Get the reward,

Chapter 1 Information and Information Resources

1. Definition of information resources: Information resources refer to information activities in human society A collection of various information activity elements (information technology, equipment, facilities, information producers, etc.) accumulated with information as the core.

2. Information resources, together with material resources and energy resources, have become the three pillars of modern social and economic development.

3. Information resource measurement methods: First, from the perspective of the information industry. The second is to measure the degree of socioeconomic informatization from the perspective of society’s information and information capabilities (informatization index method).

4. The informatization index includes a set of indicator systems, consisting of four main factors: information quantity (Q), information equipment rate (E), communication subject level (P), and information coefficient (U). Specifically, it is broken down into 11 small variables.

Q: Q1 Number of letters used per capita per year Q2 Number of phone calls per capita per year Q3 Daily newspaper circulation per 100 people Q4 Number of book sales points per 100,000 people Q5 Population density per square kilometer

E: E1 Number of telephones per 100 people E2 Number of televisions per 100 people E3 Number of computers per 10,000 people

P: P1 Percentage of people in the tertiary industry P2 Number of college students per 100 people

U : The proportion of miscellaneous expenses in personal consumption (excluding food, clothing and housing)

5. The management of information resources is divided into four aspects: (1) Record-type information resources (2) Physical-type information resources (3) Intellectual information resources (4) Zero-time information resources

6. General characteristics of information resources as economic resources: (1) Human needs as production factors (2) Scarcity (3) Availability of use direction Selectivity

Speciality includes: (1) enjoyment (2) timeliness (3) inseparability in production and use (4) non-uniformity (5) controllability

7. Functions of information resources: (1) Economic function (2) Management and coordination function (3) Selection and decision-making function (4) Research and development function

8. Accelerate the development of information resources Issues that should be paid attention to in development and utilization: (1) Pay attention to the updating of concepts (2) Pay attention to the scale of development and comprehensive utilization of information resources (3) Pay attention to strengthening the management of development and utilization of information resources

Part 1 Chapter 2 Contents of Information Resource Management

1. Information resource management, referred to as IRM, refers to managers using modern management tools and management methods to study the role of information resources in economic activities and other activities in order to achieve predetermined goals. The laws utilized in activities, and the activities of organizing, planning, coordinating, configuring and controlling information resources based on these laws.

2. There are three typical stages of information resource management: traditional management stage, information (technology) management stage and information resource management stage.

3. The introduction of economic means is mainly based on the following reasons: ① The budget for information activities and information management is limited, and various expenditures need to be reasonably allocated; ② Various technical facilities used in the information system It is becoming more and more expensive, and the consumption of information services is increasing, which requires careful analysis of cost-benefit; ③ The paid components of information and information services are increasing, which requires the use of economic means to research and manage information and information activities.

4. Sub-goals of information resource management goals: (1) Information resource development sub-goals (2) Information resource utilization sub-goals (3) Information resource management mechanism sub-goals

5. Tasks of information resource management: (1) Formulate information resource development strategies, plans, guidelines and policies, so that information resource development activities can be carried out in an orderly manner under the unified guidance and management of the state, so that the development results of information resources not only cost Low and cheap. And it can achieve the three "closenesses" (that is, close to reality, close to needs, close to users) to meet the overall needs of national economy and social development (2) Formulate laws, rules and regulations for information resource management, and establish information resources The management supervision and guarantee system makes information resource management truly legal and rule-based, so that the developed information resources can be fully, timely and effectively utilized (3) Comprehensive use of economic, legal and necessary administrative means Coordinate the relationship between various departments, regions and enterprises, clarify the boundaries of capital, rights and interests of information resource development and utilization agencies at all levels, so that information resource development and utilization agencies can maximize resource optimization on the basis of equality and mutual benefit. *Enjoy (4) Strengthen the construction of national information infrastructure and information resource management networks, so that the development and utilization activities of information resources are based on a higher starting point and a good social foundation.

