1. These Hakkas mainly live in concentrated areas. Are these typical buildings, the Hakka dragon enclosure, still preserved?
1. There are almost no dragon houses around Taihe Town, Baiyun District, Fenghuang Street, Tianhe District and Hongqiao Street, Yuexiu District in the suburbs of Guangzhou. But there should still be some in Baiyun District. However, they are all mixed in cement houses, and you can't see the smell of the dragon house. In Huadu District, where more than 3, Hakkas live, there is no pure dragon house. Up to now, the typical building of Hakka dragon enclosure is still preserved, and Zengcheng is the most obvious. For example, there are well-preserved Hakka enclosure buildings in Shiwu Village, Gangpu Village, Laoliu Village, Xinwei Village and other villages. The Hakka enclosed houses in Shiwu Village and Xinwei Village in Dengcun are square, also called quadrangular buildings. Gangpu Village and Old Liucun Village are the dragon enclosure houses. What I want to mention here is that the style and form of Hakka residential buildings have experienced continuous development and evolution, and there have been residential buildings such as Yuanzhai, Weilong House, Zoumalou and Sijiaolou, among which the Weilong House is the most representative.
2. Shiwu Village, Dengcun is located in Paitan Town, Zengcheng City, and is an ancient village with distinctive Lingnan Hakka enclosed buildings. Most of the villagers in the village are surnamed Shi, and the ancestors of Kaicun moved here during the Qianlong period. The village has a history of more than 24 years. In front of the village, there is a half-moon pond, a fence and a threshing ground in Heping. There are three rows of paved mashi roads in the open space in front of the village. There are two-storey gatehouses on the left and right sides of the village, and three doors are open on the front of the village house. Brick-and-wood houses as high as walls are built around, and there are gun holes in the houses. There are eaves and verandahs between the hall and the ancestral hall, so you can walk between enclosed houses without being caught in the rain. There is also a six-story bunker building in the village.
3. The Hakka dragon enclosure in Aotougangpu Village, Zhongxin Town, Zengcheng City was built in the 22nd year of Qing Emperor Kangxi (1683), and has been listed as an internal control cultural relic protection unit in Guangzhou. According to the village history, his family, led by Chen Rulan, moved from Xingmeijiaoling to this place and built a house and lived there for more than 32 years. The plane of the dragon enclosure is half-moon, and the outer wall around the enclosure has a pile wall. The middle part of the whole dragon house is a ancestral hall with two depths. Outside the ancestral hall, there are more than 2 fan-shaped ring houses. In front of the flat outside the enclosure is a half-moon pond the same size as the enclosure. This is a classic building with a little pocket-sized dragon enclosure.
2. Hakka people from Guangfu are in harmony with the customs of their ancestral village.
1. Are there any Hakkas living in these dragon houses in Zengcheng? And all the people living here are Hakkas? There are still many people living in the dragon house and the quadrangle building, but not all of them are Hakkas. The Hakka community in Zengcheng has obviously different characteristics. When Hakkas first entered Zengcheng to live, there were roughly three situations: first, the broken village lived in it; Second, "miscellaneous place" is in the local village; The third is to open another village farm and build it. According to the investigation and statistics of Zengcheng Local Records Office in 1991, among the 398 administrative villages in the county, there are 134 pure Cantonese villages, 9 pure Hakka villages and 74 mixed Cantonese villages. Therefore, Zengcheng has formed a unique phenomenon that Hakka people and Guangfu people "share the same ancestral village".
2. Old Liu Village, located in Yuecun Village, Zhengguo Town, Zengcheng City, is the largest enclosure building in Guangzhou and the enclosure house with the largest number of original residents. It is said that there are still hundreds of people living in the village, and most of the villagers are surnamed Liu. This village was originally a native of Guangfu, named Liu, who moved here to live in the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty. It was a traditional resident of Guangzhou. However, in the second year of Xianfeng (1852), there was a flood, and the village farm was completely destroyed by the flood. Therefore, the villagers specially invited Liu Ruitang, a brother of Zhengguo Hakka with financial resources and prestige, to rebuild the village farm. After Xianfeng was completed in three years, half of it was given to local people to live in, and the direction and location were determined by drawing lots. As a result, local Liu was drawn to the East Chamber, Hakka Liu was drawn to the West Chamber, and local Liu Hakka Liu was also in the same ancestral temple to sacrifice an ancestral memorial tablet. The two sides lived in harmony and lived together. So far, local Liu and Hakka Liu are all brothers.
3. There are also local Zhao and Hakka Zhao in Gaoche Natural Village, Wulian Administrative Village, Zhongxin Town, Zengcheng City. There are more than 6 people in the village, and Hakkas account for one third. Hakka "Bing Xian Zhao Ancestral Hall" sits east to west, and the other branch hall sits west to east; The local Zhao "Dengyun Zhao Ancestral Hall" goes north. According to the memories of the local elderly, the two temples were built at the same time, with a history of about 3 years. The local Zhao moved from Sino-Singapore Hefuling, and the Hakka Zhao moved from Zijin. According to legend, Zhao Dengyun, the 11th ancestor of Zhao, went to Zijin to invite Mr. Feng Shui (when it comes to the Guangzhou exam) and got to know Zhao Bingxian, a Hakka geomancer. According to the genealogy, he was originally a brother, Bingxian belonged to the second house, and Dengyun belonged to the third house. The two immediately went to Gaoche Jianci to live, and the local Zhao Hakka Zhao has been a brother for hundreds of years.
