Huxian was the fief of Da Yu's father's gun from 21st century BC to 16th century BC, which was called "Gu Chongguo" and later the fief of Yu Zi's Hu Shi, hence its present name "Huxian". In the Shang Dynasty, it was established to worship the country, and in the Zhou Dynasty, it was "Fengyi", then "Fengjing". In the Qin Dynasty, it was changed to "Hu" and in the Western Han Dynasty, it was established as "Mi County", which has continued to this day. Huxian county is one of the earliest areas in China where wine-making began. In the historical process of creating their own long-standing culture, our ancestors accumulated extremely rich wine-making experience with superhuman wisdom, and brewed various wines with different colors, flavors and characteristics.
the history of Huxian county is actually a history of yellow rice wine. In Huxian land, wine has played a great role in human activities from ancient times to the present. It is important to worship heaven, worship ancestors, go to court, go out to war, triumph, diplomatic relations, banquets and other national events, and it is not etiquette without wine; Small to folk festivals, visiting relatives and friends, having children for birthdays, weddings and funerals, all need wine. A piece of ancient and modern events, a piece of historical chapters, all of which involve wine.
(1) At the end of primitive society, liquor was produced in Huxian county.
The so-called yellow rice wine is the brewed wine made from cereals. 6 ~ 7 years ago, the ancestors living in Huxian county planted rice and made pottery. Carbonized rice and primitive social pottery (belonging to Yangshao culture period) were discovered in Zhangba Temple and Ganhe area in Huxian from 195s to 198s, which shows that Huxian had an earlier farming civilization. The existence of rice and pottery laid a material foundation for the production of wine. Jiang Tong, a Jin man, said in the article "Wine Wine": "The prosperity of wine originated from the emperor, or the cloud of Du Kang. There is an endless supply of food, and it is impossible for the Committee to be empty, and it will accumulate into a taste, and it will be fragrant for a long time. This is because of this, and it is not strange. " It is clearly pointed out that the original yellow rice wine is naturally formed by the leftovers that can't be eaten. That is to say, if there is grain, there will be rice, and if there is rice, it is possible to produce wine. As the origin of farming civilization, Huxian area should have produced wine 5-6 years ago. "Huainanzi" "The beauty of the Qing Dynasty begins with Lei". (In the late period of Yangyun culture in China, the discovery of existing wine vessels shows that there was wine at that time, and the ancestors of Huxian County were no exception. )
(2) Huxian liquor had reached a high level in Xia and Shang Dynasties.
It is recorded in Shiben, a genealogy of ancient emperors compiled in the Qin and Han Dynasties: "Yi Di started the wine mash and changed it into five flavors". The Warring States Policy, edited by Liu Xiang in the Western Han Dynasty, records: "In the past, the emperor's daughter ordered Yidi to make wine beautiful, and when she entered Yu, Yu drank it and was willing to drink it, so she neglected Yidi and refused to make wine, saying: There must be people who died of their country with wine in the future." At that time, Huxian County was the fief of Yu's father Gun before the Xia Dynasty. It is said that Yu was born here, and Dayu used to control water here. "The Book of Songs" is "Feng Shui Dong Zhu, Wei Yu's achievement". After Gun's death, Yu Zi and Hu Shi inherited this fief. Yidi mentioned in this article is a subordinate of Yu and should be a skilled winemaker. Sometimes Hu's family is right for agriculture and holds the position of agriculture and mulberry in the world. "According to heaven, making four seasons is the law of the world." It had an important influence on ancient agricultural production. As an agricultural by-product, wine is an important item for offering sacrifices to heaven, ancestors, rituals and feasts. At that time, it was a national priority and was bound to be valued by the ruling class. The brewing industry in Hu country should also be in the forefront of Xia Dynasty. As the seat of agriculture under Dayu's rule, the son is in charge of agriculture, and the woman is in charge of making wine. Dayu is in charge of water conservancy here, and Yidi is Yu's vassal. It is reasonable for Yidi to make wine in Hu country or participate in wine making. (Huxian county has the place names related to the legend of Dayu, such as Yuwang Temple, Yuwang Village and Sanguo Village. )
By the Shang Dynasty, making wine with clams had been widely used. "If you are a wine cellar, you will be a tiller" ("Book of Life"). According to the inscription of Yin Guang Fang Ding in the late Yin and Shang Dynasties, "Yi Hai, Wang Zaichong, Wang Xiangyin ..." This tripod records that the Emperor of Yin Dynasty once feasted, ate delicious food and drank wine in Chongguo (now Huxian County). The inscription that this matter can be recorded shows that the wine and food in Huxian County have been well-known and unforgettable when they were in business. (This tripod is now in the British Museum of Great Britain)
(3) The Western Zhou Dynasty was an important period for the development of Huxian wine industry.
