Six first-class indicators of headquarters economic development: basic conditions, business facilities, research and development capabilities, professional services, government services, and openness. Not only Beijing, Shanghai, Shenzhen, Guangzhou, Hangzhou and other central cities are attracting headquarters enterprises, but some second-and third-tier cities such as Zhengzhou, Sanya and Taiyuan also regard the development of headquarters economy as an important strategy to promote urban transformation and upgrading and accelerate the transformation of economic development mode during the Twelfth Five-Year Plan period. The main reason is that headquarters economy, as a new economic form to develop regional economy, can not only promote the rapid, healthy and sustainable development of regional economy, but also contribute to regional tax revenue.
Central metropolis has always been a favored area for large enterprises because of its advantages such as talents, information and convenient life. Like the places where college students choose to work after graduation, the big cities that attract the top 500 enterprises in China are all famous cities with good comprehensive environment in China.
According to statistics, the top 10 of the average headquarters of the top 500 Chinese enterprises are Beijing, Guangdong, Jiangsu, Shandong, Zhejiang, Shanghai, Tianjin, Liaoning, Hebei and Henan. Beijing has always dominated by the unique advantages of the capital, and Tianjin has become the top seven attracting large enterprises by virtue of its special status as a municipality directly under the Central Government and the rapid development of Binhai New Area. From the ranking, it is found that not only the eastern, central and western provinces are good at cultivating large enterprises, but also the western region is attracting more and more top 500 enterprises in China with the implementation of the national strategy of developing the western region. In addition, Shanghai has 347 regional headquarters of multinational companies, ranking first in the mainland.
Therefore, the headquarters economy is an economic form that can enhance the interests of enterprises, headquarters and production and processing bases. One is knowledge.
Corporate headquarters are concentrated in the sectors with the highest knowledge content in the enterprise value chain, such as R&D, marketing, capital operation and strategic management, which are highly intensive knowledge-based labor.
The second is intensive.
Enterprises arrange the industrial spatial structure according to the principle of maximizing income, give full play to the advantages of developed service industry and intensive intellectual resources in central cities, give full play to the advantages of land, labor, energy and other factors in production bases, form industrial supporting facilities, and minimize costs.
The third is the hierarchy.
The headquarters economic model has different industries, functions and scales in different cities and regions, including global headquarters, regional headquarters, domestic headquarters, administrative headquarters, marketing headquarters, R&D headquarters and other levels, giving full play to the resource advantages of different regions and forming a reasonable division of labor and cooperation in different cities and regions.
The fourth is ductility.
The headquarters economy has formed an economic chain between the secondary industry and the tertiary industry, which can not only extend the secondary industry to the tertiary industry, but also extend the knowledge service industry to the general service industry.
Fifth, radiation and * * * win.
Under the mode of headquarters economy, regional resources such as information, technology and talents in central cities can radiate to underdeveloped areas through the chain of headquarters-processing base, thus enhancing the driving ability of central cities to surrounding areas. At the same time, the headquarters economic model has changed the simple competition between regions for enterprises and projects in the same industry. Through the re-division of different sectors of the functional chain, cooperation between regions with different resource advantages can be realized and common development can be achieved. The first condition is that the region has high-quality human resources and scientific research and education resources. For example, in the past four years, the expenditure of the Hong Kong SAR Government on education has increased by 46% compared with 1997. Good human capital is an important reason why Hong Kong has become the first choice for the Asia-Pacific headquarters and regional offices of foreign companies. Developing headquarters economy needs international talents and an open atmosphere of knowledge innovation. Rich human capital and educational resources can meet the specific needs of knowledge-intensive value creation activities in corporate headquarters. New york, Hongkong, Singapore, Beijing, Shanghai and other cities have good location advantages and perfect infrastructure conditions, which are conducive to attracting a large number of managers and technicians needed by the headquarters of the group company and are favorable conditions for its development of the headquarters economy.
The second condition is that the region should have good location advantages and good transportation network facilities. For example, new york, Hongkong, Singapore and other cities, the gathering of corporate headquarters in these cities largely benefited from the natural location conditions of these cities. The natural ports in these cities facilitate the logistics of the headquarters. In addition, convenient transportation and perfect transportation network system are also important factors in determining the location of the headquarters. Convenient transportation network is conducive to the company's headquarters and other branches, subsidiaries and processing bases in the company, so that the company's main decision makers have good contact with relevant personnel, grasp the pulse of the company's operation, and find and solve problems in time.
The third condition is that the region must have convenient information acquisition and good information channels to communicate with other places, and at the same time, it can form a big difference with the surrounding areas in terms of basic resources. ? Convenient information and network can greatly save the space cost caused by the separation of company headquarters and manufacturing and processing bases, and then effectively attract banks and group company headquarters to settle down. For example, three global cities, new york, Hongkong and Singapore, have concentrated the headquarters of a large number of large multinational companies, which is inseparable from their convenient information acquisition and communication channels. At the same time, in terms of basic resources, such as land and general labor workers, there should be a big gap between this area and its surrounding areas. In this way, enterprises can make use of the comparative advantages of regional resource endowments to make profits, thus promoting the formation of headquarters economy in this region.
The fourth condition is to develop the headquarters economy. In addition to hardware such as urban construction, it is more important to have good quality in software such as urban management and cultural atmosphere. To develop headquarters economy, there must be a system that adapts to modern urban management. City decision-makers should strive to create a first-class investment development environment, optimize the comprehensive operating cost of the city, and continuously improve the service efficiency of the government. Laws and regulations should be in line with international rules, improve government work efficiency, increase government transparency, and create a good legal environment for investors. At the same time, the city's social service system, market order, customs clearance order, credit system, social security situation and urban civilization should also reach a fairly high level. At the same time, the development of headquarters economy should make the city a melting pot of excellent cultures of all countries in the world. Inclusive multi-culture and dreamy urban character are the necessary conditions for a city to develop its headquarters economy. A tolerant and diverse humanistic environment can reduce the space cost of enterprises, while the same or similar language and cultural habits contribute to the communication of information and emotion.
