The Basic Introduction of Tea Culture in Song Dynasty
The custom form of drinking tea in Song Dynasty has the characteristics of times and society in its historical time and space. In the Song Dynasty, more than 200 kinds of tea were produced nationwide. Among them, royal tribute tea is the most representative. At the beginning of the Northern Song Dynasty, Emperor Song set up a tea bureau and sent officials to supervise the production of imperial tea. They finally chose tribute tea from Beiyuan of Phoenix Mountain in Jianzhou, Fujian as the imperial tea, which led to the birth of extraordinary tea and opened a new chapter in the history of Chinese tea. According to records, royal tribute tea? Dragon group egg cake? It was created by Ding Wei, Prime Minister of Song Zhenzong in Song Dynasty. Dragon group egg cake? It was created by Cai Xiang, the four great calligraphers in the Song Dynasty, and The Transshipment History of Fujian. Song Huizong years, Zheng Kejian restructuring? Dragon regiment wins snow? It has become a myth in the history of tea making in China, which can't be surpassed so far. The beauty and essence of tribute tea in Song Dynasty attracted a large number of literati. Drinking tea has not only become an important part of people's material life, but also entered the spiritual life of the upper class and became one of the themes of literature and art. Are you online? Song dynasty? During this period, 180-odd poets and poets used articles to praise the tribute tea of the Song Dynasty, with 400 poems. Tribute tea in Song Dynasty recorded the footprints of people's deep cultivation of tea in Song Dynasty and the glory of tea creation in Song Dynasty. Buildings with poems about tea can be seen everywhere. Su Shi, a writer in the Northern Song Dynasty, linked Jiaming and Jiaren and wrote? Never been as beautiful as a beautiful woman? Good sentences are spoken by people. Lu You wrote more than 300 tea poems, becoming the poet who wrote the most tea in all previous dynasties. Lu You has a soft spot for building tea. He joined Fujian as a tea official and lived in Jianzhou, a place where tea was built. ? Jian Xi official tea is the best in the world? The famous sentence comes from his Jian 'an Snow. During Ouyang Xiu's illness, he was very happy to build tea. After tasting it, he and Mei Gongyi wrote tea together. ? Don't praise Li Bai's cactus, write a chapter for Lu Tong? This is Mei's poem, which means Beiyuan? Longfeng group tea? Comparable? Cactus tea? , still use? Yangxian purple bamboo shoot tea? Comparable.
Tea became a national drink in Song Dynasty, and the prosperity of tea culture in Song Dynasty was closely related to Zhao Bei, Song Huizong. According to the record of Xuanhe Beiyuan Gongcha, when Song Huizong was in power, the imperial tea garden in Beiyuan of Wuyishan could not be confined to traditional Gongcha? Longfeng group tea? We must change the pattern according to the emperor's wishes and refine dozens of tribute teas for the emperor to enjoy: white tea? Long Yuan wins snow? 、? Royal garden and elegance? 、? Immortal buds? Just a few examples. Evonne likes tea, not only because he is good at tea and tea art, but also because he wrote a book "On Tea", later called "Daguan Tea", which is about the method of making tea and the true rhyme of ordering tea. The book says that there is a good way to drink tea. First of all, pay attention to color, fragrance and taste. It can be seen that Song Huizong not only knows how to order tea to make tea, but also clearly understands the process of making tea and the aroma effect of drinking tea. Under the leadership of the emperor, with the increasing importance of tea drinking in social life, there were more than 30 kinds of tea books written in the Song Dynasty, many of which have become classics and precious heritages in China's tea culture works.
