Chapter 1 Introduction to Crystal Optics and Petrology
1. Main points of this chapter
This paper mainly aims at the basic concepts of crystal optics and petrology and their learning purposes.
2. Contents of this chapter
The concept of (1) crystal optics.
(2) Rock and its genetic classification.
(3) Petrology and research purpose.
(4) the structure of the earth.
Step 3 think about the problem
(1) What are crystal optics and petrology?
(2) Briefly describe the crustal structure of the earth.
4. Reference materials
(1) Liu Linyu.2012. Crystal optics and petrology. Beijing: Geological Publishing House.
Chen Yunjing. 1987. Principles of crystal optics. Beijing: Geological Publishing House.
Wang Xiang. 2003. Crystal Optics. Nanjing: Nanjing University Press.
Lv Fengxiang, Sang Longkang. 2002. Petrology. Beijing: Geological Publishing House.
Crystal optics and optical mineralogy
Chapter II Fundamentals of Crystal Optics
1. Main points of this chapter
Mainly aimed at the birefringence phenomenon of light in propagation, optical index, optical principal axis and various cross-sectional characteristics of uniaxial crystal optical index and biaxial crystal optical index.
2. Contents of this chapter
(1) Research contents, learning methods and learning requirements of crystal optics.
(2) Natural light and plane polarized light, refraction, reflection and total reflection of light, and laws of refraction.
(3) Propagation characteristics, birefringence and optical axis of light in optically isotropic and anisotropic bodies.
(4) Optical index:
Optical index line of isotropic body: the refractive index values in all directions are equal.
Optical indexes of uniaxial crystal: ordinary light (No) and extraordinary light (NE); Positive light and negative light; Characteristics of three sections: vertical optical axis, inclined optical axis and parallel optical axis (main section).
Optical index lines of biaxial crystal: optical principal axis (Ng, Nm, Np), optical axis (OA), optical axis plane (AP), optical axis angle (2V), acute angle bisector (Bxa) and obtuse angle bisector (bxo); Positive light and negative light; Vertical (Bxa), vertical optical axis, oblique optical axis, vertical Bxo, parallel AP.
Step 3 think about the problem
(1) What is an optical index line?
(2) Briefly describe the characteristics of three sections of uniaxial crystal optical index line: vertical optical axis, inclined optical axis and parallel optical axis.
(3) Briefly describe the characteristics of biaxial crystal optical index, such as vertical Bxa, vertical optical axis, inclined optical axis and parallel AP cross section.
4. Reference materials
(1) Li Dehui. 1984. Crystal optics. Beijing: Geological Publishing House.
Chen Yunjing. 1987. Principles of crystal optics. Beijing: Geological Publishing House.
Liu Linyu.2012. Crystal optics and petrology. Beijing: Geological Publishing House.
Chapter 3 Optical Properties of Crystals in Single Polarization System
1. Main points of this chapter
Mainly manifested as mineral crystal morphology, cleavage, color, protrusion, surface roughness and Baker line.
2. Contents of this chapter
Design of (1) single polarizer.
(2) Mineral crystal morphology, aggregate morphology and flake morphology.
(3) Determination of cleavage, visible critical angle, cleavage perfection and cleavage angle on mineral thin slices.
(4) The cause and formula of mineral color, polychromatic and absorbability.
(5) Edge features, protrusions and rough surfaces, Baker line, dispersion effect (refractive index dispersion), comparison of relative refractive index, determination of protrusion grade and flash protrusion of mineral flakes.
Step 3 think about the problem
(1) What is the visible critical angle? Briefly describe the measurement method of cleavage angle.
(2) What is the Baker Line?
(3) What is a flash?
4. Reference materials
(1) Li Dehui. 1984. Crystal optics. Beijing: Geological Publishing House.
(2) Institute of Geology of Chinese Academy of Sciences. 1970. Guide for identification of transparent minerals in flakes. Beijing: Science Press.
Liu Linyu.2012. Crystal optics and petrology. Beijing: Geological Publishing House.
