FOB CNF and CIF are trade terms in international trade:

FOB named port of shipment) means that when the goods cross the ship's rail at the named port of shipment, the seller completes the delivery. This means that from now on, the buyer must bear all risks of loss or damage to the goods.

CFR/CNF is the combination of one of the letters of the word cost and freight, which means cost and freight in Chinese. Designated port of destination means that when the goods cross the ship's rail at the designated port of shipment, the seller completes the delivery task.

CIF consists of the first letter of cost, insurance and freight (.. destination port, which means cost, insurance and freight in Chinese.

Three sets of trade terms for delivery in exporting countries:

1), group e: E.W.X, ex works.

2) Group F.C.A, where the goods are delivered to the carrier; Free on board at the port of shipment; Free on board at the port of shipment.

3), group C, C.F.R, cost and freight; Cost, insurance and freight; Freight paid to (designated destination); The cif price, freight and insurance premium shall be paid to (the designated destination).

There are five trade terms for delivery in the importing country:

1), D.A.F, frontier delivery;

2) FOB port of destination;

3) D.E.Q. for delivery at the port of destination

4), D.D.V, unpaid delivery;

Delivered duty paid.

Why 3. Delivery on CIF terms, () A. When loading.

Are you asking:

Delivery under CIF conditions, ()

A. the time of shipment precedes the time of delivery. C. the time of shipment is later than the time of delivery.

B. the time of shipment coincides with the time of delivery. D. the order depends on the mode of transportation.

My understanding is as follows, not necessarily the same as the online answer, but mine is correct:

In CIF, FOB and CFR price terms, the time of shipment is the time of delivery, which symbolizes the goods. If the price terms are DAP, DAT or DDP, the shipment time is later than the delivery time, because the delivery of these three terms is the actual goods.

Delivery under cif conditions A. The shipment time is earlier than the delivery time C. The shipment time is later than the delivery time ~ ~ ~ Help me choose which one and why.

The risk division point of CIF is the ship's side of the port of shipment, so when the buyer delivers the goods to the ship's side of the port of shipment, the shipment time is later than the delivery time.

If the terms of trade are changed to DDU goods DDP or other terms of trade are delivered at the port of destination, the shipment time will precede the delivery time.

This is my understanding, but if this topic is based on Incoterms20 10, it is actually flawed. Incoterms 20 10 and Incoterms 2000 are published in CIF and FOB ~

Iv. Risks and preventive measures under the delivery conditions of CIF, FOB and CFR.

Due to the rapid increase of freight in recent years, in order to avoid the risk of freight increase, many salesmen often only quote F shares for export, or are willing to accept FOB prices, resulting in a sharp increase in FOB prices, and some foreign trade enterprises have reached more than 80%. The frequent increase in freight charges has turned the original meager profit list into unprofitable or even loss, which all business personnel are unwilling to accept. However, judging from the increasingly high FOB price, foreign trade salesmen are not at ease. The problems of comprehensive FOB are as follows:

1, FOB designated shipping company, in the case of insufficient shipping space, may not be able to guarantee the booking of shipping space. For FOB goods, shipping companies that find low freight rates through computers and are not big customers often do not arrange shipping space. According to some foreign trade companies, when exporters strive for fast shipment, a shipping company claims that there are no boxes, and it costs 500 dollars to adjust the boxes. The goods are ready and cannot be shipped out. The letter of credit has expired, so we have to bite the bullet and pay a high container transfer fee. Another disadvantage of the designated shipping company is that the time from the seller's preparation to delivery is often very short, and the shipping company usually has only one flight in the port every week. If the goods are not ready, they will have to wait until next week. If the shipment is delayed, the buyer will have to modify the shipment date. When the market changes, the other party does not repair the certificate and our goods are ready, the loss is certain.

2. Under FOB price, more customers designate freight forwarders instead of shipping companies, not to mention the risks of sellers.

