He was the first emperor in China, the founder of the emperor's honorific title and the founder of the emperor system in China, which made China enter the era of multi-ethnic centralized monarchy. He also made China achieve political unification for the first time, forming a situation of "cars on the same track, books in the same language", which laid the foundation for the later dynasties to seek reunification. But since ancient times, Qin Shihuang has always been a controversial figure.

Positive evaluation

When Qin Shihuang was in power, he annexed six countries and sent troops to explore the north and south. In history, it is said that "all the places that are over a hundred miles bow down", "thousands of miles go north" and "the king of Qin sweeps six rivers". According to the map of the Warring States Period, the territory is almost twice the area controlled by the Seven Heroes of the Warring States Period. Moreover, Qin Shihuang "set up a county" and paid attention to the rule of conquered land and system construction, unlike other contemporary conquerors such as Alexander of Macedonia or Caesar of Rome, who only emphasized conquest and did not emphasize system construction; Thus stabilized the unified land rule and laid the foundation for the present Chinese territory. Later generations thought that "his contribution was greater than Qin Huang's Hanwu". It means that Qin Shihuang is ahead of Han Wudi in achievements, which is unparalleled in history. Since Shang Yang's political reform, Qin attached great importance to the rule of law. Qin Shihuang inherited this tradition and admired Han Fei, a legalist figure. He once lamented that "if you walk with him, you will have no hatred." Reward and punish generals according to law. Although Qin Shihuang was autocratic and thought that "we rule the world", he still ruled the country according to law in the Qin Dynasty. Chen Sheng and the uprising, the reason is that "Qin law is harsh", and its crime is capital crime, so it has to be reversed, but the law forces the people to rebel. Nor is it like the "Zhumen wine stinks and frozen bones" in later generations. Because of serious corruption, officials forced the people to rebel. Later Confucianism advocated the rule of man, but not by law. A word was decided by the monarch, but the wind of rule by man and flattery still exists today. Qin Shihuang initiated the post station system and built post roads. It laid a technical foundation for the decree access of the huge empire and the resulting county-based imperial power country. "Building a post road and establishing a county" is a necessary condition for China to adopt the advanced county system to replace the western enfeoffment system. At the same time, Rome can't effectively control the occupied areas, and there is only one powerful governor (the governor is in charge of the military and political power of a place, all of whom are nobles, and the grass-roots organizations rely on the original local organizations), which is still similar to the enfeoffment system, which is a very important reason for the later division of the Roman Empire. The county system is a civilian system, and its military and political leaders are appointed by the emperor. According to their political achievements, their military achievements can be raised or lowered and leveled, which leads to the emergence of professional bureaucrats and professional soldiers. Professional bureaucrats and professional soldiers can come from civilians, and county bureaucrats effectively protect the rights of civilians (cloth clothes) to participate in the discussion of state affairs (for example, Reese and Meng Ao are both cloth clothes, so they can only pay homage to each other according to military merits). Compared with the aristocratic politics of the feudal system, it is undoubtedly a huge historical progress. This is the origin of the civil service system and the military system in modern countries. The Qin Empire established by Qin Shihuang laid the foundation that China's political system was more advanced than that of the West in recent 1700 years. The so-called "Han inherited the Qin system", "its system was unchanged from Qin" and "Qin politics and law were practiced in previous dynasties". China, in the era of imperial power in 2000, basically followed the system of Qin Dynasty in political system. Li Bai's "Antique" poem: "Qin Wang sweeps Liuhe, he looks!" Sang Hongyang affirmed Qin Shihuang's achievement in unifying China in his works. Modern Zhang Taiyan also praised Qin Shihuang in Qin Zheng Ji 19 13.

