Von Neumann laid the foundation of modern computers and was honored as the "father of computers" by the world. But when talking about his theories and ideas, he modestly said that these theories and ideas were based on the ideas of British mathematicians Turing and Boolean. In 1847, Boolean George)1847 published "Research on the Law of Thinking" and founded logical algebra, which successfully reduced formal logic to an algebra. Boolean believed that various propositions in logic can be represented by mathematical symbols, and appropriate conclusions corresponding to logical problems can be deduced according to rules. Boolean logic algebra theory is based on two logical values "True" AND "False" and three logical relations "AND", "OR" and "NOT". This theory paves the way for the design of binary, logic components and logic circuits of digital electronic computers. In 1854, Boolean published the famous book Boolean Algebra, and on this basis, after many years of development, it formed the theoretical basis of modern computers-Louli logic. Shannon, one of the founders of information theory, pointed out in a master's thesis in 1938 that the logical relations in Boolean algebra can be expressed by binary system, with "1" representing "True" and "" representing "False", and thus the logical operation system can be constructed by binary system. It is pointed out that based on Boolean algebra, any mechanical reasoning process can be as easy as ordinary calculation for electronic computers. Shannon associated Boolean algebra with computer binaries. Alan turing, the "father of artificial intelligence" and the "father of computer" considered by von Neumann, was a genius. At the age of 22, he was elected as a researcher at the Imperial Academy. In 1936, in his paper "On computable numbers and their application in cryptography", he strictly described the logical structure of computers, put forward the general model of computers for the first time-"Turing machine", and learned from it. During World War II, Turing worked in the British Foreign Office and designed a code breaker (BOMBE), which is actually a special digital electronic computer with relays as devices. This machine cracked the enemy's codes again and again, making a contribution to the victory of the anti-fascist war. In 1945, Turing began to design automatic computers at the National Institute of Physics, and expounded the idea of using subroutines to realize some operations without programmers knowing the details of machine operation, which laid the foundation for the birth of high-level computer languages. In 195, Turing made a computer model machine "PIOLOT ACE" which reflected his design ideas. In October of the same year, Turing published the paper "Computing Machine and Intelligence", designed the famous Turing test, and tested whether the computer has the same intelligence as others through question and answer. This thinking is still one of the core issues discussed in the computer academic circle. This paper has aroused great shock in computer academic circles and laid the foundation of artificial intelligence theory. To commemorate Turing's great contribution to computer science, the American Computer Association has established the Turing Award, which is awarded to scientists who have made great contributions to computer science every year, and can be called the Nobel Prize in computer science. After the first generation of electron tubes, the second generation of transistors, the third generation of small and medium-sized integrated circuits, and the fourth generation of large-scale and ultra-large-scale integrated circuits, various new technologies and new processes have made the development of computers develop in the direction of miniaturization and giant. The leader who pioneered the manufacture of supercomputers is Dr. Clay, a famous American scientist who is known as the "father of supercomputers". Cary Kildall was born in Wisconsin in 1929, and graduated from university with two degrees in mathematics and electrical engineering. In 1957, together with Orlin and Anderson, he founded CDC Company, and they rented warehouses for office work. Because of the reasonable structure and fast running speed of computers designed by Clay, the company won the trust of users and the constant orders, the company developed rapidly. In 1961, CDC, a small company with a market share of only 1.6%, and IBM, a giant company with a market share of 82%, became the only two winning companies in the computer industry. Under the leadership of Cray, CDC Company began to challenge the powerful "super-big man" IBM Company with only 14 engineers, including 4 software engineers and 34 people in the whole class. In 1964, CDC Company successfully developed a giant transistor computer CDC66 with 3 million operations per second and a main memory capacity of 13, bytes. This machine is the world's earliest super-large computer used in scientific research. It adopts a "distributed computing" structure, that is, the processing function is distributed to the main machine and multiple auxiliary machines. This way is a great innovation in computer architecture. CDC66 is recognized as designed and manufactured by computer genius Clay, and it is also recognized as a major breakthrough and innovation in technology. After that, Clay designed a variety of supercomputers. Together with all the company personnel, he wired, rerouted and routed the backplane, researched, designed and manufactured them together, and made breakthroughs in many aspects, including the breakthrough of von Einorman's "serial working mode" as "parallel working mode" and the first breakthrough of tens of millions, billions and billions of operations per second. From the highly successful "Cary-1" computer to the development of "Cary-4" computer, especially since the 199s, Cray supercomputer has been firmly on the throne of supercomputers, accounting for 6% of the world market share. The famous Dr. Cray keeps forging ahead and innovating, and is known as "the national wisdom star" and "the father of supercomputers". Crein died in a car accident in 1996. The development of microcomputer, which is opposite to the development of supercomputer, has almost always been in a state of "warlord melee" In 1967, Hewlett-Packard Company successfully