Third, the Hakka people have lived in harmony with the local Guangfu people for a hundred years. Has the Hakka architecture been influenced by Guangfu people? Will the customs of Hakkas and Guangfu people penetrate each other?
1. Of course, Hakka architecture is influenced by Guangfu architecture. What impressed me the most is that the pot-ear-sealed volcanic wall is the characteristic of Guangfu architecture, but this kind of pot-ear-sealed volcanic wall can also be seen in Hakka dragon house. For example, the wall of Ruitang Family School in Old Liucun used pot ears to seal the volcanic wall.
2. As for customs, after entering Zengcheng, Hakka people do as the Romans do, and many customs also follow Guangfu people. Therefore, there are many similarities in beliefs and customs. For example, they believe in He Xiangu, Cowboy Buddha (the Buddha of Zhengguo) and King Hong Sheng (the King Hong Sheng of Nanhai Guangli). Festivals at New Year's Eve are basically the same. During the Spring Festival, the "Lantern Festival" (known as "chandelier" by Hakka people), the burning of cannon heads (also known as grabbing cannon heads) and the burning of fireworks are basically the same as those of Guangfu people, but the time is different, and the scale is different. In addition, Hakka villages also have an activity of fighting disasters. Some Hakka people fight alone, some Hakka people fight together with Guangfu village people, and there are five-year or ten-year periods. However, this kind of fighting activity is no longer seen now.
Fourth, with the changes of the times, what other traditions and customs of Hakka people are still circulating today? -The traditional customs that are still circulating today, the most typical ones should be dancing spring bulls and singing Hakka folk songs.
1. Dancing Spring Cattle is performed by local cattle and farmers, symbolically showing people the arrival of spring ploughing festival and urging farmers to mulberry. It is a festive activity with festivals, including entering and leaving cattle, whipping spring cattle, fighting for spring cattle, buying spring cattle, making spring cattle, sending spring cattle, commenting on spring cattle, drawing spring cattle, pasting spring cattle pictures and so on, which indicates a new one. After the Song Dynasty, the Hakka people who moved southward in Zengcheng, including Yonghe, Zhongxin, Licheng, Zengjiang and Zhengguo Hakka in Chengxiang and Paitan and Xiaolou Hakka in Changning Hakka, still kept the custom of dancing spring cows in the Central Plains, which has evolved from dancing around spring cows to singing and performing spring cows today. The annual spring cattle dance is usually held during the Spring Festival or the ploughing season.
2. Dancing the Spring Cattle is very popular in the Hakka residential area in Zengcheng, Guangzhou, and it is usually held during the Spring Festival or the ploughing season every year. People praise the hard-working and silently accompanying oxen with deep affection. People who dress up as and whip the Spring Cattle danced the Spring Cattle Dance, and with the help of props and scenes such as oxen, Niu Geng, whipping oxen, eating grass, etc., they either amused each other or expressed their love, and the actors and the audience cheered at the same time, showing a strong and harmonious atmosphere for the future.
3. According to the record of Guangdong Folk Tales Encyclopedia Guangzhou Zengcheng Volume, the series of Guangdong Folk Cultural Heritage Rescue Project, in Zengcheng's Spring Cattle Dance Program, the "Spring Cattle" is generally performed by an actor, ranging from dancing in the hands like a pet to dancing in the belly like a real cow. When you come out, say a few jokes first to make you laugh and mobilize the atmosphere. Such as whip cattle duet "red whip in hand, red over red envelope hanging in the corner." You sing well in spring, but there is a hole in the back of the cow. " "Spring Cow" replied: "When gongs and drums are beaten, Ya Mei speaks it well. Hey, since the cowboy paper is tied, the back is just right. "
4. The ox moves succinctly, only wagging its head and wagging its tail as the whipping ox sings or teases, pretending to accept praise and banter. There are many actions of whipping cattle. They sing and pat the spring cattle. Every time they shoot, they all sing the tune, while riding cattle, driving cattle, pulling cattle, whipping cattle, driving cattle to plow fields, and so on. Some of them hold farm tools such as plows and rakes, while others use their bare hands, but their actions are very realistic and slightly flawed. The onlookers can sing and ask, "The eyes of the ox are staring, but Yamei is not good at plowing fields." Ding Ding is round and round, but it doesn't work in the middle? " The performer immediately took over and answered questions: "The gongs and drums are noisy, and Diego is also good at it. Farming still needs water to flourish, leaving the middle as a fish pond. "
5. interestingly, the dancing spring cattle in Paitan, Zengcheng, and Yonghe, Xintang, were once in their lives, showing that the landlord and daughter fell in love with driving to Niu Ge, and their love sisters and brothers were affectionate, singing while dancing, knocking on gongs and drums, and singing for a while, as a folk song, using cattle as a metaphor for people, which had a unique mood.