Negative evaluation

Because Qin Shihuang promoted the Legalist theory of "ruling the country according to law", and later the rulers of China promoted the Confucian theory with benevolence and the golden mean as the core. Therefore, Qin Shihuang often appears as a negative example in various essays and historical records. Such as Jia Yi's On Qin and so on. Historical Records of the First Qin Emperor quotes Jia Yi's On Qin: 1. The king of Qin was greedy for money, self-motivated, didn't believe in merit, didn't kiss the gentry, abolished kingship, established private rights, and prohibited documents from abusing the law. After bullying the former righteousness, it began with tyranny. 4. When one person is in trouble, seven halls fall down, and his body dies and his hands die, laughing for the world. Why? Unscrupulous attack and defense are also different. Qin Shihuang was regarded as a tyrant by many historians and would do anything for power. The Great Wall of Wan Li, Qin Chi Road, Lingqu, Epang Palace and the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor are all very large, and the population of the whole country is under construction. Many documents denounce the death and injury of many people in the construction process, but on the other hand, they have further developed the transportation in various places and contributed to the future transportation, economy and trade and the integration of all ethnic groups. Therefore, whether Qin Shihuang's achievements are great or too great has always been a point of debate in the history circle.

Mao Zedong comments on Qin Shihuang

(1) Qin Shihuang was an expert who cared about the present and cherished the past. (2) On one occasion, he said to Zhang: You said that the * * * production party is equal to Qin Shihuang, which is not true. 100 times. (3) Confucius and Mencius are idealists, Xunzi is materialist and Confucian leftist. Confucius represents slave owners and nobles. Xunzi represents the landlord class. He added: In the history of China, the real doer was Qin Shihuang, and Confucius only talked empty words. For thousands of years, Confucius became a mere formality, but actually acted according to Qin Shihuang. Qin Shihuang used students from Lisi, Legalist and Xunzi. Confucius has some advantages, but not very good. We should be fair. Qin Shihuang was much greater than Confucius. Confucius is empty talk. Qin Shihuang was the first person to unify China. It not only unified China politically, but also unified China's writing and various systems in China, such as weights and measures, some of which are still in use today. No second feudal monarch in China has surpassed him, but he has been scolded for thousands of years. 5] I advise you to scold Qin Shihuang less and discuss the reasons for burning the pit. The ancestral dragon's soul is still dead in Qin, and Confucius' scientific name is high. EMI is good at Qin politics and law, but ten batches are not good articles. Be familiar with the feudal theory of the Tang Dynasty, and don't return to King Wen from zihou. Politicians of all ages have made great achievements, and legalists were all in the early feudal society. These people advocate the rule of law and beheading if they break the law. They advocate respecting the present and cherishing the past. Confucianism is full of benevolence and morality, full of thieves and prostitutes, and all advocate respecting the past and cherishing the present. [6] Qin Shihuang was the first famous emperor in China feudal society. I am also Qin Shihuang. Lin Biao called me Qin Shihuang. China has always been divided into two factions. A group said that Qin Shihuang was good, while a group said that Qin Shihuang was bad. I agree with Qin Shihuang, but I disagree with Confucius. Because Qin Shihuang was the first to unify China, unified the writing and built a broad road. He did not use a country within a country, but a centralized system. The central government sent people to various places and changed them every few years. There was no hereditary system. Once, Qin Huang Hanwu, slightly lost literary talent-Mao Zedong also thought that Qin Shihuang lacked literary talent.

Emperor Wu of Han dynasty

He was the first emperor to criticize himself with "guilt and remorse". In the fourth year of the conscription system (89 BC), Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty declared to the world that he had caused suffering to the people, and he would never resort to war, waste people's money or even express his inner remorse. This is the "guilt on the wheel platform". This imperial edict is the first imperial edict in the history of China. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was undoubtedly the first person who dared to abandon himself and put himself at the center of world public opinion! At this point, the emperors of later generations made a big mistake, and they also "blamed themselves" and publicly admitted their mistakes, showing the attitude of a wise monarch. Ji An, an outspoken critic, once criticized Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty: The emperor killed too many people, even those he trusted on weekdays, and he would not forgive them. At this rate, all the talents in the world will be killed sooner or later. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was unmoved and smiled indifferently: There are no talents in the world, but the master has no eye for talents. If you can identify talents, why worry about the lack of talents in the world? It is often not enough to recruit a scholar-bureaucrat. However, the nature is severe. Although ministers always love believers, they may break the law or bully them. They need to punish them. Ji An remonstrated, saying, "Your majesty has been killed because he has been diligent in seeking talents and failed to make good use of them. The number of people is limited, and I am afraid that all the talents in the world will be used up. Who makes your majesty rule * * *? The dark word is very angry. He smiled and said, Why is there no talent? Ears that the patient can't know. If you can know, why is there no one? The so-called talents are still useful tools, but he refuses to use them all. Without talent, why not kill people? ) is such a talent as dirt. On the one hand, he cherishes talents extremely. Dong Fangshuo