Chapter 4: Optical properties of crystals in orthogonal polarization system.
1. Main points of this chapter
Mainly for extinction, interference color, complementary color rule, determination of ellipse radius direction and axis name of optical index line, as well as determination of interference color scale, extinction type and extinction angle.
2. Contents of this chapter
The device, characteristics, adjustment and correction of (1) cross polarizer.
(2) Extinction phenomenon and extinction position of crystal flake.
(3) Interference principle of light wave in cross polarizer, optical path difference and its decisive factors, causes of interference color, interference color scale and characteristics of each scale, interference color chromatogram and abnormal interference color.
(4) Complementary color rules and main complementary color devices (mica test board, gypsum test board, quartz wedge).
(5) Determination of ellipse radius direction and axis name of light-transmitting body on ore slice.
(6) Determine the interference color sequence, birefringence, extinction type, extinction angle and crystal ductility symbol of minerals, and determine the optical orientation of minerals.
(7) Understand the common twins.
Step 3 think about the problem
(1) What is extinction?
(2) How to determine the elliptical radius direction and axis name of ore slices?
(3) How to determine the interference color sequence of minerals?
Step 4 refer to
(1) Li Dehui. 1984. Crystal optics. Beijing: Geological Publishing House.
Ji, Wang Dezi. 196 1. crystal optics. Beijing: People's Education Press.
Liu Linyu.2012. Crystal optics and petrology. Beijing: Geological Publishing House.
Chapter 5: Optical properties of crystals under cone light system.
1. Main points of this chapter
Characteristics and application of interferograms of uniaxial crystal perpendicular to optical axis and biaxial crystal perpendicular to Bxa cross section.
2. Contents of this chapter
(1) Installation, adjustment and correction of cone mirror.
(2) The characteristics and application of uniaxial crystal interferogram perpendicular to the optical axis.
(3) The characteristics and applications of the interferograms of the vertical Bxa section and the vertical optical axis section of biaxial crystals.
Step 3 think about the problem
(1) The characteristics and application of uniaxial crystal interferogram perpendicular to the optical axis are briefly described. (2) What are the characteristics of the interferogram of biaxial crystal perpendicular to the cross section of Bxa?
4. Reference materials
(1) Li Dehui. 1984. Crystal optics. Beijing: Geological Publishing House.
Chen Yunxing. 1987. Principles of crystal optics. Beijing: Geological Publishing House.
Liu Linyu.2012. Crystal optics and petrology. Beijing: Geological Publishing House.
Chapter VI Identification of Transparent Minerals
1. Main points of this chapter
Master the identification characteristics of chronological, plagioclase and potash feldspar.
2. Contents of this chapter
(1) Master the identification characteristics of light-colored minerals (such as syenite, plagioclase and potash feldspar); Understand the identification characteristics of mica; Learn the systematic identification of transparent minerals and the use of identification maps.
(2) Mastering the most commonly used method of maximum symmetrical extinction angle of vertical (0 10) crystal band in plagioclase composition determination.
Step 3 think about the problem
(1) Briefly describe the optical identification characteristics of syenite, plagioclase and potash feldspar.
(2) How to determine the composition of plagioclase by the maximum symmetrical extinction angle method of vertical (0 10) crystal band?
Step 4 refer to
(1) Rock and Mineral Department of Peking University Geology Department. 1979. optical mineralogy. Beijing: Geological Publishing House.
Liu Linyu.2012. Crystal optics and petrology. Beijing: Geological Publishing House.
The third part is the petrology of sedimentary rocks.
Chapter VII Basic Characteristics of Sedimentary Rocks
1. Main points of this chapter
Including the basic concepts of sedimentary rocks and sedimentology, the main sources of sediments, the transport and deposition of sediments, and the diagenesis of sediments.
And the common sedimentary structures of sedimentary rocks.
2. Contents of this chapter
(1) The basic concepts of sedimentary rocks, sedimentary rock petrology and sedimentology and their significance in the national economy, the development history, present situation and prospect of sedimentology, and the classification of sedimentary rocks.
