guofeng·Zhou Nan·Guan Ju" occupies a special position in the history of Chinese literature. It is the first chapter of the Book of Songs, the oldest classic of Chinese literature.
Although judging by their nature, some mythological stories should have been produced earlier, but as written records, they are relatively late. So it can be said that when you look at the history of Chinese literature, the first thing you encounter is "Guan Ju".
It is unknown whether the people who originally compiled the Book of Songs had any intention in the arrangement of the poems. But at least the understanding of later generations does not think that "Guan Ju" was randomly ranked first.
The Analects of Confucius mentions "Poetry" (i.e. "The Book of Songs") many times, but the only work that makes specific evaluation is "Guanyong", which is called "happy but not obscene, sad." without hurting”. In his opinion, "Guan Ju" is a model of the virtue of "gold mean".
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This involves an ethical thought in ancient China: In the eyes of the ancients, husband and wife are the beginning of human relations, and the perfection of all morality in the world must be based on the virtue of husband and wife. The author of "Preface to Mao's Poems" believes that "Guanyong" has exemplary significance in this regard, so it is listed as "the beginning of "Feng"".
It can be used to influence the world, both for "countryside people", that is, ordinary people, and for "states," that is, the ruling class. The content of "Guan Ju" is actually very simple. It is about a "gentleman"'s pursuit of a "lady". When he can't get a "lady", he feels distressed and tosses over and can't sleep; when he gets a "lady", he is very happy, which is called "Guan Ju". People played music to celebrate and to make the "ladies" happy.
The identity of the characters in the work is very clear: "Gentleman" was a general term for aristocrats in the era of "The Book of Songs", and if this "gentleman" has the music of harps, bells and drums at home, he must have considerable talent. of status. In the past, this poem was often interpreted as a "folk love song", but I'm afraid that's wrong. It should describe the life of the aristocratic class.
In addition, it is certainly true to say that it is a love poem, but I am afraid it is not an ordinary love poem. This turned out to be a wedding song, which was sung by the groom's family to praise the bride and wish them a happy marriage.
Many ballads in "The Book of Songs·Guofeng" have general lyrical meaning, entertainment function, and ceremonial practicality. However, the original purpose of some poems is unclear to later generations. , just treat it as an ordinary song. Looking at "Guan Ju" as a wedding song, it is also joyful and appropriate, from "a fair lady, a gentleman is a good man" to "friends with harp and harp" and "music with bells and drums". Of course, the poem itself, It still appears in the form of a love song about a man pursuing a woman.
The reason for this is probably related to the fact that in general marriage relationships, the man is the active party. Even in modern times, when a girl falls in love with a guy, she always waits for him to speak first, and this was even more true for the ancients.
If you come back with a bride, praise her as a beautiful and virtuous girl, a good spouse for a gentleman, and say that you have missed her to the point of being lovesick, you will definitely please the bride. Then amidst the music of harps, bells and drums, their feelings came closer to each other, and a happy marriage began from here.
Even from the perspective of the emotional structure of the poem, from seeing Guan Ju and thinking about the lady to forming a good relationship with Qin and Se, some twists and turns are necessary in the middle: hard-earned things are particularly valuable. Particularly pleasing. This poem can be regarded as a model of the virtues of husband and wife, mainly due to these characteristics: First of all, the love it writes has a clear purpose of marriage from the beginning, and ultimately comes down to the happiness of marriage. It is not a love between young men and women. Ask about brief encounters and momentary love.
This kind of love that clearly points to marriage and expresses responsibility is more favored by society. Secondly, the men and women it writes about are "gentleman" and "lady", indicating that this is a union associated with virtue.
"Gentleman" means both status and virtue, while "fair lady" also means both physical beauty and good moral conduct. The combination of "gentleman" and "lady" here represents an ideal of marriage.
Thirdly, it is the restraint of love behavior written in poems. If you read it carefully, you will notice that although this poem is about a man's pursuit of a woman, it does not involve any direct contact between the two parties.