Under the feudal autocratic system, there are two bad habits in the use of talents: one is cronyism, and only those who are familiar with their cronies are used; Second, when it comes to seniority, we must follow the "thirty-nine steps" and climb up one level at a time, and we must not "mess up" the rules. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty will not be ruined by words: as long as he is talented, his father Yan holds different political views, and Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty is still thirsty for talents; 2. Dare to be promoted by exception: Because of his ability, Wei Qing was born a slave, and Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty was promoted by exception. Not only that, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty even abandoned orthodoxy, tolerated all kinds of people, and discovered Dong Fangshuo with one eye, turning the solemn court into a lounge full of warmth and happiness, and the monarch and his subjects were like playmates; At the same time, he didn't lose his principle because of rude remarks, but praised Dong Fangshuo's slanderers and obeyed his orders. When he first read the myth, he was very admired. When you meet the author Sima Xiangru, if you get the treasure, let him enjoy the same writing treatment as himself. Being able to recognize, tolerate and employ people, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty is unique throughout the ages. Both Qin Shihuang and Emperor Gaozu regarded literati as corrupt scholars, while Emperor Taizong and Emperor Gaozong of the Qing Dynasty may know people, but after all, they are not generous enough. What Emperor Wudi misunderstood and disputed was the castration of Sima Qian, the greatest historian in China history. Sima Qian praised and criticized him in Historical Records, and Ban Gu's Records of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty greatly praised his literary administration: Ban Gu praised: filial piety was established at the beginning, and hundreds of schools ousted hundreds of schools, and he only respected the Six Classics, so he sought advice from the sea, praised its greatness and made contributions to it. Revitalizing the country's prison, repairing the countryside's worship, correcting the new moon, fixing the year, adjusting the temperament, making fun of poetry, building a temple, worshiping the gods, and ordering articles after Zhou Yan can be described as new ideas. Heirs can follow hongye and have three generations of wind. For example, Liang Wudi is rich in talents, and does not change the gift of mountains and rivers to save the people. Although the poems and books can't be supplemented. Ban Gu never mentioned the martial arts of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, indicating that he had reservations about the martial arts of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. In Sima Guang's History as a Mirror, there are both praise and criticism: the minister said: filial piety is extravagant, complicated punishment is heavy, palaces are extravagant, and foreign affairs are four foreigners. I'm confused. I cruise too much. Few people are different from Qin Shihuang, because they make people tired and become thieves. However, if the Qin Dynasty perishes and the Han Dynasty prospers, filial piety can respect Wang Zhidao first, keep what he knows, and be honest and straightforward. The wicked bully the weak and fear the hard, the wise are tireless and the punishment is severe. It's late. Care about others. Is it because of the loss of Qin and the disaster of Qin? Why do people have such different views on Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty? Liu Che, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty-Maoling