(2) The weathering of parent rock and the stability of main rock-forming minerals and rocks during weathering.
(3) Mechanical treatment and precipitation, chemical treatment and precipitation, biological treatment and precipitation, precipitation differentiation and sediment gravity flow.
(4) Classification and characteristics of diagenetic stage, syngenetic, diagenetic, supergene and supergene rocks. The main types of action after deposition: compaction and pressure dissolution, cementation, metasomatism, recrystallization, polymorphic transformation and mineral dissolution.
(5) Classification of sedimentary rock structures: bedding structure and bedding structure, syngenetic deformation structure, exposure-induced structure, chemical-induced structure, biological-induced structure and composite-induced structure.
(6) Color, primary color and secondary color of sedimentary rocks. Factors affecting rock color and significance of studying sedimentary rock color.
Step 3 think about the problem
(1) Briefly describe the stage characteristics of parent rock weathering.
(2) How many stages of diagenesis are there? What are the diagenetic types of common sedimentary rocks?
Step 4 refer to
(1) Liu Linyu.2012. Crystal optics and petrology. Beijing: Geological Publishing House.
Zeng Yunfu, Xia, 1985. Sedimentary petrology. Beijing: Geological Publishing House.
Feng zengzhao. 1993. Sedimentary petrology. Beijing: Petroleum Industry Press.
(5) Lu Fengxiang, Sang Longkang. 2002. Petrology. Beijing: Geological Publishing House.
Chapter 8 terrigenous sedimentary rocks
1. Main points of this chapter
This paper mainly introduces the material composition, particle structure, cementation type, cementation structure and miscellaneous matrix structure of clastic rocks. Concept and rock types of conglomerate; Composition classification scheme of sandstone, petrological characteristics of sandstone, feldspathic sandstone and lithic sandstone, and main types of clay minerals.
2. Contents of this chapter
(1) Overview of terrigenous clastic rocks. Material composition of clastic rocks: terrigenous detritus, interstitial materials and pores, and composition maturity. Structure of clastic rock particles: particle size, roundness, sphericity, shape and particle surface characteristics. Cementing type and structure, heterogeneous structure, pore structure, structural maturity and granularity analysis of cementing materials.
(2) The concept and classification of conglomerate and breccia. Rock types of conglomerate: quartzite conglomerate, lithic conglomerate, striped gravelly mudstone and massive gravelly mudstone. The main genetic types of conglomerate and breccia are: coastal conglomerate, river conglomerate, moraine conglomerate, residual breccia, karst breccia, diagenetic breccia and conglomerate.
(3) The concept and classification of sandstone, the review of important classification schemes, and the classification of sandstone adopted in this course. The main types of sandstone (chronological sandstone, feldspathic sandstone and lithic sandstone) and their petrological characteristics.
(4) General characteristics, classification, main rock types and genesis of siltstone.
(5) The concept of argillaceous rocks and the main types of clay minerals. Texture, texture and color of argillaceous rocks. Classification and main rock types of argillaceous rocks.
Step 3 think about the problem
(1) Briefly describe the common cementation types of sandstone.
(2) Try to describe the composition classification scheme of sandstone and its significance.
(3) What are the main petrological characteristics of timely sandstone, feldspathic sandstone and lithic sandstone?
Step 4 refer to
(1) Liu Linyu.2012. Crystal optics and petrology. Beijing: Geological Publishing House.
Zeng Yunfu, Xia, 1985. Sedimentary petrology. Beijing: Geological Publishing House.
(3) Li,, 1990. Practice of sedimentary rocks. Xi 'an: Northwest University Press.
Lv Fengxiang, Sang Longkang. 2002. Petrology. Beijing: Geological Publishing House.
Chapter 9 pyroclastic rocks
1. Main points of this chapter
Mainly the concepts of pyroclastic rocks, pyroclastic materials and pyroclastic structures; Classification of pyroclastic rocks and rock types of common pyroclastic rocks.
2. Contents of this chapter
(1) The concept of pyroclastic rocks.