6. Singing Hakka folk songs has always been very popular in Hakka villages in the suburbs of Guangzhou. For example, in Fenghuang Street in Tianhe District and Hongqiao Street in Yuexiu District, Hakka folk songs associations have been established, and monthly gathering of fighting folk songs has been organized: on the 12th of each month, the square battery in Yuexiu Park has formed a lively Hakka "folk song market"; On the 28th of every month, Yinpailing, a duet in Fenghuang Street, is the most lively, and it is crowded with neighborhoods singing folk songs. Hakka folk song market is a unique space for Guangzhou Hakka cultural community to recognize each other in emotion, interest and lifestyle. It is said that many people from Guangzhou or other provinces who can't speak Hakka dialect have joined the Hakka Folk Song Association because they are infected by the beautiful Hakka folk songs. I think the integration of Hakka people with Guangfu people, even with foreigners, can also be used as another face to witness the changes in Guangzhou.
5. Hakka folk song market
1. In the 194s, Hakka people from Xingning, Guangdong Province came here one after another to open cloth factories or workshops in Jiaohongqiao Street, Yuexiu Mountain, and engaged in the production of dyeing and weaving industry. Most of the workers employed by private bosses are Hakkas from their hometown. When these workers established themselves here, they gradually attracted the villagers to visit relatives and rely on friends. The Hakka community here has grown and become the main residents in this area.
2. Hou Zhuo, the stationmaster of Hongqiao Street Cultural Station in Yuexiu District, Guangzhou and the president of Hongqiao Hakka Folk Song Association in Guangzhou, told reporters: At that time, Hongqiao's generation had two famous dyeing and weaving factories, one was the third dyeing factory and the other was the eighth dyeing factory. Most of the workers in the factory are Hakkas. After work, the workers often meet at the hill where the Sifang Fort in Yuexiu Mountain is located next to Hongqiao, chatting, bragging and singing folk songs, which can not only amuse themselves, but also dispel fatigue. At the same time, listening to familiar folk songs can also help them understand their homesickness. The hills were uneven. Later, some Hakkas cut off some weeds on this hill and sorted out a small piece of flat land. As a result, there are more and more people chatting on this flat land every night, and the singing of folk songs every night is getting louder and louder. Because Hakka people often sing folk songs on the hills of Sifang Fort in Yuexiu Mountain, it is called "Hakka Mountain" by the citizens here.
3. However, although there are many people singing in Hakka Mountain every night, the day when most people sing in Hakka Mountain is the 12th of each month. Hou Zhuo said that at that time, Hongqiao Street and other surrounding factories "delivered grain" (paid wages) on the 12th of each month. On the day when the workers were paid, they all came to Hakka Mountain to get together, feeling happy and singing folk songs one after another. As time goes by, the 12th of each month is the day when the largest number of Hakkas gather, accompanied by the enduring Hakka folk songs. As a result, on the 12th of each month, the square battery in Yuexiu Park formed a lively Hakka "folk song market". Later, due to road expansion, land acquisition and other reasons, two dyeing and weaving factories disappeared, and many Hakkas moved to other places to live. Although it is rare for friends from the same hometown who met each other late in the past to get together because of their scattered residence, the Hakka people's nostalgia is closely linked. The 12th day of each month has become a major festival for Hakkas to get together. When the Hakkas get their food, they will go to Yuexiu Mountain to get together, sing songs and exchange information from their hometown. Now, the Hakka folk songs "song friends" in Guangzhou, including Panyu, Zengcheng and Huadu, will all come here and sing folk songs on the hills of Sifang Battery. The scene is very spectacular, and thousands of people often participate.
VI. Hakka Folk Song Competition
1. Fenghuang Street in Tianhe District is a very pure Hakka village, and more than 98% of the residents and villagers are Hakkas. Because the villagers are all Hakkas, the folk songs of Fenghuang Street have also become the spontaneous original ecological entertainment of the villagers.
2. The Hakka folk songs in Fenghuang Street have a history of nearly 3 years. Where villagers are concentrated, there are often special "song fairs", and now there are fixed song fairs such as "Yushatan Market", "Kemulang Park" and "Yinpailing Park". Generally, the folk song market starts at around 7: in the morning and lasts until around 1: at noon. Song Fair Days are held on the 8th, 18th and 28th of each month. The 8th was held in Yinpailing, 18th in Kemulang Park and 28th in Yushatan Market. Not only that, there are still many middle-aged people who sing Hakka folk songs loudly at the Yushatan Cultural Square and the north gate of Kemulang Huoshan Park every morning or evening. Later, singing folk songs in the song market could not satisfy the enthusiasm of Phoenix neighborhood for folk songs. Therefore, from 25 to 21, Phoenix Street held the "Hakka Folk Song Challenge Competition" every year around the Spring Festival, which attracted folk song lovers from Huadu, Luogang, Yuexiu and even Meixian and Wuhua. The scene was very lively, and the competition created a local phoenix every year.