Huxian county is the seat of Fengjing, the capital of Zhoudu. "The Book of Songs, King Wen has a voice": "King Wen has been ordered to have this martial art, which is not only cutting in worship, but also making a city in abundance." As the national political, economic and cultural center at that time, its wine-making technology was the most advanced in China. During this period, we made several major events that had great influence in the history of Chinese wine:
First, we summarized the first technical specification of wine-making technology recorded in Chinese history, which is the Book of Rites and the Moon Order. It is recorded in the book: "The rice must be neat, the tiller must be timely, the water must be fragrant, the pottery must be good, and the fire must be won." The key points of brewing fine wine were pointed out from six aspects: material selection, koji making, operation, water quality, utensils and temperature. This is an important summary of brewing experience before the Zhou Dynasty, and it is a milestone in the history of brewing in China, marking the maturity of brewing technology and the formation of professional and technical personnel at that time. At this time, the brewing industry in Huxian area (Zhoudu) is booming, and all kinds of fine wines are brewed, and the list is endless. For example, the most famous "Five Qi" (Pan Qi, Yong Qi, Angqi, Tiqi and Shen Qi), "Three Wine" (Shi Wine, Yesterday Wine and Sake) and "Four Drink" (Qing, Yi, Li and Nan) and so on. Up to now, Huxian people still call yellow rice wine "event wine", which should be the continuation of the name of Zhou Dynasty.
Second, the Western Zhou Dynasty established the earliest wine system in China. According to "Zhou Li Tian Guan Zhu Zai", the royal family of Zhou established the "Jiuzheng" organization here, with a staff of l2 people, including 34 drinkers, women and Xi (slaves) in the wine workshop and 17 paddlers, women and Xi (slaves) in the pulp workshop, totaling 63 people. Of course, these winemakers are all the highest-level people in the country. In addition, the princes and nobles in the capital each have their own wine workshops, plus commercial folk wine workshops, which made it the place with the largest number of domestic winemakers and the highest level at that time. After the demise of the Western Zhou Dynasty and the royal family moved eastward, these winemakers, "wine girls", "pulp girls" and "Xi" inevitably drifted to the banks of Fengshui River, leaving their wine-making skills for the royal family to the people, so the wine-making technology in Huxian County was greatly improved and developed during the Western Zhou Dynasty.
Third, in the early years of the Western Zhou Dynasty, the government of the Western Zhou Dynasty issued the first national prohibition order in Chinese history. During the Zhou Chengwang period, the Duke of Zhou put down the rebellion of the Yin people in the East and made his mother and brother Kang Shu supervise the country there. Because of the prevalence of alcoholism in Yin, which directly affected the public security there, Cheng Wang issued an order to ban alcohol in Yin. This command is "Shangshu? The wine in Zhou Shu. In the wine cellar, Wen Wang's remarks on abstinence from alcohol were reiterated, and the historical lessons were summarized. It was explicitly stated that the ringleaders of Yindi must be severely punished, the officials of Yindi who had bad drinking habits should be strictly educated, and the local governors of Yindi must strictly carry out the orders of the central authorities. This document played an important role in consolidating the rule of the Zhou royal family.
Fourth, Duke Zhou "made a ceremony" here, and fixed the requirements of consolidating the royal rule of the Western Zhou Dynasty in the form of etiquette. In these rituals, there is a strong smell of wine. In the etiquette of the Western Zhou Dynasty, the most important thing is all kinds of sacrifices, large and small, and these sacrifices all use a lot of wine. Such as the ceremony of seeing the emperor at court, the bride price of princes' exchanges, the rural drinking ceremony of gentlemen's discussion and so on. There is not a chapter in Yili without the word wine. Jia Gongyan, a native of the Tang Dynasty, said in his interpretation of "Rites": "Yi is also a gift, and you can know it without saying it", which hit the nail on the head. The etiquette of the Western Zhou Dynasty can be said to be "wine ceremony" and "wine instrument".
Fifth, the Duke of Zhou is also having fun here. Duke Zhou's "music" is probably an ode to the achievements of his ancestors. Among these carols, we can see many wine-related chapters from "Zhou Song" in the Book of Songs. In the lesser part of the Book of Songs, all of them are wine songs sung by middle and small nobles. Zhu Xi said: "Zheng Xiaoya, Yan (banquet) is also happy." These wine songs were sung endlessly in Huxian county.
(4) The construction of Shanglinyuan in Qin and Han Dynasties greatly promoted the development of Huxian liquor.
