1. Extensive theme content

In traditional flower arrangement, people often think that the art form of flower arrangement is for It comes from appreciating the beauty of nature indoors, so flower arrangement works are intended to express the natural plant landscape, and other aspects are less involved. However, modern free-style flower arrangement only uses plant materials as elements of artistic creation, and the expression content has been greatly expanded. Many things in life can be used as creative themes for flower arrangements, such as life emotions, space display, all things in the universe, etc. Such works are favored by people because of their profound connotation and novelty.

2. The combination of tradition and modernity, East and West

With the development of the times, international cultural exchanges are increasing, causing various cultures to penetrate and integrate with each other. The traditional Eastern flower arrangement art that emphasizes the beauty of artistic conception and the Western flower arrangement art that advocates rationality and decorative beauty complement each other. On the basis of retaining their respective advantages, modern applications of each flower pattern have emerged, making traditional flower patterns glow with new vitality.

3. Diversity of shapes

After the Second World War, the art of flower arrangement, like other arts, pursues a free and abstract artistic style. Classical flower arrangement believes that it cannot be changed. "Flower shape" has been broken through by some avant-garde flower arrangements, and abstract flower arrangements with free shapes have appeared, with a wide variety of shapes.

4. The Development of Forms and Techniques

In the long history, due to the influence of culture and other arts in various periods, different styles of flower arrangement art have emerged. Until now, There are round style, garden style, line style, European style, Japanese style, experimental style and so on. Design methods have also been greatly enriched, such as laying out, framing, bundling, grouping, weaving, etc.

Section 2 Modern Flower Arrangement Art Expression Techniques

Modern flower arrangement art has few restrictions on the selection and use of flower materials, flower utensils and accessories; at the same time, the techniques of composition and modeling Flexible and changeable, emphasizing decoration, pursuing novelty, freedom, peculiarity and fun, highlighting the artistic creation beauty of the work.

1. Selection and utilization of materials

1. Selection and processing of flower materials

The selection of plant materials in modern flower arrangements is more extensive, not just plants Flowers include plant roots, stems, leaves, fruits, etc.; in addition, the concept of plant materials has also expanded from fresh plants to dried flowers and artificial flowers. At the same time, the processing methods of plant materials are becoming more and more abundant, such as segmentation, weaving, spray painting, plating, etc.

2. Selection and utilization of flower utensils

Traditional oriental flower arrangements use oriental classical flower utensils, while Western-style flower arrangements do not pay attention to flower utensils. In modern flower arrangements, flower vessels are part of the work. Due to the free and abstract appearance of modern flower arrangements, the matching flower vessels generally have unique shapes, a wide range of materials, and rich colors.

3. Selection and utilization of other materials and accessories

Modern free-style flower arrangement only regards flower arrangement materials as creative elements. In the eyes of the designer, they are just dots, lines, Face, body. Therefore, a large number of non-plant materials are used, such as metal, cloth, plastic, etc.; in addition, great emphasis is placed on the role of accessories in the works, which serve as the finishing touch.

2. Expression techniques

In order to make modern flower arrangements unique and novel in form, their artistic expression techniques are the key. To create excellent modern flower arrangements, you must master the following flower arrangement design methods :

(1) Avant-garde techniques

1. Architecture is a modeling technique and a style of flower arrangement (Figure 4-1). In the work, there is a structure made of tied branches as the basic outline, as a processing technique or for decoration. Such works are often large in size and express rich connotations.

Figure 4-1 Frame-style flower arrangement

2. Binding or wrapping branches or stems together at one or more points for decoration or as a processing technique. It can Increase the volume and intensity of flowers (Figure 4-2). Bundling only requires one or a few bundles, while winding requires several bundles to reach a certain width.

Wrapping is tighter, regular, and neat, while winding is loose and disorderly.

Figure 4-2 Tied or wrapped flower arrangement

3. Braiding interweaves soft bendable materials at appropriate angles to create a special surface. This expression technique is somewhat similar to the traditional weaving of bamboo mats and sweaters (Figure 4-3).

Figure 4-3 Braided flower arrangement

4. Paste-style pasting leaves or petals together one by one to form surfaces or bodies with different textures, making the original monotonous flower arrangement The surface produces different textures, reflecting the beauty of handicrafts in nature (Figure 4-4). Generally, cold glue is used for fresh and tender flowers, and hot glue is used for branches and dried flowers.

Figure 4-4 Sticky flower arrangement

5. Puncture and suture refers to piercing and sewing the material with iron wire in the design, generally referring to thin branches, flower stems or other special flowers. Materials such as metal wire, glass rods, etc. can be used for decoration or as processing techniques (Figure 4-5).

