the origin of Zhong Kui and Shandong

1. Houyi. There is a folk legend that Hou Yi shoots the sun. What is true in history is the Xia people, referred to as "Xia Yi" for short. They have a poor family, a king of a poor country and the sixth emperor of the Xia Dynasty, and * * * reigned for eight years. Chang 'e is the original wife of Hou Yi. The tomb of Chang 'e is located on Tiantai Mountain in Rizhao City, Shandong Province, accompanied by the tomb of Daxie. According to historical records, Daxie unified the tribes of Dongyi and formed a powerful country. Because this country is composed of many tribal countries that worship the sun, it is called "Ten Days Country" in Shan Hai Jing. The horizon of the Tenth Kingdom is located in the south of Rizhao City, Shandong Province, which is on the coast of the East China Sea (see the article "Textual research on the horizon of Shanhaijing Overseas East longitude"). There are many relics of sun worship, such as Sun Stone, Sun God Mausoleum, Old Mother Temple, Ancestor Statue, sundial and so on. Da Yi and his wife Heng E (later interpreted as the flying Chang 'e) were buried on the Tiantai Mountain in the Sun Culture Source Tourist Scenic Area in Tanggu, Rizhao, and the locals called it Da Yi Ling. (Excerpted from Baidu Encyclopedia: Houyi, Houyi Shooting Day).

2. Mencius, a thinker in the Warring States Period, Huainanzi, edited by Liu An in the early years of the Western Han Dynasty, and Gu Jiegang (1893 -198), a famous historian, all said that Houyi, also known as Yi Yi, was a monarch of a poor country of Dongyi nationality in the Xia Dynasty and was also an archer. The Great Yiling is located in Judi. According to the collection of Yan Di and Han Nationality (Sanqin Publishing House, 23 edition), The Roots and Roots of China —— An Introduction to Baoxue (China Federation of Literary and Art Circles Publishing Company, 1997 edition), and Review on the Research on the Birthplace of Yan Di, etc., the Yan Di tribe led by Yan Di, one of the ancestors of China, originated in the upper reaches of Wei River in Shaanxi Province, and then along the east of Wei River and along the Yellow River. After that, Emperor Yan lived in Shandong for many years. Here, Emperor Yan led his tribal system to plant grains; Establish a market and open up the market; Treat hemp as cloth, sew clothes and make banjo to entertain the people; Cutting wood as a bow, dominating the world, making pottery and improving life. Under the leadership of Emperor Yan, the primitive agriculture in Shandong has been developed for a long time. Before the war between Yandi Tribe and Chiyou Tribe, its capital was moved from Chen to Lu and its capital was Qufu. The primitive farming civilization initiated by him changed our ancestors' state of eating and drinking blood, taking fishing and hunting and collecting wild fruits as their whole source of livelihood, and began to embark on a creative society. It can be said that it was the first "green revolution" in China history, especially the hard-working entrepreneurial spirit of Yan Emperor who led our ancestors to fight the wild, the pioneering and innovative spirit of self-improvement, and the national unity spirit of respecting morality and carrying things, which was passed down from generation to generation. According to Baidu. com, Zhong Kui, one of the five sons of Emperor Yan, is a gifted scholar, proficient in astronomy and geography, with literary talent and military skills. He was born with a leopard head and eyes, a tough beard and an ugly face. He was outspoken and talented. One year he went to Beijing to take the exam, and the article came first, but he couldn't go to to be no.1 because of his ugly appearance. Later, he was recommended as a magistrate by his friends. After taking office, he was fair, considerate of the people's feelings, and widely cured the famine. He was upright, honest and clean, and was well received by the masses. After Zhong Kui's death, Yan Luowang, the Yin government, found that he was a talented official and upright before his death. He was not afraid of violence, so he named him the "exorcism god", gave him a sword, and ordered him to travel all over the world to kill demons and eliminate evil spirits. Later, people built a temple for him in order to miss this rare talented person and honest official, and also asked painters to draw two portraits of Zhong Kui's civil and military affairs, and engraved them with slate, which was eagerly purchased by the local people.