The Biography of Dong Fangshuo in the History of Han Dynasty says: "In the third year of Emperor Wudi's founding Yuan Dynasty, he began to travel in a small way ... and traveled to Yichun in the east. Micro-banks often drink wine. " Yichun view is a palace in Shanglinyuan, and "Yue" is the brewed wine, which Huxian people call "double wine".
Huxian, as the capital of Qin and Han Dynasties, not only used wine by the court, officials, merchants, traders and common people, but also the construction of Shanglinyuan played an immeasurable role in promoting Huxian's wine-making industry.
Shanglin Garden was built in the Qin Dynasty, and it was expanded in the third year of Emperor Jianyuan. Its scope is 3 miles, with eight waters, such as Ba, Yi, Jing, Wei, Feng, Gao, Lao and Lian, coming in and out of it. It is a super-large royal garden with many functions, such as tourism, rest, residence, entertainment, performing arts, cruise, hunting, communication, seeking immortality, military training and production. "The dragon of sacrifice, the big garden, the victory of hunting" is vast. Sima Xiangru, Ban Gu, Yang Xiong, Zhang Heng and other gifted scholars have all written magnificent poems for Shanglinyuan. Such as Shanglin Fu, Feather Hunting Fu, Xidu Fu and Xijing Fu. It is conceivable that the amount of materials needed for various activities every month was so huge that by the time of the Han and Yuan emperors, the state treasury was overwhelmed.
at that time, the whole territory of Huxian county was enclosed in Shanglin Garden. Among them, Fengshui, Waterlogging and many famous mountains and rivers are all in Huxian county, and there are also building groups such as Luyang Palace, Qingyang Palace and Yichun View. According to "Shui Jing Zhu Wei Shui", it is recorded: "(Waterlogged) water flows out of Nanshan Waterlogged Valley, goes to Yichun View in the north, and goes to the west of Jinghu County in the northeast. The waterlogged water flows out from the north and merges with the muddy water. (Hey) The water flows out of Yichun Guanbei, the northeast flows into the waterlogged water, and the north flows into Wei, that is, the hometown of Shanglin. " Sima Xiangru's Shang Lin Fu said: "Feng Gao is in a flood, and the rest is entrusted with the snake, and the management is within it. "Shang Lin Fu" said: "As a result, the game is slack, and the wine is on the platform of hao, and Zhang Le is on the platform of jiaoge, hitting the clock of dan, setting up a ju of mangoku, building a flag of Cuihua, and building a tree spirit. Play the dance of Tao Down and listen to the song of Ge Tianshi; Thousands of people sing, ten thousand people and; The mountains are shaken, and the valleys are swaying. " "Feather Hunting Fu" says: "Fang Chi is a thousand heads, and the school rides thousands of teachers." I don't know how much wine can be brewed every day to meet the consumption of these emperors, princes, royalty, harem inner courtyard, dignitaries, feather forest soldiers, musicians and dancers. The massive demand has undoubtedly played a tremendous role in promoting the development of Huxian's wine-making industry.
(5) Huxian liquor reached a prosperous period in the Tang Dynasty
In the Tang Dynasty, the national strength was strong, the economy was prosperous, the society was stable, the people were rich, the literary art garden was unprecedented, the wine culture reached its peak, and the poetry and calligraphy were intoxicating, which was a brilliant prosperous period for Huxian liquor industry. Thousands of years of practical experience have been sublimated, forming a complete traditional brewing theory (due to the devastating destruction of Chang 'an City by the fire of Huang Chao Uprising, the literature and historical materials at that time were completely destroyed. Now the relevant information is scattered in the records of the Song Dynasty and later). Huxian wine-making process, operation technology has been basically finalized, and the equipment is basically perfect, such as wine bed for pressing wine and wine curtain for filtering wine. The local wineries are everywhere, fragrant with mountains and rivers, and they are called "Huxian wine". From the nobles to the common people, all people like this wine. Du Fu wrote in "Boating in the West of the City": "No boat can paddle, and a hundred pots can send wine like a spring?" He also wrote in "Banquet with Yuan Da Shao Fu in Huxian County": "If there is no plan to return to the boat, it is difficult to avoid alcohol." Cen Can wrote in "Pan-Bei with the officials of the group in Jixian County": "Idle herons frighten the flute pipes, and dive beside the wine bottles." It can be seen that the drinking style and hospitality of Huxian county at that time.
