acclimatization
Papaya likes a hot and dry climate. At high temperature, it not only grows fast and prosperously, but also has high sugar content and dark meat color. Slow growth at low temperature, low sugar content and light meat color. The optimum growth temperature is 26-32℃, and the monthly minimum temperature is above 65438 06℃. The growth, fruiting, yield and quality can be normal. Young organs are easily frozen below 5℃ and will die when they encounter frost. Above 35℃, it tends to be male, leading to intermittent fruiting.
Papaya has strong drought resistance, weak moisture resistance, poor drainage and easy root rot, so loam or sandy loam with loose soil, deep soil layer, rich organic matter, low groundwater level, convenient irrigation and drainage, soil pH value of 6-6.5 and good ventilation should be selected. Papaya plants have large leaves and weak wind resistance, so they should avoid the wind and like sunshine, especially in sunny places.
Excellent variety characteristics
1, sunrise: early growth, strong fruiting, flat and smooth fruit shape, average single fruit weight of 0.4 kg, regular size, oblong bisexual fruit, oval female fruit, red pulp, sugar content as high as 15 degree, tender meat, fragrant smell and excellent quality.
2. Hong Fei: Very high yield, early fruiting and low plant type. At the beginning of fruit, the plant height is only about 80㎝, and the fruiting ability is strong. One plant can bear more than 30 fruits a season, with high yield and large fruit shape. The fruit weight is usually 1.5-2 kg, and the maximum fruit weight is 2.5 kg. The female fruit is oval, both sexes.
Cultivation management
(1) Seeding and seedling raising
1. Sowing season: Frost often occurs from mid-October to mid-October every year. In order to bear fruit early and prolong the harvest period, sowing is usually carried out from June 10 to June 1 1, so sunny days should be chosen.
2. Soak the seeds to accelerate germination: blanch the seeds with water at 55℃, naturally cool them, disinfect them with 800 times thiophanate methyl for 15 minutes, then wash them with clean water, soak them in clean water for 10 hour, wrap them with wet cloth, accelerate germination at about 35℃, and spray warm water once a day.
3. Seedling raising: In order to improve the seedling rate and make the seedlings robust, Miao Zhuang 1 should be used as the substrate for plug seedling raising, and a film should be covered above the plug to increase the temperature of the seedbed and promote soil breaking. Uncover the film after breaking ground. When the roots of the seedlings are covered with substrate, they are transplanted into a large seedling bag or nutrition cup prepared in advance to raise seedlings, and the soil of the seedlings can be kept in a semi-dry and semi-wet state until it is dry. Build an arched shed on the seedbed, keep it warm with transparent film, and cover it with a film or straw when there is frost to prevent the seedlings from freezing.
(2) soil preparation, soil preparation and base fertilizer application
After deep ploughing, the soil is broken and made into a high border with a width of about 1.8-2 meters, that is, the border is 2.2-2.5 meters wide, and the decomposed manure (chicken manure, hunting manure, etc.) is about 1.500 kg. ) and phosphate rock powder1.500-250kg per mu. Then 10 kg organic biological fertilizer is mixed with water, which is beneficial to decompose nutrients that crops are not easy to absorb, improve crop immunity and improve soil biota. After the soil is semi-dry and semi-wet, cover the frame with a silver-black plastic film with a width of 2.15m. After leveling, cover the surrounding area with soil for compaction. Silver-black double-sided plastic film can reduce insect-borne virus diseases, and has the functions of retaining water, fertilizer, loosening soil, preventing grass and raising soil temperature.
(3) Planting
Planting shall be carried out after the frost period in February of the following year, with the plant spacing of about 1.8-2m and each mu 1.40-200 plants. After planting, the papaya seedlings should be watered with sufficient root-fixing water, and some fungicides such as Tobuzin can be added to the root-fixing water to prevent the seedlings from getting sick, and the roots should not be damaged, exposed or accumulated. Papaya seedlings should not be planted too deep, slightly deeper than the roots.
(4) Site management
1. Nutritional requirements: the ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium is 5: 6: 5 in vegetative growth period and 4: 8: 8 in reproductive growth period. The fertilization position should be at the outer edge of the crown, and it is better to spray foliar fertilizer on cloudy days or in the evening.
(1) Growth-promoting fertilizer: new roots will grow 20 days after planting, and water fertilizer or 5‰ urea can be sprayed and fertilized every 10- 15 days, with quick-acting fertilizer as the main fertilizer.
(2) Flower-forcing fertilizer: heavy fertilizer should be applied in time before and after budding to meet the needs of flower bud formation. Nitrogen fertilizer is still the main fertilizer, P and K fertilizers should be applied appropriately, and foliar topdressing should be carried out with flowering essence.
(3) Strong fruit fertilizer: In order to meet the needs of fruit development and top fruit setting at fruit stalks, applying heavy fertilizer once a month requires high levels of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, and applying organic fertilizers, such as cooked bran and organic bio-fertilizer, and spraying sweet fruit essence on leaves, which is beneficial to improve yield and fruit quality.