6. The significance of information resource management: (1) Information resource management opens up a new world of management (2) Strengthening information resource management is a necessary condition for the rational development and effective utilization of information resources (3) Strengthening Information resource management is conducive to ensuring the legitimate rights and interests of information resource development and utilization organizations

The effects of information resource management can be divided into macro effects, meso effects and micro effects.

Macro management: a kind of strategic management, generally implemented by the national information resources management department using economic, legal and necessary administrative means, mainly at the macro level through relevant national policies, regulations, management regulations, etc. To organize and coordinate the development and utilization activities of information resources, so that information resources can be most rationally developed and used most effectively in accordance with the goals of national macro-control without affecting the country's information sovereignty and information security.

Meso-level management: Generally, the information resource management departments of various regions and industries organize and coordinate the development of information resources within the region and industry by formulating regional or industry policies, regulations and management regulations. Utilize activities and information resource exchange relationships between this region and this industry and other regions and other industries, so that the information resource development and utilization activities in this region and this industry do not conflict with the macro-level information resource management activities as a whole. It can better conform to the objective reality of the region and the industry and reflect the interests of the region and the industry. Micromanagement

Micromanagement: It is the most basic level of information resource management, and is generally implemented by grassroots organizations such as government departments at all levels, information agencies, and enterprises. Its main task is to identify the real needs of all types of personnel at all levels in the organization for information resources, and to rationally organize and coordinate the development and utilization of information resources.

The means of information resource management mainly include technical means, economic means, legal means and administrative means.

Technical means: refers to modern information systems and information networks based on computer and communication technology and information processing methods that are compatible with them. It is the main means and content of information resource management.

Economic means: refers to the interest induction effect of using various economic levers to prompt information resource development and utilization organizations to care about their own activities from the perspective of economic interests. It is a means of indirectly organizing and coordinating information resource development and utilization activities. .

Legal means: refers to the general term for various relevant legal norms used to coordinate information resource development and utilization activities.

Administrative means: refers to the direct control and management of information resources and related activities by relying on the authority of state power and taking the form of orders, instructions, etc.

Chapter 3 Optimal Allocation of Information Resources

Optimal allocation of resources: refers to the optimization of modern technology in order to minimize macroeconomic waste and maximize social welfare

An organic combination of results and various input factors.

"Pareto optimal": the most efficient allocation of resources. Whether resource allocation reaches Pareto optimality, this is the Pareto marginal condition in economics

: (1) The distribution of products among consumers reaches the optimal level (2) The distribution of production factors among different The input of the product department reaches the optimal level (3) The combination of output reaches the optimal level

Gini coefficient: The area of ??the shaded area surrounded by the absolute equality line and the actual Lorenz curve, and the area formed by the absolute equality line and

Absolute inequality lines enclose approximately the ratio of the area of ??triangle OEF. Lower than 0.2 means that the income is highly average; 0.2 to 0.3 means relatively average; 0.3 to 0.4 means relatively reasonable; 0.4 to 0.5 means a large income gap; and above 0.6 means a huge income gap.

The horizontal allocation of information resources includes regional allocation and industry (industry) allocation; the vertical allocation of information resources means that only investment projects that are in line with

the value-added resources can attract resources. inflow.

5. The allocation mechanism should mainly include three parts: (1) Market allocation mechanism, that is, the market automatically organizes the production and consumption of information through price levers; (2) Government allocation mechanism, that is, the government uses policies, Laws, adjusting information output through direct investment and financial subsidies; (3) Property rights allocation mechanism, that is, optimizing the allocation of information resources by adjusting and clarifying property rights.

6. Market allocation performance of information resources: (1) The market can reduce the uncertainty of information production (2) The market can automatically enable enterprises and individuals to take innovative risks and provide impetus for information production. . (3) The market guides information production through price signals. (4) The pressure of market competition forces companies to continue to innovate. (5) The market system helps to cultivate entrepreneurs, the main body of innovation.