① Most of these freight forwarders are overseas freight forwarders and only have offices in China, so it is difficult to verify their qualifications. Therefore, cases of collusion between customers and freight forwarders and delivery without bill of lading have occurred frequently. This is because the bill of lading issued by the freight forwarder can only be used for bank negotiation and does not have the nature of a document of title. When the fact of delivery without bill of lading occurs, it is often lost in transit, so the shipper has to travel by himself and try to reissue it by other means, but there is nothing he can do.

3. The increase of 3.FOB price is not conducive to the development of shipping and insurance industry in China. In recent years, with the development of China's foreign trade, China's three major shipping companies (COSCO, China Shipping and Sinotrans) have made great progress. If foreign trade makes FOB price to avoid the risk of freight increase, it will make the development of China Shipping lose its supply base. If the captain of a country can't get up, it will be the national and domestic shippers who will suffer in the end, because foreign ships occupy the main share of the shipping market, and China loses the initiative of foreign transportation, which will make the import and export vulnerable. Now North America and Europe export to China with low freight rates, which enhances the competitiveness of their export products; On the contrary, China's high export freight rate weakens the competitiveness of our products.

To sum up, in foreign negotiations, we must try our best to achieve CIF and CFR prices. Generally speaking, CIF and CFR prices have the following advantages:

(1) Be able to take the initiative in shipping. When a shipping company can't catch up with the shipping schedule, it can choose other shipping companies to ship:

(2) Foreign trade enterprises with large 2)CIF cargo volume can concentrate their cargo volume and negotiate preferential freight rates with shipping companies, thus truly becoming "gods". If we all set FDB prices, even companies that export hundreds of millions of dollars will be small companies and small shippers from the perspective of transportation, and will not be favored by shipping companies and freight forwarders.

③ It reduces the intermediate link of assigning freight forwarders on FOB price, which not only saves RMB expenses, but also can understand and control the workflow dynamics such as packaging and customs clearance, and avoid unnecessary delivery accidents.

It is beneficial to the development of China's shipping industry and insurance industry, and to the development of foreign trade.

Ye He (Jiangsu Foreign Trade Shippers Association):

There are generally three situations for the buyer to use FOB: first, the seller quoted a high CIF price, and he could find a shipping company or freight forwarder at the port of destination to get a good price; Second, because of the need of container transportation, they buy goods from several or more domestic sellers, and need to concentrate the goods for them through a shipping company or freight forwarder, and distribute the goods according to their requirements. Generally speaking, the settlement of foreign exchange is based on the invoice; Thirdly, in order to save the formalities of customs declaration and delivery at the destination port, we have signed a perennial freight agreement with the shipping company or freight forwarder to provide services. In the latter two cases, it is generally difficult for the seller to persuade the buyer to change the FOB C & ampf or CIF price.

Ren Maorong (Jiangsu Huihong Group Medicine and Health Products Import and Export Co., Ltd.):

As one of the three basic prices of foreign trade, FOB terms clearly define the rights, obligations and risks of buyers and sellers. The transportation problems involved in this clause are beneficial to the seller (us):

1. For some transportation terms that are unacceptable to the United States or remote destination ports, FOB terms can be adopted.

2. In some cases, by adopting FOB clause, we can avoid the fluctuation of freight and insurance premium, which will cause the instability of cost accounting, thus reducing trade risks and effectively safeguarding our interests;

3. In order to ensure the normal operation of the business, we have adopted FOB price terms under the special transportation and payment methods stipulated by customers or under the circumstances that the current conditions cannot meet the requirements of customers.

FOB mode is a reflection of the shipper's pursuit of profit and perfection. But I don't know that under the condition of FOB price, the goods are often handed over to the freight forwarder designated by the customer, and the bill of lading is obtained after shipment or the freight receipt is obtained after delivery for negotiation. There are great risks in this operation. To this end, many shippers have suffered enough.