Although the "lady" did not show any movements, the "gentleman" only "tossed and turned" alone there. It seemed that she had never thought of things like climbing walls and breaking willows. She loved her very much. Follow the rules. This kind of love not only contains real and profound feelings (which is very important for love poems), but is also expressed in a gentle and measured way, and does not move the reader too intensely.
The above characteristics may indeed indicate that this poem was originally a noble wedding. 2. "Guanyong" classical Chinese
"Guofeng·Zhounan·Guanju" is a Chinese folk song in the pre-Qin period.
It is the first poem in the Book of Songs and is generally considered to be a love song describing the love between a man and a woman. This poem cleverly uses the expression technique of "Xing" in art.
In the first chapter, the bird sings to each other, showing love and affection, evoking the idea of ??a lady accompanying a gentleman. In the following chapters, the act of picking watermelon arouses the protagonist's crazy lovesickness and pursuit of women.
The language of the whole poem is beautiful, and it is good at using double voices, overlapping rhymes and overlapping words, which enhances the phonological beauty of the poem and the vividness of describing people and onomatopoeia to convey emotions. The Book of Songs is the first collection of poems in the history of Chinese literature.
It had a profound impact on the development of poetry in later generations and became the source of the realist tradition of Chinese classical literature. Guan Guan Jujiu, in the river island.
A graceful lady, a gentleman likes to fight. There are various water plants flowing left and right.
A graceful lady, I long for her. If you don't get what you want, you will sleep hard and think about it.
Leisurely, leisurely, tossing and turning. There are different kinds of watercress, pick them from left to right.
A graceful lady, a friend of the piano and the sesquito. There are different kinds of watercress, with leaves on both sides.
A graceful lady, played with bells and drums. Vernacular translation On the small sandbank in the river, a pair of doves sang to each other.
A beautiful and demure woman is a good spouse that a man longs for. The girl plucked the jagged water-lilies from left to right.
Beautiful and demure woman, the young man wants to pursue you day and night. Unable to pursue her, he missed her in his sleep.
The endless longing makes it difficult to fall asleep. The girl picked the jagged water-lilies from side to side.
Beautiful and demure woman, the young man wants to play the harp and harp to get close to you. The girls are picking the jagged water plants back and forth gracefully, the beautiful and demure women, and the young men are beating drums to please you.
This short poem "Guofeng·Zhou Nan·Guan Ju" occupies a special position in the history of Chinese literature. It is the first chapter of the Book of Songs, the oldest classic of Chinese literature.
Although judging by their nature, some mythological stories should have been produced earlier, but as written records, they are relatively late. So it can be said that when you look at the history of Chinese literature, the first thing you encounter is "Guan Ju".
It is unknown whether the people who originally compiled the Book of Songs had any intention in the arrangement of the poems. But at least the understanding of later generations does not think that "Guan Ju" was randomly ranked first.
The Analects of Confucius mentions "Poetry" (i.e. "The Book of Songs") many times, but the only work that makes a specific evaluation is "Guan Ju", which is called "happy but not obscene, sad." without hurting”. In his opinion, "Guan Ju" is a model of the virtue of "gold mean".
/p>
This involves an ethical thought in ancient China: In the eyes of the ancients, husband and wife are the beginning of human relations, and the perfection of all morality in the world must be based on the virtue of husband and wife. The author of "Preface to Mao's Poems" believes that "Guanyong" has exemplary significance in this regard, so it is listed as "the beginning of "Wind"".
It can be used to influence the world, both for "countryside people", that is, ordinary people, and for "states," that is, the ruling class. The content of "Guan Ju" is actually very simple. It is about a "gentleman"'s pursuit of a "lady". When he can't get a "lady", he feels distressed and tosses over and can't sleep; when he gets a "lady", he is very happy, which is called "Guan Ju". People played music to celebrate and to make the "ladies" happy.
The identity of the characters in the work is very clear: "Gentleman" was a general term for aristocrats in the era of "The Book of Songs", and if this "gentleman" has the music of harps, bells and drums at home, he must have considerable talent. of status. In the past, this poem was often interpreted as a "folk love song", but I'm afraid that's wrong. It should describe the life of the aristocratic class.