The fifth condition: In fact, in cities with high degree of internationalization and strong attraction to corporate headquarters, the service industry accounts for more than 70% of their gross national product. For example, Hong Kong's service industry has reached 82%. Highly developed service industry, coherent competition-encouraging system and complete service industry development strategy are the inevitable choices to improve the economic benefits and strength of the city, and are also one of the important conditions for developing the headquarters economy. The formation of headquarters economy in central cities is the result of market mechanism, and the development of headquarters economy conforms to the characteristics of resource endowment of central cities and is the inherent requirement for central cities to achieve sustainable development. Specifically, the headquarters economy can bring five influences to the central city:
The first is the "tax contribution effect". The tax contribution of headquarters to central cities includes two aspects: on the one hand, the tax contribution of enterprises, no matter what organizational model enterprises adopt, if headquarters is an independent economic entity, they must pay certain taxes to the location of headquarters; On the other hand, it is the personal tax contribution of the employees at the corporate headquarters. The rich personal income of senior white-collar workers working in the headquarters is bound to contribute to the regional economy where the headquarters is located through personal income tax.
The second is the "industrial multiplier effect". The gathering of corporate headquarters in central cities will inevitably promote the development of related services, especially knowledge-based services, and form an industrial chain of knowledge-based services at corporate headquarters, including information services consisting of communications, networks, media and consulting, financial services consisting of banks, securities, trusts, insurance, funds and leasing, intermediary services such as accounting, auditing, evaluation and legal services, as well as education and training, conferences and exhibitions, international business and modern logistics. Empirical research shows that the relocation of the headquarters of multinational companies to a region will lead to the relocation of several or even a dozen knowledge-based service enterprises with close business ties. At the same time, the investment in cities such as commercial office buildings and real estate driven by the headquarters economy has also made great contributions to the growth of central cities. Through the "multiplier effect" of headquarters economy, the total economic output of a region can be expanded, and the level of tertiary industry structure and regional economic competitiveness can be improved.
The third is the "consumption pull effect". The consumption drive of headquarters to the region also includes two aspects: on the one hand, various supporting consumption brought by business activities and R&D activities of headquarters; The second aspect is the personal consumption of senior white-collar workers in headquarters, including housing, transportation, children's education, fitness, shopping, etc., which plays an important role in promoting regional economic development.
The fourth is the "labor employment effect". The development of headquarters economy will make full use of intellectual resources in the region and bring a large number of high-intelligence jobs. At the same time, through the industrial multiplier effect, it will promote the development of the tertiary industry, including knowledge-based service industry and general service industry, and provide more jobs.
The fifth is "social capital effect". A large number of corporate headquarters have gathered in a region, which shows that the business environment and comprehensive environment in this region are superior, which invisibly enhances the visibility, reputation and international status of this region and promotes the appreciation of real estate in this region. At the same time, the headquarters economy has accelerated the cultivation and gathering of knowledge-based talents, the integration and interaction of multiculturalism, and accelerated the internationalization of the city.
Based on the above analysis, the headquarters economy is the power engine of industrial upgrading and grade upgrading of central cities in China, and it is also the strategic choice for the government to promote industrial upgrading of central cities.
Significance to underdeveloped areas
The significance of headquarters economy theory to underdeveloped areas
According to the theory of headquarters economy, if underdeveloped areas can rank among the manufacturing bases in the value chain of headquarters economy, it will have an important and positive impact on local economic and social development. Mainly reflected in the following aspects:
The first is the impact on industrial development.
The product manufacturing function of enterprises can directly increase the total industrial economy in underdeveloped areas. At the same time, the formation of manufacturing base can also bring industrial agglomeration effect and industrial multiplier effect to underdeveloped areas, thus continuing to enlarge the total regional industry. The establishment of a manufacturing base representing advanced productive forces can quickly activate various economic resources and accelerate the pace of regional industrial structure optimization and upgrading.
The second is the impact on employment.
Generally speaking, the ordinary labor force needed by manufacturing base should be localized, that is, make full use of local human resources, which will further expand the total employment in this area. The manufacturing base trains skilled production technicians and enterprise managers through study, training and technology promotion; The spillover effect and competition mechanism of production technology in manufacturing base will also promote the improvement of talent quality in production base and the influx of foreign population into this area, and promote the advanced employment structure in underdeveloped areas.
The third is the impact on tax revenue.
Most enterprises in the manufacturing base belong to the processing manufacturing industry, especially those established by multinational companies or large enterprise groups, which have the characteristics of large investment scale, large flow of production materials and large market transactions, and the profits and taxes created by such enterprises are not cheap. In addition, once the manufacturing base is settled, the natural weak liquidity of fixed assets determines the stability and long-term nature of such large tax sources.
The fourth is to stimulate consumption.
Manufacturing base can affect regional consumption from four aspects: personal consumption of employees, new consumption of collective enterprises, new social consumption brought by the formation or settlement of manufacturing base, the increase of related industries in manufacturing base and the promotion of regional consumption brought by employment.
If underdeveloped areas make full use of the opportunity of upgrading the structure of central cities, undertake the transfer of their manufacturing bases, form industrial clusters with comparative advantages, and enhance the processing supporting capacity, it is an important path for regional economy to move from underdeveloped to developed and mature.