After the Tang Dynasty, the wind of drinking tea in the Song Dynasty penetrated into all social strata and every corner of daily life. In the Song Dynasty, there were teahouses, teahouses and teahouses everywhere in Kaifeng. Meng Yuan's Dream of China in Tokyo and Zhang Zeduan's Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival both describe the prosperity of teahouses on both sides of the Tokyo River. In the Song Dynasty, teahouses attached great importance to decoration, some of them were famous for calligraphy and painting, and some were placed with bonsai flowers, which attached great importance to the beauty of the environment. At that time, when recording Teahouse, he said to Lu:? Bianjing deli is decorated with famous paintings, which tempts viewers and lingers on diners. The same is true of tea shops in Hang Cheng now, with four seasons flowers, paintings by celebrities and window dressing. ? From banquets in palaces and yamen to gatherings of relatives and friends, from welcoming, socializing and entertaining on various occasions to festive customs of life, there is no place where tea is fragrant, and fighting tea is more interesting and elegant. The tea ceremony is prosperous and the tea feast is prosperous. The wind of fighting tea is strong, paying attention to excellent tea, water quality and beautiful utensils. Tea is expensive, water is running water, and utensils are excellent. Select Tuancha, grind it into a cup and stir it with boiling water. Tea soup is pure white, followed by blue and white, and then gray; No water mark is excellent, and the first one with water mark is negative. Tea king? Fight for official tea? A secular tea bucket with tea farmers and people; Monks love to fight tea, and there are Buddhist monks fighting tea in the temple; Celebrities praise water, while bureaucrats have poets and literati vying for tea. With the continuous innovation of tea ordering technology, tea ordering technology which can form characters and images in tea soup has emerged. Under the admiration of Song Huizong and a large number of literati and monks, not only did tea transportation and marketing reach the extreme, but also the tea culture in China reached a historical climax.
Teahouses in the Song Dynasty are flexible in operation, with morning tea and evening tea in addition to opening during the day. According to "Tokyo Dream Record", was there one in Kaifeng in the Northern Song Dynasty? Turn on the light every five o'clock? Morning tea house. Besides tea, this service also provides soup and refreshments. In addition to tea shops, tea houses and teahouses that sell tea and other drinks in fixed places, there were also tea sellers with bottles from Kaifeng to midnight in the Northern Song Dynasty. Cover the public and private, and return at night? . Hangzhou was in the Southern Song Dynasty? There are floating shops on the night market street, and people who order tea and soup for sightseeing? To provide tea service for officials, businessmen or citizens who are still active or playing late at night. Are you online? In the streets and neighborhoods, you have your own tea bottle to order tea along the door, or on the first day of the first month, in case of good or bad luck, you can send tea to the neighborhoods to convey information. , which provides great convenience for the daily life of citizens.
Tea style and tea ceremony prevailed in Song Dynasty. Kaifeng used to be the center of world tea culture, and the tea economy accounted for about 5% of the fiscal revenue at that time. The tea drinking culture in Song Dynasty was more profound and influenced the formation of tea ceremony in Japan and Korea. There was tea in Japan, before heian period. According to the documents at that time, tea was first brought back to Japan by Japanese monks studying in China at that time, and was first popularized in monasteries. Similar to China tea, Japanese tea has gone through the process from medicinal use to drinking. Be honored as? Japanese tea ancestor? Master Rong Zen brought back tea seeds from the Song Dynasty, distributed them in Beizhenshan and other places, and planted them in Uji and other places, bringing the tea-eating regulations of Zen temples in the Song Dynasty into Japan completely. 1235, Japanese monks fought round and round to enter Song Qiufa and brought back tea varieties from Jingshan Temple in Shizuoka, their hometown. Since then, Japanese tea ceremony? Zen tea blindly? The tradition of Buddhist monks has been firmly established. Japan? Matcha Road? Mainly inherited from China tea ceremony in Song Dynasty.
Tea fighting in Song Dynasty? Tea and drama? It is the legend of China tea culture. In view of the prosperity of tea-horse trade, Tea and Horse Department was established in Song Dynasty, which was responsible for exchanging tea for horses for the surrounding ethnic minorities. Horses are important war preparation materials. The Northern Song Dynasty established Tea and Horse Department, which is convenient for the court to control the minority areas. At the same time, the tea-horse trade has also promoted the promotion of minority culture, especially tea culture, and gradually produced black tea (edge tea) specially for minority areas.