3. Zhong Kui's exorcism unearthed in Dunhuang is the earliest record of Zhong Kui's appearance in the exorcism ceremony. From the description of some customs and poems after the Tang Dynasty, Zhong Kui can only be seen in the hometown exorcism. The most active role in Nuo dance is Zhong Kui. Because of his frequent appearances and absolute leading role on the field, people sometimes call Nuo dancing Zhong Kui directly. Slightly different from the Nuo ceremony in the Tang Dynasty, Zhong Kui here is no longer dressed in leopard skin, but dressed as a deputy commander, and his 1, jungle monsters are also simplified into four deputy commanders. But his function in the ceremony has not changed, and he is still catching ghosts. Once the ceremony began, the Nuo dancers immediately adopted this footwork, which revealed Zhong Kui's true identity. This footwork has a resounding name, called Yubu, which is Dayu's footwork. One thousand seven hundred years ago, Ge Hong, a Taoist scholar in Jin Dynasty, recorded this kind of footwork in Bao Puzi. Legend has it that Dayu was injured in his legs when he was managing water, and he could only move forward in steps when he walked. People were grateful for his kindness in managing water, and did not regard it as a defect, but regarded it as sacred evidence because it was different. Then the origin of Zhong Kui's adoption of this footwork can be inferred as follows: Dayu lived in a clan society, and clan leaders often held the post of wizard. Therefore, the sacrificial ceremony he presided over was unique because of this special footwork. Later wizards followed this footwork, which was called Yubu, not only to commemorate Dayu, but also to increase the mystery of the ceremony.

There are also historical records showing that Dayu was a king before the Spring and Autumn Period and became Zhong Kui in the Tang Dynasty.

according to the research collection of ju culture (Shandong people's publishing house, 22 edition), Dayu was born in ju, and his water control place is also in ju. According to the records of Shangshu Zhengyi Xiashu and Ju Culture Research Collection, Dayu went to the house three times to hear his son crying but didn't enter.

4. According to Zuo Zhuan's Four Years of Dinggong, the ancestors of Dongyi (Dongyi refers to Judi) had "Zhong Kui" and lived on the coast of the East China Sea.

5. Dinglin Temple, Fulaishan, Juxian County, which was founded in the Northern and Southern Dynasties, has Zhong Kui's incarnation of "Two Gods of Hum and Ha" standing in the gate. Zhong Kui Stone stands in the mountain areas such as Jiaoshan, Kushan and Shangyuan. For thousands of years, in the mountainous rural areas of Judi, people always put a banner "Zhong Kui is here, bless peace" on the lintel every New Year's Day, and every household put a portrait of Zhong Kui on the gate to exorcise evil spirits and pray for peace and happiness. This custom continued until the Cultural Revolution. During the Cultural Revolution, Zhong Kui's paintings were labeled as "superstition". At that time, "breaking the capitalism" became a common practice, many folk artists were forced to change careers, and many fine paintings of Zhong Kui in Juzhou were burned. For thousands of years, all kinds of literary and artistic works created by Ju people in the image of Zhong Kui are even more dazzling. From all these, it is not difficult to see that Zhong Kui culture, which has been passed down for thousands of years, has become an important part of brilliant Ju culture.

To sum up, Hou Yi, Emperor Yan, Dayu and others, and God are all the incarnations of justice, and the heroes who benefit all the people have deep roots in Juxian. Only in this way, Juxian and Shandong people who are kind-hearted love, paint and respect them for generations.