Shen Li (Jiangsu Light Industry Products Import and Export Group Co., Ltd.):

Freight forwarder designated by FOB customer. At first, we thought that the freight was paid by the customer. Of course, he has the right to instruct us who will deliver the goods, but the facts have taught us. L, increased the port collection fee. The freight forwarder designated by the customer is an overseas freight forwarder. He has no right to declare in China, but only has an office in Shanghai, which restricts us from sending the goods to the warehouse designated by him in Shanghai. We could have delivered the goods from the nearest port, but now we have to pay more for the port-gathering freight. 2. All documents are delivered, and the freight forwarder does not provide any services, which increases the delivery cost. 3. Paying fixed one-time port charges and other RMB charges is far higher than the general charges in Shanghai. If this fee is not paid, the bill of lading will not be given. After we negotiated and showed the charging standards of some major freight forwarders in Shanghai, we reluctantly agreed to the later adjustment. 4. Failing to issue the freight forwarding bill of lading according to the actual sailing date. Our goods were delivered to the warehouse as early as five days before the date of shipment, and the bill of lading can be issued according to the date of shipment. However, they issued the bill of lading according to the actual sailing date, which was a day late and repeatedly negotiated with them. The other party is arrogant and ignores it, just dialing the wrong number to settle foreign exchange. After several shipments, Shanghai Customs should conduct trademark infringement inspection on the export of similar goods at the request of relevant factories in Shanghai. The first-class forwarder informed the overseas forwarder but did not inform us, which led to customs clearance. The customer fax accused us of not cooperating with the inspection, but we went to the freight forwarding theory, and the attitude of the specific staff was still very arrogant. We must ask the customs for inspection and shipment as soon as possible. If we don't appoint a freight forwarder, we can ship the goods at Jiangsu Port. 6. The "two orders" rebate is even more serious for these overseas freight forwarders, and it will take several times to get it back.

After the above sufferings, we have to make a very solemn statement to our customers. Although it is difficult for German customers to change their practices, we only amended the letter of credit with our efforts.

Statement (Jiangsu Shippers Association):

1996, domestic company a and American company b signed a sales contract with a value of 300,000 USD, the price terms were FoB, the payment method was/kloc-0.5% in advance before shipment, and the balance was paid within 4 days after the goods arrived at the destination port. At the same time, on the one hand, Company B insured the export credit insurance for the insurance company, on the other hand, it was clearly agreed with Company M that both the consignor and the consignee on the bill of lading were Company A. Without the consent of Company A, Company M was not allowed to release the goods ... On the surface, it seemed foolproof, but after the goods arrived at the destination port, Company B failed to cash the bill for payment at the specified time. Repeated reminders failed. Company A then asked Company M to assist in transporting the goods back. However, it turns out that the goods have been distributed by company M to company B without authorization. In desperation, Company A had to sue Company M for delivering goods without bill of lading. However, since Company M has almost no property in the Mainland, it is extremely unlikely that Company A will recover its losses. The occurrence of this case is a painful lesson for company A, and the most important thing is that it cannot accept the request of company B to appoint freight forwarders under FOB conditions.

Under construction (Jiangsu Huihong International Group Cotton Knitwear Import and Export Co., Ltd.):

The competition in the freight market is becoming more and more fierce. In the CIF market, the battle is almost over. Therefore, freight forwarders do customer work through foreign agents, which leads to a large number of goods being transported from the original CIF terms to FoB terms. In recent years, more than one third of our goods are shipped on FOB basis. For shipment under FOB conditions, due to the uneven quality of freight forwarders, inflexible operation and irregular charges, it is simply: "It is not negotiable to kill you." Rmb is very expensive (in Shanghai, some freight forwarders guarantee the freight, so as to avoid long-term arrears of freight or even bad debts after the goods are delivered.