In addition, it is certainly true to say that it is a love poem, but I am afraid it is not an ordinary love poem. This turned out to be a wedding song, which was sung by the groom's family to praise the bride and wish them a happy marriage.
Many ballads in "The Book of Songs·Guofeng" have general lyrical meaning, entertainment function, and ceremonial practicality. However, the original purpose of some poems is unclear to later generations. , just treat it as an ordinary song. If we regard "Guan Ju" as a wedding song, it is also joyful and appropriate, starting from "A fair lady, a gentleman is fond of playing", to "Friends with harp and harp" and "Music of bells and drums". Of course, the poem itself, It still appears in the form of a love song about a man pursuing a woman.
The reason for this is probably related to the fact that in general marriage relationships, the man is the active party. Even in modern times, when a girl falls in love with a guy, she always waits for him to speak first, and this was especially true for the ancients.
If you come back with a bride, praise her as a beautiful and virtuous girl, a good spouse for a gentleman, and say that you have missed her to the point of being lovesick, you will definitely please the bride. Then amidst the music of harps, bells and drums, their feelings came closer to each other, and a happy marriage began from here.
Even from the perspective of the emotional structure of the poem, from seeing Guan Ju and thinking about the lady to forming a good relationship with Qin and Se, some twists and turns are necessary in the middle: hard-earned things are particularly valuable. Particularly pleasing.
This poem can be regarded as a model of the virtues of husband and wife, mainly due to these characteristics: First of all, the love it writes has a clear purpose of marriage from the beginning, and ultimately comes down to the happiness of marriage. It is not a love between young men and women. Ask about brief encounters and momentary love.
This kind of love that clearly points to marriage and expresses responsibility is more favored by society. Secondly, the men and women it writes about are "gentleman" and "lady", indicating that this is a union associated with virtue.
"Gentleman" means both status and virtue, while "fair lady" also means both physical beauty and good moral conduct. The combination of "gentleman" and "lady" here represents an ideal of marriage.
Thirdly, it is the restraint of love behavior written in poems. If you read it carefully, you will notice that although this poem is about a man's pursuit of a woman, it does not involve any direct contact between the two parties.
Although the "lady" did not show any movements, the "gentleman" only "tossed and turned" alone there. It seemed that she had never thought of things like climbing walls and breaking willows. She loved her very much. Follow the rules. This kind of love not only contains real and profound feelings (which is very important for love poems), but is also expressed in a gentle and measured way, and does not move the reader too intensely.
The above characteristics may indeed indicate that this poem was originally a noble wedding. 3. How to say wake up in ancient Chinese
1. Wake up xǐng xǐng
Example: Tang Bai Juyi's "Happiness Gauge" Part 2: "The eyes are dark, the head is spinning, the ears are hard to hear, and only the remaining The heart and mouth are still awake."
2. Zhanran zhàn rán
Example: Wang Tao of the Qing Dynasty's "Preface": "In the midst of fainting and dizziness, this heart is clear and still aware. ”
3. Mental debate xīn biàn
Example: Han Wangchong’s "Lunheng? Dingxian": "I want to argue with my heart but not with my mouth. If I argue with my heart, my words will be ugly but not ugly." If it is violated, the oral argument will be good but useless."
4. Cheerful kāi lǎng
Example: "Shi Shuo Xin Yu? Yan" by Liu Yiqing of the Southern Song Dynasty: "He Pingshu said: 'Taking Wushi Powder not only cures the disease, but also makes you feel bright and cheerful'"
5. Enlightenment kāi míng
Example: Song Chenliang's "Postscript to Zhu Hui'an": "It is. If they cannot be seen in the world, the lifeblood of the sages will still exist, and people's hearts will eventually become enlightened." 4. Market
I have to say that the poster has a good heart, but this question is inappropriate, because in the world. There was no concept of market economics in ancient times. Markets, products, and ideas are all modern market concepts. The ancient market is just one word: market. There was no concept of commodity economy, and of course there was no concept of products. In ancient times, there were no factories, and things made in workshops were just one word. One is to pay tribute to the officials, and the other is to keep and sell for oneself, which is the so-called "goods", but this "goods" only refers to goods and items, not the concept of products. Concept, ancient Chinese can use "Tao", but "Tao" is a macro concept, which can be interpreted as: methods, methods, or ideas and principles.