(2) Volcanic debris: rock debris, crystal debris and glass debris. Structural characteristics and colors of pyroclastic rocks.
(3) Classification and nomenclature of pyroclastic rocks. Common rock types of pyroclastic rocks: melting pyroclastic rocks, pyroclastic rocks, sedimentary pyroclastic rocks, pyroclastic rocks genetic types and their marks.
Step 3 think about the problem
(1) What are tuff and ignimbrite?
(2) What is pseudo flow texture?
Step 4 refer to
(1) Liu Linyu.2012. Crystal optics and petrology. Beijing: Geological Publishing House.
Zeng Yunfu, Xia, 1985. Sedimentary petrology. Beijing: Geological Publishing House.
Chapter 10 Endogenous sedimentary rocks
1. Main points of this chapter
It mainly focuses on the research progress of carbonate rocks, the structure of carbonate rocks, the types of common particles in granular limestone, the classification of limestone, the formation mechanism of dolomite and the diagenesis of carbonate rocks.
2. Contents of this chapter
The concept and research progress of (1) carbonate rocks.
(2) Mineral composition and chemical composition of carbonate rocks.
(3) Structure of carbonate rocks: particles (internal detritus, biological detritus, oolite, spherulite and algae), mud, cement, biological skeleton and particles.
(4) Classification and naming of carbonate rocks: composition classification and structure of limestone (brief description of genetic classification scheme), classification and naming principles of limestone adopted in this course, and classification of dolomite.
(5) Dolomite formation mechanism: capillary concentration-quasi-contemporaneous dolomitization, reflux infiltration dolomitization, etc. Carbonate diagenesis: dissolution and cementation, mineral transformation and recrystallization, replacement and compaction.
(6) General concepts of siliceous rocks, aluminous rocks, iron rocks, manganese rocks, phosphorus rocks and evaporites.
(7) Material composition, structure, main rock types, genesis and geological distribution of siliceous rocks, aluminous rocks, iron rocks, manganese rocks, phosphorus rocks and evaporites.
Step 3 think about the problem
(1) What is granular structure? Explain the types and characteristics of common particles.
(2) Briefly describe the structure and genetic classification scheme of limestone.
(3) Explain the formation mechanism of dolomite.
Step 4 refer to
(1) Liu Linyu.2012. Crystal optics and petrology. Beijing: Geological Publishing House.
Feng zengzhao. 1993. Sedimentary petrology. Beijing: Petroleum Industry Press.
(3) Li,, 1990. Practice of sedimentary rocks. Xi 'an: Northwest University Press.
Lv Fengxiang, Sang Longkang. 2002. Petrology. Beijing: Geological Publishing House.
Article 4 Petrology of Magmatic Rocks
1. The main points of this article
Mainly the concept, composition, structure and classification of magmatic rocks.
2. The content of this article
(1) The concept of magmatic rocks.
(2) Composition of magmatic rocks.
(3) Structure and classification of magmatic rocks.
Step 3 think about the problem
(1) What are magma and magmatic rocks?
(2) Briefly describe the structure of magmatic rocks.
Step 4 refer to
(1) Lv Fengxiang, Sang Longkang. 2002. Petrology. Beijing: Geological Publishing House.
Liu Linyu.2012. Crystal optics and petrology. Beijing: Geological Publishing House.
Article 5 Petrology of Metamorphic Rocks
1. The main points of this article
Mainly the concept of metamorphism, the structure and classification of metamorphic rocks.
2. The content of this article
The concept and classification of (1) metamorphism.
(2) The structure of metamorphic rocks.
(3) Classification of metamorphic rocks and types of common metamorphic rocks.
Step 3 think about the problem
(1) What is metamorphism?
(2) Briefly describe the classification of metamorphism.
(3) Briefly describe the structure of metamorphic rocks.
Step 4 refer to
(1) Lv Fengxiang, Sang Longkang. 2002. Petrology. Beijing: Geological Publishing House.
Liu Linyu.2012. Crystal optics and petrology. Beijing: Geological Publishing House.