2. Water management: the growth and development of papaya need sufficient water, but it is also forbidden to accumulate water and high groundwater level, so as not to cause accumulated water to drain the roots. So we should do a good job of irrigation and drainage. In Meizhou, there is usually more rain in spring and summer, so we should pay attention to deep ditch drainage. Autumn is the full fruit season, so you should irrigate frequently.
3. Thinning branches, flowers and fruits: After planting, the lateral buds should be removed in time, leaving only 65,438+0-2 fruits in each axil. Generally, the fruit setting rate of female plants is high, leaving one fruit. Bisexual plants have obvious intermittent fruits, and some fruits can be left. The remaining flowers and fruits should be thinned in time to facilitate the need of nutrient concentration in the early development of fruits. Fruit thinning should be carried out in a sunny afternoon. At the same time, malformed fruits and pests should be picked in time, and dead old leaves should be removed together with petioles. If there are male plants in the field, they should be cut down as soon as possible.
4, cold and antifreeze: when the cold current and frost come, cover the top of papaya with straw, and the stem is also covered with straw. Meanwhile, straw, weeds, etc. They are piled up in the air inlet of the orchard, covered with soil and used for smoking. Topdressing papaya with phosphorus and potassium fertilizer and spraying biological fertilizer.
5. Wind disaster and post-disaster recovery
(1) prevention of wind damage: a, choose a sheltered area for farming; B set up windbreaks, erect columns, and set up windbreaks around papaya appropriately. During the initial recovery, each plant will use three thick bamboos, which will be inserted into a triangle, and the trunk will be wrapped with thick hemp rope plastic belt. Selecting and planting dwarf varieties. Enjoy reverse training. E pay attention to drainage to prevent plants from being washed and lodging in soft soil.
(2) Disaster treatment: Park A should be drained as soon as possible to avoid root rot. B Fertilize with 0.5% urea aqueous solution or spray on the leaves. C. If the inclination of the plant is too large or the leaves fall off seriously, the plant should be properly supported with supports, and the fruit should be covered with newspapers to avoid sunburn.
(5) Pest control
1. Virus disease: (1) Symptoms: The new leaves turn yellow, followed by uneven yellow-green stripes, small leaf deformation, early withering and shedding, slow plant growth, oily stripes on stems, petioles and petals, although it is not easy to bear fruit, but the fruit surface appears round or oval continuous or discontinuous wheel spots, and the fruit surface becomes smaller and sometimes uneven.
(2) Control methods: a, selecting disease-resistant varieties, such as Hong Fei, Nongyou 1;
B. After planting papaya for one month, sow corn between rows to prevent aphids from flying directly to papaya plants to spread viruses.
Avoid intercropping with intermediate host melon; D, covering the seedbed with nylon gauze to prevent aphids from spreading diseases;
E) After planting, the individual plants are respectively wrapped in bottomless transparent plastic bags to prevent aphids from spreading diseases;
F frame is covered with silver-black double-sided plastic film to reflect light and drive away aphids;
G. spraying an aphid killer every 7- 10 days;
H pay attention to cultivation management, make papaya grow strong and increase disease resistance;
I apply more organic bio-fertilizer to enhance plant health and improve crop immunity;
2. Seedling damping-off: (1) Symptoms: Dark brown spindle spots can appear at the base and middle of seedling stem. With the development of the disease, the diseased spot sags and shrinks, and finally the diseased seedling dries up and dies.
(2) Control method: The seedbed is selected in a plot with high terrain, dryness, good drainage and no vegetables. If old seedbeds are used, the soil must be disinfected.
B. Strengthen the management of seedbed, control watering, avoid over-wet soil, pay attention to ventilation and light transmission, and prevent rain from getting wet.
C at the early stage of the disease, remove the diseased seedlings in time and spray pesticides such as 50% carbendazim 600 times solution to control the spread of germs.
D, using Miao Zhuang 1 as the seedling substrate.
3. Powdery Mildew: (1) Symptoms: The leaves and petioles appear granular protrusions, and then white powdery conidia are produced, which turns the leaves yellow.
(2) Preventive measures: a Pay attention to ventilation and drainage;
B 15% triadimefon 1500 times liquid spray, etc. ;
C reasonable close planting, enhance ventilation and transparency, and change the microclimate of high temperature and high humidity in the field.
4. Common diseases include epidemic diseases, anthrax and boron deficiency.
5. Common pests are: red spider, leaf miner, scale worm, snail, etc.
4. Harvest: It takes about 6-8 months from sowing to flowering, and it matures in 4-6 months after flowering. High temperature is beneficial to fruit development, but it delays ripening.
The maturity of harvesting varies with the distance and season of transportation and marketing market, and the yellowing of fruit ditch is generally the standard. The harvesting standard is 1-2 in summer, 3-4 in spring and autumn and 5 in winter.
When harvesting, cut it with a fruit branch scissors, gently wipe it with a dry cloth, label it, then put it on a foam net, put it in a carton and eat it in about four days.
The average yield of the Red Princess is about 6,000 kilograms per mu, and the average yield per mu is about 2,000 kilograms per day.
Is this ok?