There is a stone tablet in Caotang Temple in Huxian County, and the inscription was written by Emperor Taizong. The Records of Huxian County (1777) written by the Qing Emperor Long Ding You and the rebuilt Records of Huxian County (22 years of the Republic of China) all have the same contents: "In the second year of Sui Daye (66), Li Yuan prayed for illness and relief for his children and people." Li Yuan, the secretariat of Zhengzhou, was a man's eye, and he sought Buddha before this temple, and his suffering was donated. Today, a stone tablet is built for men. I hope this merit will benefit disciple men and their families, and there will never be any disaster. Disciple Li Yuan will support them wholeheartedly. Daye was established on the 8 th of the first month of the second year. " After the establishment of the Tang Dynasty, Li Shimin remembered Master Rush's kindness after he ascended the throne, and used Cao Tang Temple as a sacrificial ceremony for Kumarajiva, and at the same time spent the summer in Taiping Palace. Tang Gaozu tang gaozu, emperor taizong Li Shimin went to the caotang temple to pray for buddhas and make pilgrimages, and they all used this wine to give banquets to ministers during their summer vacation in taiping palace, which made Huxian wine famous and famous all over the capital. Bai Juyi, a great poet, wrote in his poem "Send Yuan Ba to the Book in the Morning" that "persimmon trees are green and shady, the courtyard of the Wang family is wide, Huxian wine is in the bottle, and the South Mountain is on the wall". Frankly speaking, he was drinking "Huxian wine" in Beijing. The "royal family" in the poem is the "royal family". From the narration in the poem, we can see that Huxian liquor was very common in Beijing at that time, which was used for the daily use of the official family.
Bai Juyi wrote in another poem "North Village of Suzige Mountain": "When you visit Zige Peak in the morning, you will visit the village at dusk, and the old villagers will see Yu Xi and open a statue for me". Zige Peak is the first peak in the south, and "Shanxia Village" is Dujiazhuang, both of which are within the jurisdiction of Caotang Town. This shows how popular Huxian wine was at that time.
Great poets such as Emperor Taizong, Li Bai, Du Fu, Bai Juyi, Cen Can, Wei Yingwu, Jia Dao, Wen Tingyun, Su Shi, Cheng Hao, Kouhuai, Wang Jiusi, etc. all wrote poems praising Huxian's landscape, human feelings, fine wines and wines, leaving a large number of poems.
changes in history. After the Song Dynasty, although the capital moved to the east, the wine-making tradition in Huxian County was inherited from generation to generation and lasted for a long time. According to the Records of Huxian County (1986), the original wineries in Huxian County were mostly located in the backyards of firms, with tunnels leading to the main street and wine flags hanging on the doors to attract customers. The wine shop sells both wine and songs. According to records, at the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China, a wine shop could sell 2-3 Jin of koji and one fermented grains (6 bushels of rice in a jar) in one episode a day.
in the heyday of Huxian city, there were as many as eight wineries. The wineries in the county include Fenglin Pavilion, Zuixian Pavilion, Juxian Pavilion, Yongle Pavilion, taoranju, Zhonghe Garden and Yonghe Building. These names alone are enough to attract people to stop and smell the fragrance.
Before the 195s, there were not only wineries specializing in brewing and selling wine in all parts of Huxian county, but also every family would make their own wine, especially in Huxian yellow rice wine producing area, where almost every family kept drinking all the year round. There is cold wine in summer and hot wine in winter. When you come back from work, drink a bowl to relieve hunger, thirst and fatigue.
Huxian rice wine is closely related to the life, folk customs and folk customs of the local people. The superior geographical environment and vast human history in Huxian area have laid a unique and solid foundation for the development and inheritance of Huxian yellow wine, which is unmatched by other wine producing areas.
Since the reform and opening-up, Huxian yellow rice wine is like old trees and new flowers, and it is full of youth. Some people of insight have set up rice wine workshops, and hotels in the county town have also brewed rice wine from Huxian County for sale.
in 1986, Xi' an Dakou Liquor Co., Ltd. was established. On the basis of inheriting and developing traditional brewing technology, it constantly innovated and learned modern brewing biotechnology, introduced advanced technology, purchased new production equipment, trained and improved the technical level of employees, implemented modern enterprise management system, and strictly implemented relevant national regulations and standards, which made the product quality steadily improved. The products have been awarded the title of "No Complaints about Product Quality", "Green Food", "Famous Products in Shaanxi Province" and "Famous Trademarks in Xi 'an City" in Shaanxi Province, and the scale of the enterprise has been continuously expanded. The main products "Zigedakou", "Zigeyuan" and "Yong" brand Huxian rice wine are not only supplied in large quantities to Huxian, Zhouzhi, Chang 'an, Xi 'an and other cities and counties, but also sold to Shanxi, Sichuan and Guangdong.