Ren Maorong (Jiangsu Huihong Medicine and Health Products Import and Export Co., Ltd.):

The seller's signing FOB price does more harm than good, especially the risk degree is greatly increased, and our control over the goods is greatly weakened. In order to reduce risks and take the initiative, we suggest that exporters in foreign trade should do more CIF business and less or no FOB business. Because:

First, from a big perspective, the adoption of FOB clause is not conducive to the development of China's foreign trade transportation and insurance industry, because freight and insurance are paid in cash.

Secondly, customers require FOB mode, which is generally based on having a special relationship with shipping companies or freight forwarders or getting cheap freight. Even under the conditions of letter of credit, it is difficult for us to guarantee the absolute safety of the goods. Because of the special relationship with shipping companies or freight forwarders, customers can guarantee delivery first, which will delay payment and affect our normal foreign exchange collection. On the other hand, after taking delivery, customers often put forward some unreasonable demands, making things difficult for us, turning the original safer settlement method into commercial credit, increasing the risk and putting us in a passive and unfavorable position.

According to FOB terms, the shipping company or agent is appointed by the buyer, so we can't know the credit and strength of the shipping company or agent. For business, we must order, deliver and pay according to the requirements of the shipping company or agent designated by the other party. As for whether the ship can be delivered on time, it is not known whether the payment standard is reasonable. In order to settle foreign exchange safely and get the bill of lading as soon as possible, we have to accept its unreasonable requirements and charging standards. (The cost of RMB is twice that of Jiangsu), and the quality of most freight forwarders' services is not high, so they have to pay (RMB cost) documents. After seeing the transaction receipt, they will not give you the bill of lading until the money arrives, which will inevitably affect the settlement of foreign exchange. In addition, the recovery of tax refund forms, verification forms and other documents is also very difficult and lagging behind. Some freight forwarders rarely do a few transactions a year, and the goods have been shipped for more than half a year. They didn't know how to return the cancellation form and the late payment form to the owner until the owner urged them to remember. Then, some people found it, and those who didn't find it left. In the end, the owner suffered a loss. Summarize the recovery of tax arrears and other three bills in recent years. Under CIF terms, almost none of the goods arranged by the storage and transportation department have problems. Even if there is a problem, it can be solved quickly. For the goods shipped from other ports such as Shanghai and Ningbo under the F-lease clause, there are always more than 10 tax refund forms lost every year, and these tax refund forms will not be reissued after being lost. Therefore, it is necessary to stop the phenomenon that F-tenant goods are shipped on behalf of different ports.

Ye He Jiangsu Shippers Association:

I think FDB is on the rise now, mainly:

1. In the past, foreign trade was controlled, and MOFTEC repeatedly asked for quotations to export CIF and import FoB. Because foreign trade enterprises try to be self-financing in 1988, companies and even salesmen often conduct foreign transactions on the premise of profit and loss. Therefore, they seldom consider factors such as protecting the national ship and protecting the yangtze river international branch line, so when the other party asked for FOB price terms, they didn't do much persuasion, and even now they have difficulties in doing business. However, some companies, such as Minmetals Corporation of our province, stipulate that exports should be done less and F-tenancy should not be done to avoid export risks, so the FOB share of the company is still very small.

Second, China has gradually opened its service trade industry to the outside world, and foreign shipping companies and overseas freight forwarding companies have set up companies and offices in China to set up service outlets. First of all, the buyer's container transportation industry became active, and then the freight forwarder who had an agreement with the buyer could accept the buyer's entrustment to book the shipping space because of its outlets in Shanghai, which is unacceptable to us (because there is no such goods in China).

Ⅳ Why 3. Delivery on CIF terms, () A. Time of shipment

Are you asking:

Delivery under CIF conditions, ()

A. the time of shipment precedes the time of delivery. The time of shipment coincides with the time of delivery.

C. the time of shipment is later than the time of delivery. D. the order depends on the mode of transportation.

My understanding is as follows, not necessarily the same as the online answer, but mine is correct:

In CIF, FOB and CFR price terms, the time of shipment is the time of delivery, which symbolizes the goods. If the price terms are DAP, DAT or DDP, the shipment time is later than the delivery time, because the delivery of these three terms is the actual goods.