7. Manifestations of market failure: (-) The market cannot maintain the comprehensive balance and stable and coordinated development of the national economy. The economic equilibrium achieved by market regulation is an equilibrium that is adjusted ex post and is achieved through decentralized decision-making. It often has a considerable degree of spontaneity and blindness, resulting in periodic economic fluctuations and imbalances in the overall economic volume. In addition, individual rational choices in the market economy can effectively regulate supply and demand relationships in individual industries and individual markets, but the overall effect of individual rational choices may lead to collective irrational behavior. For example, when inflation occurs in the economy, as Rational individuals will naturally make rational choices—increasing spending to purchase goods, and the effect of each individual’s rational choices is collective irrational choices—maintaining or even aggravating inflation; similarly, during an economic depression, the opposite is true. make the economy more depressed. Furthermore, in the fierce competition, in order to seek maximum profits, market entities often invest funds in industries with short cycles, quick returns, and low risks, resulting in an unreasonable industrial structure.

(2) Laissez-faire market competition will eventually lead to its opposite - monopoly. The level of production costs puts market entities in different positions in market competition, which in turn leads to some companies in a favorable situation to gradually occupy a monopoly position.

At the same time, in order to obtain economies of scale, some market entities often form a monopoly on the market through alliances, mergers, and mergers, thus distorting the market competition mechanism and preventing it from functioning spontaneously and effectively. Control function to achieve "Pareto optimal" resource allocation.

(3) Market mechanisms cannot compensate and correct economic external effects. Economic external effects mean that some market entities can obtain external economies for free, while some parties suffer losses caused by external diseconomies but cannot be compensated.

(4) The market mechanism is unable to organize and realize the supply of public goods. It is precisely because public goods have the non-exclusive and non-rivalrous characteristics of consumption that one person’s consumption of public goods will not cause others to reduce the product, so as long as there are public goods, , everyone can consume it.

On the one hand, the supply of public goods requires costs, which should be shared by the beneficiaries, but on the other hand, "once it is produced, the producer cannot decide who will get it", that is, public *** Once the supply of a product is formed, it cannot exclude consumers who do not pay for it, so the economic external effects as mentioned above and the resulting "free riders" will inevitably occur. What's more serious is that, in this case, everyone hopes that others will provide public goods and enjoy the profits themselves. The result is likely that no one will provide public goods.

(5) The market distribution mechanism will cause unfair income distribution and polarization between rich and poor. Generally speaking, the market can promote the improvement of economic efficiency and the development of productivity. But it cannot automatically bring about balance and justice in the social distribution structure. In addition, market regulation itself cannot guarantee full employment, and unemployment has exacerbated the gap between rich and poor, which is a great threat to sustained economic growth: a few wealthy people control the lifeline of the economy; potential capital outflows; and the large number of poor people leading to social Insufficient total consumption makes it difficult for the market to develop, etc. What is more serious is that excessive wealth differentiation "not only weakens the cohesion of society, but also cultivates injustice, thus inevitably destroying the political ties that maintain society.

(6) The market cannot spontaneously define the property rights boundaries and interest boundaries of market entities and achieve economic order. Interest conflicts and conflicts will arise in the process of market entities seeking to maximize self-interest, and the parties themselves and The market itself does not have a mechanism to delineate the boundaries of property rights and interests of market entities, let alone the ability to resolve conflicts. This requires the government, backed by social public power, to act as an arbiter and set up "systems that reflect and protect market principles." "Rules of the game", that is, clearly defining and protecting the rights of different stakeholders in property rights relationships in the form of policies or laws to ensure the efficiency and fairness of market transactions. Furthermore, the cruelty of survival of the fittest in market competition can easily induce people to take risks, resulting in Criminal acts that illegally infringe on the rights and interests of others disrupt the order of social and economic life.