China tea developed from medicinal and edible to later drinking, which not only fully tapped its use value, but also formed a unique tea culture around drinking tea. With what? Tang Zhu? 、? Song Dou? 、? Ming brew? It became a classical drink, a romantic drink and a natural drink, but only tea culture rose in the Song Dynasty. Product? Arrive? Play? The romantic realm is the pinnacle of China tea culture.
Today's Kaifeng, Song Feng is vast and full of ancient charm. The cultural industry is booming and cultural projects are splendid. Qingming Culture Festival in spring and Chrysanthemum Culture Festival in autumn have become brands and carriers for inheriting and displaying the treasures of Chinese civilization. Come to Kaifeng, every step is culture, every listening is legend, and every watching is beautiful. The court culture, official culture, calligraphy and painting culture, religious culture, food culture, celebrity culture, folk culture, chrysanthemum culture and tea culture in the Song Dynasty, which inherited historical civilization, can be reified from the lingering fragrance of tea and cigarettes into court feasts, exquisite diets and exquisite and graceful official porcelain.
The History of Tea Culture in Song Dynasty
China tea industry? Prosperous Tang Dynasty, prosperous Song Dynasty? Therefore, the tea culture in the Song Dynasty was naturally very prosperous. The reason for the prosperity of tea culture in Song Dynasty is that there are a group of people who are enthusiastic about tea culture. From Evonne to the great poet Su Dongpo, more than 370 tea lovers have written poems, essays and monographs about tea.
In Song Dynasty, the court, local officials and literati attached importance to and worshipped tea, which further promoted the spread of tea drinking. Cai Xiang, the prime minister of the Song Dynasty, wrote The Book of Tea, and Evonne, Song Huizong wrote The Book of Tea. Tea has become a national drink. Tea culture in the Tang Dynasty was guided by literati hermits, while tea culture in the Song Dynasty has gone to the society. At the same time, the tea style also rose in the court. Zhao Kuangyin, a great ancestor, likes drinking tea, and Evonne of Hui Zong wrote "A Grand View of Tea". After tea entered the palace, it was also shrouded in royal flavor.
Tea culture is also widely rising among the people, not just the court? A cup of tea? , noble? Gift tea? Scholar-bureaucrats? Play with tea? And citizens? Fight tea? .
The Development Mode of Tea Culture in Song Dynasty
Deepening of tea science
Compared with tea science in Tang Dynasty, tea science in Song Dynasty made many achievements in depth. As the tea industry moved south, Jian 'an Beiyuan is the most important tribute tea, so many tea researchers tend to build tea in their research focus, especially the research on Beiyuan tribute tea, which has formed a strong era and regional color in academic topics. After these studies were handed down in the form of works, they provided detailed information for the study of tea history and tea culture in Song Dynasty. Among the tea works in the Song Dynasty, there are brew tea's Brief with leaves, Cai Xiang's Tea Story, Dong Xi Tea Story, Shen Kuo's Tea Law in Dangchao and Tea Classic. Among the authors of tea science in Song Dynasty, there are the heads of a country, including court ministers, writers and Cai Xiang in Song Dynasty, famous natural scientist Shen Kuo, even a rural Confucian scholar and scholar, and even a hermit "Old Shen An" who still doesn't know his real name. Judging from the identity of these authors, the talents and research level of tea science in Song Dynasty are very rich. The research contents include the comparison of tea producing areas, tea making techniques, tea types, the relationship between raw materials and finished tea, tea drinking utensils, tea fighting technology and appreciation, tea quality inspection and evaluation, and the name of Beiyuan tribute tea.
Tea science in Song Dynasty paid more attention to tea making, which made a new development in depth and system than that in Tang Dynasty.
The vigorous advocacy of the court royal family