First of all, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty is a very multifaceted person. He is a politician with a political mind; But he is also an ordinary person, full of joys and sorrows. He is a wise gentleman and knows his historical responsibility; But he is also a tyrant, fighting willfully; He not only made great contributions to the world, but also brought great disasters to the world. He dotes on the woman he likes, but he not only moved his heart, but also killed the woman he likes for the country. He is extremely clever and extremely confused; I sacrificed tens of thousands of lives for the legendary BMW. When we approach him, we will find that in these opposing roles, he is not simply either one or the other. In a dilemma, when it is very urgent, he will hesitate and even be extremely painful; There are also ordinary people's joys and sorrows, mean calculations, insomnia and anxiety. In the eyes of ordinary people, he is decisive, confident and talented. However, when we make a final decision on him, we often go to extremes and say that it will be a good time; It's hard to write a book if you say something bad. In this way, differences are inevitable. We can't judge anyone by a single standard. Human nature is complicated, let alone a feudal emperor! Perhaps his kindness is from the heart, or it may be a means to win people's hearts; Maybe his bad behavior is caused by imperial power and he has to do it, or maybe he was born so heartless. Therefore, since we can't get rid of his imperial shackles, our evaluation can only wander between his two identities of emperor and mortal. How can you say it all in one sentence?

Emperor Taizong

New Tang book:

What a pity! The ruler of Zhi Zhi will never leave this world! Yu has the world, there are six kings in ten miles, and Shao Kang has the industry of ZTE. The soup spread all over the world, to the twenty-eight kings, and those who were very prosperous were called three cases. The prince of Wu has the world and passed it on to the thirty-six kings. The one who succeeded was Gong Xuan, the sum of Kang, and there is nothing to say about the rest. Although there are omissions in the poetry books, there are more than 700 years in three generations, and there are more than 70 monarchs. Only these six or seven monarchs have their excellent works seen in later generations. Alas, it's rare! Evaluation of Old Tang Book: Mitchell said: Guan Wendi, a minister, has made many strange achievements and cleverness in SHEN WOO. Pulling people out is not personal to the party, but passive ambition is to do our best. Therefore, the enemy is willing to fall in love with him; Ma Zhou and Liu Yue, estranged from each other, died and appointed Jun Heng. Finally, I thank you. Try to talk about: the foundation moistens the clouds, and the insects sing and jump. Although Yao Shun is a saint, he can't compare with Qiong Qi. Yi and Lv Zhixian can't make a fortune for peace. When the monarch and the minister were killed, their eyes were gouged out, and the ants were weak, and the good was different from the value. With the house and Wei, they have more hills and caves, so they can respect the Lord and protect the people. Kuang Fazhou and Zhou Chengzhi are hereditary, but I have a legacy; He is more ashamed of virtue than the grandeur of Chinese and martial arts. I won't be confused, but I've been good at this for a thousand years. Just one person! Jason Wu said in "Preface to Zhenguan Politicians": "Taizong's current politics is considerable, and it has existed since ancient times, but nothing exists." Ge Zhi, the author of Zhenguan Power Collection in Yuan Dynasty, said: "Fu Taizong took the matter of two emperors and three kings as the way of self-cultivation and was ashamed of the way of family." However, he sacrificed himself to remonstrate, be virtuous, use himself, be diligent and thrifty, and be generous in loving the people. He is also a