Lingbi Zhong Kui painting

Lingbi Zhong Kui painting is called "the most authentic Zhong Kui painting", also known as Lingbi Zhuanzi. It is different from other places' woodcut New Year pictures or door gods' paintings, and has its unique folk flavor. It has lasted for a long time after Song, Ming and Qing dynasties, especially Lingbi in Qing Dynasty. After Wu Daozi, to the Song and Yuan Dynasties, when Lingbi was located in the county, a number of folk painters gathered here, initially forming the Zhong Kui painting (folk painting) art center. Zhong Kui painted by Yang Fei, a painter in the Northern Song Dynasty, won the taste of Wu Daozi and was magnificent. After living in Huai and Chu, he had a deep friendship with Lingbi's painters, and laid a good foundation for Lingbi's paintings of Zhong Kui because of his teachings. Gong Kai, a painter of Huaiyin in the Southern Song Dynasty, was an official in Yuan Dynasty. He liked to be a ghost in Zhong Kui, and he was full of fun. The painter of Lingbi was deeply influenced, and Zhong Kui's painting style changed, with grotesque image and novel style. In the early Qing Dynasty, Gao Qipei, a painter, was appointed as Suzhou Zhizhou, when Lingbi was under Suzhou's jurisdiction, and he often visited and helped Lingbi Zhong Kui's painters greatly, which improved the overall creative level of Lingbi's Zhong Kui paintings. Qi Zhouhua, a Qing Dynasty man, praised in "A Copy of Famous Mountain Tibetan Paintings: A Praise of Zhong Kui's Image": "Wu Daozi's paintings can communicate with the gods, and they are as legendary as the world, and gradually lose their authenticity. However, the paintings painted by Lingbi often do not lose the original style of Wu Daozi, so they have been pushed by the old world." In 1915, Zhong Kui's paintings painted by Zhai Guangyuan, a folk painter in Lingbi, participated in the Panama World Expo, also known as the "World Art Competition" and won the gold medal. Now they are collected in the Palace Museum in Beijing.

Zhong Kui, Huxian County

Zhong Kui's hometown, Huxian County, Shaanxi Province, has beautiful mountains and rivers and rich products. Because of the well-known local specialty "Zhong Kui painting in Zhong Kui's hometown" and farmers' painting art, it was first named "the hometown of modern folk painting in China (Zhong Kui)" by the Ministry of Culture, and Zhong Kui culture was selected as the world intangible cultural heritage along with "China Dragon Boat Festival". Wang Zhongkui, a Zhong Kui in Huxian County, Xi 'an, draws the brushwork and mind of Wu Daozi, a painter of the Tang Dynasty, and inherits the artistic charm of Zhong Kui, Wang Jiusi. His main features are "exaggerated deformation, strong contrast, romantic innocence, full composition, simplicity, strong national and folk customs, rich local life, rich simplicity, rough and free, and obvious regional characteristics". It has a strong historical, unique and strong artistic appeal.

In p>1973, Huxian folk painting was exhibited in China Art Museum. In 1974, it was exhibited in eight major cities in China. In 1998, it was exhibited again in China Art Museum. In 1999, it was exhibited in "China Culture Week" in Taiwan Province and Paris. In 22, Huxian successfully held the "China Peasant Painting Joint Exhibition". Huxian folk painting is famous at home and abroad, and has become a bright pearl in the national folk art garden. Since the Dragon Boat Festival in 29, Happy Valley Resort in Zhong Kui's hometown in Xi 'an and Zhong Kui Institute of Culture in Xi 'an have gathered rich Zhong Kui artworks in Huxian County on the site of Zhong Kui's hometown, including statues, paper-cuts, traditional Chinese paintings, board paintings, steles, etc., and jointly held the "Zhong Kui Cultural Exhibition", which is open to the public all the year round for free. The exhibitions show Fu Kui, Lu Kui, Shou Kui, Xi Kui, Jue Kui, Zi Kui, Mei Kui, Wen Kui and Wu Kui. Because Huxian County in Xi 'an has the trademark of Zhong Kui's hometown, it has high artistic taste and aesthetic value. In addition, Fufu Town House in Zhong Kui, which opens the light, has won the prize and represents blessing and justice. It has become a fine product hung by households all over the country and an excellent product for tourists to buy and give to their friends.