8. Matthew Effect: The market distribution mechanism that adheres to the principles of equal exchange and fair competition has been affected by various regions, departments (industries), and various industries. The unbalanced development of units and the differences in natural endowments, educational qualities and social conditions of each person lead to differences in their income levels and actual inequality. The law of competition often means that the strong will become stronger and the weak will become weaker. , wealth is becoming more and more concentrated, leading to a growing gap in income between the rich and the poor, and between developed and backward areas. 9. Information market failure: (1) The information market itself cannot guarantee. Build a market structure that is most conducive to information production; (2) The market cannot automatically create a good external environment and formulate laws and policies related to information activities. (3) Clear property rights are the prerequisite for the effectiveness of the information market, but the market itself cannot. Define property rights.

10. Reasons for information market failure: (1) The external effects of information. (2) The monopoly of information commodities. ) Information asymmetry in the information market. (5) Non-profitability of information activities.

11. Five goals of the government’s role in information resource allocation: (1) Information infrastructure construction. ) Public information services. (3) Education. (5) System construction.

12. The role of the government in allocating resources: (1) Through the formulation of laws and regulations. , to ensure the normal operation of the market mechanism; (2) adjust the industrial structure through policy tools (main industrial policies) and guide the flow of resources; (3) use tax tools to redistribute social wealth; (4) maintain legal order, clarify and Protection of private property rights; (5) investment in infrastructure construction; (6) investment in education and high-tech research and development.

13. Government failure: Moderate government intervention can solve some problems that the market mechanism itself cannot solve, but the government regulation mechanism also has inherent flaws. On the one hand, there is ineffective intervention, that is, the scope and strength of the government's macro-control are insufficient or the method is improperly chosen, and cannot make up for the "market failure" and the reasonable need to maintain the normal operation of the market mechanism.

On the other hand, there is excessive intervention, that is, the scope and intensity of government intervention exceed the reasonable needs to make up for "market failures" and maintain the normal operation of the market mechanism, or the direction of intervention is wrong and the form is inappropriately chosen.

14. Root causes of government failure: (1) Limited information often causes decision-making errors. (2) Limited control over private market responses. (3) Time lag. (4) The limitations of public decision-making. (5) The fairness of government intervention is not inevitable. (6) Government intervention provides the possibility for rent-seeking behavior. (7) Government intervention can easily lead to the expansion of government size.

15. The levels of information resource allocation efficiency: enterprise economic efficiency, industry economic efficiency, and social and economic efficiency.

16. The effectiveness of information resource allocation is examined from the following aspects: (1) the effectiveness of information production; (2) the effectiveness of the production ratio of various information commodities

; (3) Effectiveness of information market and exchange

17. The evolution and development of information resource sharing: (1) Document information resource sharing: early resource sharing Mainly the sharing of literature and information resources. Such as interlibrary loan model, etc. Since the 1970s, IFLA has promoted the "World Bibliographic Control Plan" in order to achieve the ultimate sharing of world cataloging resources; and later promoted the "World Publications Collection and Utilization Plan" in an effort to achieve international document resource sharing. *Enjoy. (2) Online retrieval system: With the development of modern information technology represented by electronic computers and remote communication technology and its widespread application in information exchange, after the 1960s, online retrieval systems developed rapidly around the world. Such as: DIALOG system, etc. (3) Sharing of networked resources.

Chapter 4 Information Property Rights

1. External effects: refers to the non-market effects brought about by the activities of producers or consumers on other producers or consumers in actual economic activities. Sexual influence. That is, one person's economic behavior can directly affect (increase or decrease) the economic interests of others without using the price mechanism. This is called an "externality" or "externality" in economics. External effects can be both “positive” and “negative.”

2. Public goods: refer to those products and services that can be enjoyed by many people at the same time, and the cost of providing it and the effect of enjoying it do not depend on the number of people who enjoy it. Changes with changes in scale, such as public facilities, environmental protection, culture, science and education, medicine, health, diplomacy, national defense, etc. (1) Purely public items: completely non-competitive and non-exclusive, such as national defense and lighthouses, etc., which are usually provided free of charge. It's rare in real life. (2) Quasi-public goods: with limited non-competitiveness and partial exclusivity. That is, beyond a certain critical point, non-competitiveness and non-exclusiveness will disappear, and crowding will appear. Such as compulsory education, public libraries, museums, parks, etc.