descendant of three generations, and there is no one else except himself. After a gentleman, it is beneficial to choose good and follow it, but not good and change it! "Here, Emperor Taizong committed the crime of two emperors and three kings in terms of self-cultivation and family harmony, mainly referring to Emperor Taizong and his younger brother Li competing for the throne. When Ming Xianzong ordered Confucian scholars to revise and reprint Zhenguan dignitaries, he wrote: "Emperor Taizong was a wise king in the Tang Dynasty, who helped the world and the people. He is great and outstanding. It's a pity that those who cultivate themselves are guilty of two emperors and three Wang Zhidao, and their treatment is not pure. "As we all know, Li Shimin is a person. No one is perfect, everyone makes mistakes. In the later period of Zhenguan, Emperor Taizong began to have some changes, first reflected in Shangshu. In the tenth year of Zhenguan (636), Wei Zhi found that he "spoke frankly, which was the beginning of some mistakes made by Emperor Taizong. First, to conquer Goguryeo, some people think it was a wrong move, which was necessary and needed according to the situation at that time. First, Goguryeo is responsible for waging war. Goguryeo brazenly attacked Silla, a vassal state of the Tang Dynasty, and provoked war. In order to maintain his authority, Tang needed to wage war to protect the interests of his vassal States. Second, in the war, Tang Jun is just and human, which is also an external condition to ensure that Tang Jun has little loss. All the cities captured by Tang Jun supported Tang Jun, but in order to maintain justice and humanization, it led to local stability and prolonged the war period. Third, Tang Jun's retreat and the subsequent war fully reflected Li Shimin's mind and superb strategic thinking. Tang Jun wiped out 40,000 people in Koguryo with a loss of 2,000 people, which is rare throughout the ages. When retreating, the enemy rarely bows to the city wall. The military harassment and political blockade in Tang Jun's later period made Goguryeo's strength go from bad to worse, and finally Gaozong eliminated Goguryeo. At the same time, not only Emperor Taizong, but also hundreds of historians such as Dong Hu, Chen Shou and Taishi since the Spring and Autumn Period, not to mention the literary inquisition in the Qing Dynasty. Besides, Xu doesn't like it, which shows that the history of the early Tang Dynasty should be credible. In the early years of Zhenguan, Emperor Taizong demanded land and materials from obedient nomadic tribes in the north, regardless of the dissuasion of ministers Wei Zhi and Li Daliang. As a result, these tribes became more and more hungry after enjoying the benefits of the Tang Dynasty and simply rebelled. Later, Emperor Taizong himself reviewed: "The people of China are the foundation of the world, and the people of the four barbarians are the same branches and leaves. They are disturbed by their dense branches and leaves. They seek a long-term sense of security, but they have nothing. " At first, I didn't accept Kevin·Z's statement, so I felt very tired. I lost my calm for a long time. "In the twenty years of Zhenguan (646), he came back from the Liaodong Campaign. Emperor Taizong fell ill and has been nursed back to health ever since, so he began to take Jinshi Dan medicine refined by the alchemist. In the past, Emperor Taizong once laughed at Qin Huang Hanwu's infatuation with alchemy and seeking pills, but now he himself can't help falling into it. In the twenty-first year of Zhenguan (647), Emperor Taizong suffered from "wind disease" again. He was irritable and afraid of heat, so he had the Cuiwei Palace at the peak of Mount Li built. The next year, he sent someone from Tianzhu to find the sleep of Fangshiluona, and his condition deteriorated. In the 23rd year of Zhenguan (649), he died in Hanfengtang on May 26th (10 July) at the age of 52.