Sir, many modern things cannot be translated into ancient Chinese. For example, "mineral water" cannot be translated into classical Chinese because there was no mineral water in ancient times. I use "market", "goods" and "道". I can barely translate the "market", "product" and "idea" you mentioned, but the actual meaning is a bit off. Modern writing is already very concise, and there is no need to turn it into classical Chinese.
As for the relationship between the three, I am not a student of economics. I don’t know what the relationship is, but I know that even if I know it, I can’t translate it because it is a concept of modern economics. , hope you can understand. 5. Ancient texts describing businessmen or the concept of interests
The concept of businessmen’s interests is a broad concept. Different people in different eras have different concepts, including big merchants and hawkers. Some people do business to benefit the country and the people, while some do business to benefit themselves and their families. The following are two articles for reference only.
A person who has a solid warehouse knows etiquette; a person who has enough food and clothing knows honor and disgrace. "Rituals are born from existence and cease from nothingness.
Therefore, if a gentleman is rich, he will practice his virtue; if a villain is rich, he will be able to live up to his abilities. If the abyss is deep, fish will live in it; if the mountain is deep, animals will flock to it; if people are rich, they will be benevolent and righteous. If the rich gain wealth, they will be prosperous; if they lose wealth, they will have nothing to offer, and they will not be happy. Yi and Di benefit greatly. The proverb goes: "The son of a rich man will never die in the marketplace." This is not an empty statement. Therefore, it is said: "The prosperity of the world is all for benefit; the hustle and bustle of the world is all for benefit." The king of thousands of chariots, the prince of thousands of families, and the king of hundreds of houses are still suffering from poverty, and how about the people who have a single household? . "
"If there is no farming, there will be no food; if there is no work, there will be no work; if there is no business, the three treasures will be lost; if there are no dangers, there will be little money. "Wealth is scarce and mountains and rivers are not developed. These four are the sources of food and clothing for the people. If they are large, they will be rich; if they are small, they will be fresh. The country will be rich at the top, and the family will be rich at the bottom. The way to get rich is to not take it away from others. There are more than enough for those who are clever, but there are not enough for those who are clumsy. Therefore, Taigong wanted to be granted a title in Yingqiu, where the land was flooded with saltwater and the people were few. So Taigong advised his daughter to be very skillful and know how to use fish and salt. He led the world with his clothes, gathered his sleeves between Hai and Dai, and went to the court. Later, when the Qi Dynasty declined, Guan Zi built it and established nine major and minor palaces. Then Huan Gong became the hegemon and united the nine princes to control the world. The Guan family also had three returns, and its position was Among the accompanying ministers, they are richer than the kings of other countries. Therefore, Qi's wealth and strength are the most powerful and powerful.
Hope this helps you 6. What are the main contents of the new Chinese curriculum concept? Primary school Chinese
1. The basic concepts of the nine-year compulsory education primary school Chinese curriculum (1) Comprehensively improve students’ Chinese literacy. ● For all students; ● Lay the foundation for students’ lifelong development; ● Comprehensive improvement of Chinese literacy (knowledge and skills, processes and methods, emotions, attitudes and values, a synthesis of three-dimensional goals). (2) Correct Grasp the characteristics of Chinese education. ● Rich humanistic connotation, edification and infection, and students’ unique experience; ● Practicality, with practical ability as the training goal and Chinese language practice as the training method; ● Mother-tongue education, learning resources, practical opportunities, and perceptibility Grasp ability; ● The impact of the characteristics of Chinese language and characters on Chinese education, the educational process and methods in the initial stage, language sense, and overall grasp. (3) Actively advocate independent, cooperative, and inquiry-based learning methods. ● Pay attention to the characteristics of students’ physical and mental development, Children’s language learning characteristics, individual differences and learning needs; ● Stimulate students’ interest in learning, curiosity, thirst for knowledge and enterprising spirit; ● Cultivate students’ sense of cooperation and team spirit; ● Encourage imagination, questioning, discovery and innovation. (4) Strive to build an open and dynamic Chinese curriculum ● Comprehensive: communicate the connections between disciplines and the connection between Chinese and life; ● Practice: actively develop and utilize curriculum resources, combine learning and application inside and outside the classroom; ● Innovation: absorb new ideas and concepts, and apply New technologies and new methods; ● Adaptation: to meet the needs of different regions, different schools and different students; ● Open: self-regulation, renewal and development. 