3. Transaction cost: the total amount of expenses that must be spent to achieve any voluntary transaction in the process of economic activities. Such as information cost: the cost required to obtain transaction object information and exchange information with the transaction object. Bargaining costs: The costs of bargaining for contracts, prices, and quality. Decision costs: the internal costs required to make relevant decisions and sign contracts. Monitor the costs of conducting transactions, etc.

4. The main manifestations of the resource allocation function of property rights: (1) Compared with the situation of no property rights or unclear property rights, setting property rights is a kind of allocation of resources. (2) Any stable property rights pattern or structure will form an objective state of resource allocation. (3) Changes in property rights also change the resource allocation pattern, including changes in the allocation of resources among different entities, the direction and flow of resources, and the distribution of resources.

5. Economies of scope: If one manufacturer's expenditure on producing multiple products at the same time is less than the expenditure on multiple manufacturers' separate production.

6. Economies of scale: refers to the phenomenon that as the scale of production expands, the average cost per unit of products and services declines.

7. Intellectual property rights: The law only gives product owners an exclusive right to their creative intellectual achievements.

Including literary property rights and industrial property rights. Industrial property rights: an exclusive right enjoyed by people in the intellectual achievements created through mental work in the industrial field. Mainly include ① creative achievement rights, such as patent rights, trade secret rights, integrated circuit layout design rights, etc.; ② identification mark rights, such as trademark rights, trade name rights, origin marking rights, etc.

8. Intellectual property law: It is the sum of legal norms that regulate various social relationships arising from the creation and use of intellectual achievements. It is a legal system that confirms, protects and uses intellectual property.

9. The nature of intellectual property rights: Intellectual property rights are an intangible property right. The immateriality of the object is the essential attribute of intellectual property rights. Its specific manifestations are: (1) Possession without tangible control; ( 2) Use that does not cause tangible loss; (3) There is no factual disposition of destroying intellectual achievements and legal disposition of tangible delivery.

10. Intellectual property rights have the following legal characteristics: (1) The object of intellectual property rights is the result of creative intellectual activities, which must have a known objective form. Therefore, intellectual property rights are approved or confirmed by state agencies in accordance with the law. It is generated and has legal confirmability; (2) Intellectual property rights are proprietary, that is, exclusivity, and are the exclusive and exclusive rights that creators enjoy over their own intellectual achievements; (3) Intellectual property rights are temporal, that is, legal Intellectual property rights protected within the validity period will lose their effectiveness upon expiration; (4) Intellectual property rights are territorial, that is, the intellectual property rights recognized by any country are only valid within the territory of that country and will not be effective in other countries or regions.

11. Patent: In a broad sense, patent can refer to patented technology, patent documents that publish patent technical information, or patent certificates that obtain exclusive use rights. Its most basic meaning refers to patent rights.

Patent rights: For an invention and creation, a patent application is filed with the national patent administration department. After passing the examination in accordance with the law, the patent applicant is granted the exclusive right to enjoy the invention and creation within a specified period of time. right.

12. Copyright (copyright): Authors enjoy certain special rights in accordance with the law over the literary, scientific and artistic works they create.

13. Trademark: A special mark used by commodity producers to distinguish other people’s goods.

Trademark rights include the exclusive rights, transfer rights, licensing rights and inheritance rights that trademark owners have over their trademarks.

14. Trade secrets: Trade secrets refer to technical information and business information that are not known to the public, can bring economic benefits to the right holder, are practical, and have been kept confidential by the right holder.

15. Characteristics of trade secrets: ① Not protected by patent law. ② Secrecy. ③ Practicality. ④Has high economic value. ⑤The rights holder takes confidentiality measures.