Songzu

Fan Zhongyan once said sincerely: "I have never killed a servant lightly since my ancestors. This is a matter of great virtue." ("Fan Zhongyan Chronicle Li Qing Zhao Kuangyin Gold Coin"

Three years "), the most important reason is that there are" three commandments of pulling stones "(Taizu tablet oath). Wang Fuzhi said: Mao Xerox was locked in a temple, became the heir to the throne, and knelt down to study. There are three commandments: First, preserve the descendants of Chai; Second, don't kill literati; Third, no arable land. Oh! If these three things happen, you can't be virtuous. (On Song, Volume I, Mao III) 1. Song Taizu and Zhao Kuangyin's greatest contribution and achievement in their life is to restore the unification of the main areas of China, and to end the 200-year-long warlord regime and warlord scuffle since the Anshi Rebellion. The people who suffered from the war finally have a peaceful and peaceful production and living environment, which has created good conditions for social progress, economic development and cultural prosperity. There were two great divisions in the history of China, one in the Northern and Southern Dynasties and the other in the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms. As the terminator of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms and the pioneer of the Song Dynasty, Zhao Kuangyin was an important figure in the history of China. Second, Song Taizu pursues the concept of "ruling the country by literature" and resolutely implements the basic national policy of "ruling the country by literature". Through a series of important measures, such as making an oath, respecting Confucius, perfecting the imperial examination, creating the imperial examination, knowing people well, being generous and honest, he became the most respected king of the generation of civil administration in China history, and completely reversed the martial arts style since the end of the Tang Dynasty, so that later generations had the reputation of "Song Dynasty is a paradise for literati". Therefore, Song Taizu can also be called the terminator of barbaric politics in Five Dynasties and Ten Countries and the pioneer of civilized politics in later generations. Thirdly, Zhao Kuangyin adopted three major programs: recruiting elite soldiers, depriving them of their power and controlling their money valley, cleverly quenching thirst by drinking poison, weakening relative power, withdrawing counties and establishing cities, strengthening internal and external relations, changing once every three years, setting up a general judgment and dispatching system. In one fell swoop, the historical situation of the separatist regime in the buffer region was leveled. Therefore, in the history of more than 300 years in the Song Dynasty, there has never been any serious civil strife or local separatism. Fourthly, the collective leadership of the early Song Dynasty, headed by Song Taizu, made great efforts to make the social economy of the early Song Dynasty prosperous rapidly. Song Taizu made a series of wise decisions, such as reducing corvee, collecting taxes exclusively, governing the country according to law, building water conservancy, developing production, managing officials well, encouraging farming and mulberry, and changing customs. , not only healed the wounds of the 200-year war as soon as possible, but also quickly pushed the Song Dynasty to unprecedented prosperity, resulting in the famous "Stegosaurus Rule" in history. In addition, Song Taizu himself has several perfect personality charms: being honest and clean, hating evil, being generous, being open-minded, never tired of learning, being diligent and loving the people, being strict with himself, being quiet, advocating frugality, and setting an example. , not only has a great demonstration role in changing the extravagant atmosphere since the Five Dynasties, but also is deeply discussed by later historians. Compared with other famous dynasties in history, the Song Dynasty established by Song Taizu reached the pinnacle of China civilization with its distinctive literati political characteristics, which can be described as the most enlightened dynasty in the history of autocratic monarchy in China. Therefore, in the history of more than 300 years, the Song Dynasty enjoyed a high reputation among the people and had a far-reaching impact on later generations, although it was weak for a long time.

Genghis Khan:

The army and horse fought all their lives, creating a miracle in the history of the East and even all mankind. As a far-sighted and ambitious political activist, as a military commander with strict military control and as a god of revenge, his brilliant achievements may be unprecedented for Mongols.

In order to complete the historical mission of establishing a unified country, Genghis Khan first established an army with strict organization, iron discipline and strong combat effectiveness. Zasa was promulgated, with clear rewards and punishments. Treat noble generals and ordinary soldiers almost equally. For example, when 1202 attacked Tatar, Zasa stipulated: if you defeat the enemy, you can't divide the spoils privately, and share them equally after the war; If defeated by the enemy, hurry back to the original starting point, and those who don't return will be beheaded. But Genghis Khan's two uncles and his younger brother invaded Zasa and shared the spoils on the battlefield, all of which were confiscated. Genghis Khan once said: Anyone who opposes the enemy without having to die, though expensive, will be punished (Feng Genghis Khan Biography). Treating his subordinates, Genghis Khan advocated teaching by example and paying equal attention to rewards and punishments. Educate those who violate Zasa once or twice; People who have been exiled to distant places for more than three times (Genghis Khan, Yu ...). At the same time, Genghis Khan did not fight an unprepared battle. Before each battle, he sent people to find out the actual situation of the other camp and held a Huli Letai to discuss the battle plan in detail. Once a decision is made, he will never waver. More importantly, Genghis Khan never fought an unjust war.

In the process of reunification, Genghis Khan was kind to others and won the hearts of the people. According to the Yuan History, many departments of Taiji Li Wu suffered from the master's violation of the law. When the emperor was lenient, they gave people a horse to please others. People call it a gentleman's degree, but only Prince Temujin? (History of the Yuan Dynasty 1 Taizong Ancestor) Genghis Khan became the central figure admired by people.