2. Comparison with the "Chinese Teaching Outline" (Trial Revised Version) (1) "Chinese Teaching Outline" The main reform contents of the Syllabus (Trial Revised Version). ● Focus on giving full play to students’ learning initiative; ● Focus on improving students’ humanistic qualities; ● Focus on improving students’ perceptual grasping ability. (2) The changes of the “Course Standards” to the “Teaching Syllabus” Development. ● Systematically propose the “three dimensions” curriculum goals and make them concrete and comprehensively reflected in the goals of each stage; ● Vigorously promote new learning methods; ● Highlight cross-field comprehensive learning; ● Emphasize The modernity and innovation of the curriculum. 3. Characteristics of the curriculum objectives (1) Some basic starting points: Starting from the concept of improving students' humanistic qualities, the dimension of "emotions, attitudes, and values" in the curriculum objectives is strengthened. From the Chinese language Starting from the nature and characteristics of the curriculum, "process and methods" are also included as part of the curriculum objectives, and the requirements for students' learning processes and methods are expanded. Based on the requirements of modern society for the quality of future citizens, new requirements for Chinese language ability are put forward. Requirements. (Information, creative potential, interpersonal communication) When setting course goals, we must consider foresight, adaptability, inclusiveness, and operability. But in order to reflect the spirit of curriculum reform, foresight is the first priority. Course Goals The design idea is consistent for nine years, and the overall design reflects the integrity and stage of the Chinese curriculum as much as possible. The vertical structure is the three dimensions of knowledge and ability, process and method, emotional attitude and value, and the horizontal structure is literacy and writing, reading , writing, oral communication, and comprehensive learning in five aspects. Comprehensive learning is a learning method, which needs special attention and emphasis at this stage. (2) About the overall goal: The general goal is roughly the same as "in the revised outline" The two parts of the "Teaching Objectives" and "General Teaching Requirements" correspond to each other. The syllabus expresses the general objectives more at the technical level and has more specific requirements for knowledge and abilities. Based on the understanding of the nature and status of Chinese courses, as well as the new trends in curriculum reform The concepts, after synthesis and sorting, were finally summarized into nine points. Compared with the outline, we highlighted the following ideas: 1. Highlight the dominant position of students. For example, in the second point about reading ability, add "the ability to read independently" , "Learn to use a variety of reading methods", in terms of learning methods, add "can take the initiative to conduct exploratory learning". 2. Highlight the new requirements of modern society for abilities. For example, add "preliminarily possess the ability to collect and process information" (The syllabus only requires "learning to browse and collect relevant materials as needed" in terms of reading), and "having basic skills in daily oral communication" in terms of oral communication.
Ability, learn to listen, be able to express and communicate accurately, and pay attention to civilized cultivation" (outline: "Oral communication must pay attention to civility and courtesy. You can understand the main content when listening to others. Insist on speaking Mandarin, and be able to express yourself clearly in Mandarin." (separate listening and speaking, and do not focus on communication), and especially add the item "while developing language skills, develop thinking skills and stimulate creative potential", breaking through the limitations of the original emphasis on listening, speaking, reading and writing skills, and focusing on improving Students' thinking quality and creative spirit are important qualities of modern citizens. A special item is added to "respect and understand diverse cultures, absorb the nutrients of human excellent culture, and care about cultural change and development" to reflect the global cultural perspective and Chinese learning and contemporary Culture is inextricably linked. 3. Highlight the practical nature of Chinese courses. In order to change the tendency of focusing on pure knowledge transfer, the main way to improve Chinese ability is Chinese practice, which is reflected in the study of Chinese pinyin, literacy and writing, reading, writing, and speaking. In the expression of communication ability requirements.