developed the "HP35" pocket calculator just after the large-scale integrated circuits and light-emitting diodes appeared, which brought 12 million sales revenue to Hewlett-Packard Company. In February 1977, Steve Jobs, a young man who showed special talents in electronics but dropped out of school in his freshman year, and his two companions produced an APPLE microcomputer in a small garage and put it on the market. In August, 1981, the "Blue Giant" IBM Company announced to the world that its first "personal computer" PC was born, and it became a household name in the world. In the past twenty years, the development of microcomputers has become more and more advanced and miniaturized. Laptops, palmtops and wrist computers have been successfully developed one after another, and they are practical and commercialized. Small "chips" display infinite charm and unlimited functions. This can not help but remind people of the birth of the world's first chip. In 1971, at a computer fair, a huge advertisement read: "Computer on a chip, INTEL44!" Attracted all visitors, the world's first microprocessor chip was born, and people were shocked by Intel's new creation. The main developer of INTEL44 chip is Tod Hoff. He was born in Manchester, USA in 1937. Although he grew up in the countryside, he has a strong interest in science. He likes magazines such as Popular Science, often engages in small chemical experiments and electrical devices, and majored in electrical engineering at university. When he graduated from middle school, he invented the "train electronic detector" according to the principle of railway sound transmission, and in the third year of college, he invented a kind of "train electronic detector". After graduating from college, he applied for a research scholarship from the National Science Foundation to study semiconductor technology in depth, and later obtained a master's degree and a doctorate from Stanford University. When INTEL was founded in 1968, Hoff was chosen by INTEL and was appointed as the manager of the applied research department. At that time, the company's office conditions were very simple, and the equipment and houses were rented. "Necessity is the mother of success." Hoff got an order from a Japanese merchant to produce a new and extremely complicated desktop calculator chip. Faced with thorny problems, Hoff repeatedly considered the realization of "operation, control and storage" on the least number of chips, and the inspiration finally came. Hoff immediately recorded: First, the logic circuit required by Japanese merchants was compressed into three pieces, namely CPU, ROM and RAM; Second, read-only memory is used to provide drivers for the central processor, and random access memory is used to store data. Later, Hoff designed the logic, helped Fagin draw the blueprint of chip wiring, and Messer participated in the research. Hoff finally got his wish, integrated more than 2, transistors on the world's first microprocessor, and the first microprocessor chip INTEL44 was born. This is of great epoch-making significance, and Hoff is therefore known as "one of the seven most influential scientists since the Second World War." Microsoft has always been closely linked with the name of Bill Gates. Bill Gates was born in Seattle in October 1955. His father is a lawyer and his mother is a teacher. His favorite book is the World Book Encyclopedia, which he said he would not throw away even if he had a CD-ROM to replace it. When he was studying in middle school, he and Paul, his long-term partner, began to use the POP-1 computer produced by DEC, a famous minicomputer manufacturer. In 1968, Gates and Paul used computers in a computer center and found out the mistakes in the computer, which revealed their talent in the computer field. Before Gates entered Harvard University to study law in 1974, Gates and Paul had done a lot of work in computer, especially in programming, and they were famous. Their most successful start was to implant the BASIC language interpreter they developed into the "Altair" computer of MITS. In the summer of 1975, the two men set up Microsoft in Albuquerque. They only owned the first standard software product in the world microcomputer industry, that is, the 4KB interpreter capital for the Altair microcomputer. Today, more than 2 years later, the trademark "Microsoft" alone is worth more than 1 billion dollars, and the market value of the company has exceeded 75 billion dollars. Gates has always been the focus of the world's attention since Microsoft acquired the ownership of the PC operating system MS-DOS produced by IBM in 1981, the Windows software in the 199s, and turned to the networking field in 1994 until the development of the TV-computer-network interactive computer software. Netscape is the company that can challenge Microsoft in the web browser. Before Netscape developed the navigator, Internet users used the first graphic browser Mosaic designed by Mark Andriessen, a 23-year-old student at the University of Illinois, in 1993. This software was the first software to make the World Wide Web of the Internet acceptable, which made the number of Internet users rise to more than 1 million. In fact, since Mosaic, thousands of people have changed their way of life and learned to roam the world in front of computers. In 1994, Andriessen cooperated with jim clark, the founder of the once-famous silicon image company in Jurassic Park, and founded Netscape Company. By 1996, most WWW browsers on the Internet were navigators of Netscape, and Netscape had the upper hand. But in 1997, Microsoft tightly integrated network software, browsers and other operating system products, and seized a large number of sites. In the face of powerful competitors, Andriessen constantly upgraded the navigator and developed an integrated WYSIWYG creative environment, shouting "Run faster, so that new products can maintain a leading position for more than six months and have strong competitiveness", on the other hand, he felt that "it will be exhausted if you reach the limit". However, people should know that Microsoft, the software giant, can catch up quickly, which has a lot to do with its successful purchase of Mosaic software developed by Anderson and the development and upgrade of its browser on this basis.