Meritocracy, quantity is applicable. Genghis Khan not only broke the clan and tribal boundaries within Mongolia and the privileges of the old clan nobles, but also broke the boundaries between ethnic groups. The generals he promoted and reused were basically tempered by actual combat. Among them are people of noble birth, civilians and slaves. For example, Bowo 'er is the son of a herdsman, Zhele 'er is the son of a blacksmith, Diegai Bater is a shepherd, Badai and Qiuli Hei are slaves, and it is the first Dahan awarded by Genghis Khan. Genghis Khan's four subordinates: suddenly came to Barrulas, did not come to Taiwan, Zhelemi was a Uighur, and Zhe Bie was a Thai Buddhist country; Four outstanding figures: Bovor was born in Arulati, Muqali was born in Zhalair, Boluohule was a diligent advocate, and Chilavin Bater was a family member of Taiyi Latibutog.

Genghis Khan unified the grassland tribes and created conditions for the development of culture. For example, in 1204, after Genghis Khan captured Tattagong, he ordered him to teach vassals to write Mandarin with the word "fear of my son" (Yuan Shi 124 Tattagong Biography), which made Mongolians start to use characters (fear of my son). 1206, Genghis Khan decided to use the word "fear my son" as the official language. In the same year, Genghis Khan ordered him to write the Book of Youth in Uighur characters. The Secret History of Mongolia written in 1240 is the first important document of Mongolians.

The promulgation of Zasa twice opened the way to rule the country according to law. The formation of a unified situation has guaranteed the development of social productive forces. In order to strengthen economic exchanges with neighboring regions and countries, Genghis Khan issued an imperial edict, set up Hallac (Guards) on the main road, and issued Zasa: All businessmen who enter Mongolia will be issued passports (Feini Zhi's History of World Conquerors) to encourage foreign businessmen to do business in Mongolia (General History of Mongolia by the Institute of History of Inner Mongolia Academy of Social Sciences, National Publishing House, 200 1).

After Genghis Khan unified the ministries of Mongolia, he embarked on the road of external expansion. According to Yuan Zhuan, Genghis Khan was born and died for forty years. On his deathbed, he also made a strategic plan to destroy the gold, saying: the elite gold soldiers are in Tongguan, with mountains in the south and rivers in the north, which are difficult to break. If it's a fake feud between Song and Jin, it's certainly ok for me, then I'll go down to Tang and Deng and take the lead. If you are in a hurry, you must recruit Tongguan. However, with tens of thousands of people and thousands of miles to help, the troops are exhausted. Although they can't fight, they will be broken! Internally, Genghis Khan laid the foundation for an unprecedented unified China. Genghis Khan objectively expanded ancient China in an unprecedented way, which made her have 56 brothers and sisters. It can be said that Genghis Khan's contribution and influence to China has surpassed that of all people so far.

However, the battles launched by Genghis Khan were all aimed at revenge at first, but later they continued to crusade, even sweeping the innocent and trampling on the country to protect itself. Large-scale Western Expedition, especially in the South Caucasus and Caspian grassland, has brought profound disasters to people all over the world.

But at the same time, Genghis Khan's external expansion is also quite positive objectively. After Genghis Khan's expedition to the west, Asia and Europe formally communicated, and envoys from the East and the West kept coming and going, which greatly promoted the economic and cultural exchanges and development between the East and the West. Li Sichun said in his "Meta-History" that the Mongols invaded the west in order to break through the blocked roads in the past and make the castes of all ethnic groups meet. Zhou Zhizhong, a Yuan Dynasty man, also said in his "Exotic Records" that Samarkand (now a city in Uzbekistan) is extremely rich in his country, and its battlements and houses are no different from those in China. ..... as rich as China, businessmen who go to other countries don't want to go back.

In a word, Genghis Khan's merits and demerits are enormous and his influence is long-lasting. On the one hand, it is a yellow disaster storm, on the other hand, it is a pioneer of the Great Harmony World, which has promoted the development of human history. Genghis Khan created the most remarkable history of Mongolian people and became their eternal spiritual wealth.