So choose B.

Is there a strict requirement for delivery time under CIF conditions? What if time is delayed?

Every contract has a delivery date, no matter what the trade term is. If the delivery is delayed, it will be regarded as a breach of contract.

Possible hidden dangers in delivery under CIF conditions.

Matters needing attention in CIF business

A. Conceptual misunderstanding: CIF and FOB, the delivery point and risk point in the terminology are all on the ship at the port of shipment. The seller completes the seller's obligations by safely loading the goods at the port of shipment, and the seller is no longer responsible for the possible risks after the goods are loaded. The seller gives insurance policies, bills of lading, etc. To the buyer, the risk claim shall be handled by the buyer.

B. Booking and stowage: Under CIF conditions, the seller independently books the shipping space, selects the shipping company as the freight forwarder, and pays the freight and dock fees. Generally, freight forwarders/shipping companies designated by the buyer are not accepted. In practical business, customers will choose well-known shipping companies such as Maersk and APL, which can be accepted after confirming the freight with the buyer, but generally they cannot be shipped by the freight forwarder designated by the buyer.

C. When the seller handles insurance at the port of shipment, he usually indicates the insured amount, insurance risks and applicable insurance clauses when concluding the contract, and the insurance clauses of the Association or China are selected during the beginning and end of the insurance liability. When the bank submits the documents, the insurance policy must be endorsed and transferred to the buyer.

D. Unloading expenses: dock operation expenses, etc. CIF generally adopts port-to-port terms, with the port of departure expenses borne by the seller and the port of destination expenses borne by the buyer.

E, shipping notice, transportation and arrival date of the goods, etc.

1. After loading the goods at the port of shipment, the seller obtains the ocean bill of lading and gives the main shipping documents to the bank or the buyer himself, and then completes all the delivery obligations after obtaining the insurance policy to pay the ocean freight and miscellaneous fees at the port of shipment.

2. The seller shall give the buyer sufficient shipping notice after shipment.

The seller has no responsibility to guarantee that the goods will arrive at the destination port and when.

The seller is not responsible for the damage, moisture or loss of the goods after shipment.

If the goods have been damaged or lost when the seller submits the documents, the buyer still needs to pay cash with the documents. The buyer can claim compensation from the shipping company/shipping agent on the basis of the bill of lading, and from the insurance company on the basis of insurance, but not from the seller.

6. In actual business, the goods are in the transit port, and the goods arrive in Hong Kong two or three times late on the way, so it is unreasonable for the buyer to ask for lost time and air freight. How to avoid stating that the seller has no obligation to guarantee when the goods arrive at the port of destination after shipment, and can't guarantee when to transit?

ⅷ When the transaction is concluded on CIF terms, is the seller's delivery the actual delivery?

From the point of delivery mode, CIF is a typical symbol of * * * goods. It means that as long as the seller completes the shipment on time at the agreed place and submits the relevant documents including the property certificate stipulated in the contract to the buyer, even if the delivery obligation is completed, there is no need to guarantee the arrival of the goods. Visible, in the symbol of goods * * *, the seller is a voucher delivery, the buyer is cash against documents.

IX. Contract delivery date under CIF conditions.

10 week, the delivery responsibility under CIF term is limited to the importer after shipment, and the exporter is only responsible for freight, insurance and cost.

ⅹ From the point of view of delivery mode, what is the delivery mode of CIF?

This is a nominal mode of delivery. Because the transfer boundary of cargo rights is located on the ship's side of the carrier ship, the goods have crossed the ship's side, that is, the seller has nominally handed over the goods to the buyer, and the cargo rights have also been transferred to the buyer.