Figure 4-5 Puncture and suture flower arrangement

6. The decomposition method is to decompose the plant organs, separate its branches, leaves, fruits and flowers, or dissect a certain part. , and then recombine them in another form to create new modeling materials and produce strange effects (Figure 4-6).

Figure 4-6 Decomposed flower arrangement

7. Curling style is a technique of curling plant organs (Figure 4-7).

Figure 4-7 Curly flower arrangement

(2) Modern techniques

1. Gather the same materials together in groups or groups for arrangement A method (Figure 4-8). A single flower material loses its meaning and forms a large color block. It is the cluster that plays the role of composition. It is the group that can clearly see the characteristics of the flower. According to the method of gathering flowers, clustering can be divided into block clustering, spiral clustering, ring clustering, parallel clustering, etc.; groups include ladder clusters, overlapping clusters, etc. Using the same materials, they are clustered together in groups to form platforms. Between the platforms, there is a sense of staggered layering, forming a staircase effect. Layering is a technique for creating texture in groups. The spaces between materials can be different, creating a three-dimensional texture.

Figure 4-8 Group or group flower arrangement

2. Border type uses green leaves or other materials to create a circle of ruffles around the periphery of the work, which will be exposed after the work is completed. A design technique in which the outer ring or all is hidden (Figure 4-9).

Figure 4-9 Bordered flower arrangement

3. The technique or method of gradual design is to insert the flowers in an orderly manner according to color, shape, size and length to form A gradient artistic effect (Figure 4-10).

Figure 4-10 Gradual flower arrangement

4. Reflective type Insert the same material in different positions to produce a mirror reflection effect (Figure 4-11).

Figure 4-11 Reflective flowers

5. Picture frame type Add a frame to the outer edge of the flower arrangement for decoration (Figure 4-12).

Figure 4-12 Picture frame flower arrangement

6. Covering type uses various materials and inserts them in an overlapping manner. The visually lighter material is on the outer layer and covers it. The main view is used to express a hazy and light feeling and a transparent covering effect to form a creative space (Figure 4-13). The materials used for shading techniques generally use thinner branches and finely chopped leaves.

Figure 4-13 Covered flower arrangement

7. The same materials are used in the stepped style, clustered together in groups to form a platform, with staggered spaces between platforms. The layering creates a staircase effect (Figure 4-14).

Figure 4-14 Stepped flower arrangement

8. The spirally inserted flowers show a clear, single-directional flow of lines, up, down, inside and outside in a circular direction. Extension (Figure 4-15).

Figure 4-15 Spiral flower arrangement

(3) Traditional technique

It is a standardized insertion method, which can be divided into directional type, natural type and parallel type. wait.

1. Natural style is an expression technique of arranging flowers according to the growth conditions of natural plants (Figure 4-16). Leaves are not only used to cover the flower mud, but are also used to create shadows, groups, layers, lines, gradients, textures, etc. in the works.

Figure 4-16 Natural flower arrangement

2. Parallel style is a method of inserting flowers in a parallel manner. It can be divided into vertical parallel, horizontal parallel, oblique parallel, curve parallel, etc. (Figure 4-17).

Figure 4-17 Parallel flower arrangement

3. Oriental flowers and the insertion direction of the flowers can be the flower side facing the flower surface, the flower back facing the flower back, or In the same direction, this insertion method and gesture directly affects the personality of the work. It can be divided into photographic type, rejection type, reciprocal type, and strong type (Figure 4-18).

Figure 4-18 Orientation style

The above introduction is a commonly used expression technique in modern floral design. Of course, with the changes in modern life patterns and the renewal of people's aesthetic concepts, the expression techniques of modern floral design are becoming more and more abundant, which requires continuous exploration and creation by floral designers. Only in this way will floral design have broader development prospects.

Section 3 Modern Flower Arrangements of Various Styles

The so-called "design style" of artistic works refers to the same type of works that habitually use one or more design principles and design elements. or the character of a series of works created around a theme. In the development process of modern floral art, factors such as time, culture, region, history, and aesthetic customs directly affect popular styles. Artists often freely use several techniques and choose some design elements to create specific designs based on their own pursuits and tastes. style. The purpose of our comparative analysis of modern popular flower arrangement and floral design styles is to communicate with designers, appreciators, and consumers in the same language, increase the inspiration and appreciation atmosphere of floral design, and create more creative designs. There are many floral styles with personality and vitality, even avant-garde works. This article provides an overview from the following aspects.

1. Oriental flower arrangement style

Oriental flower arrangement is represented by China and Japan. It is characterized by beautiful lines, deep artistic conception, simple flower materials, and fresh and elegant colors; The artistic effect is fresh and beautiful, elegant and refined, and full of poetic and picturesque flavor, forming a unique flower arrangement style. 1. Japanese style

It can be divided into four types: standing flower, raw flower, full flower and input flower.

(1) Tachibana

Tachibana is the representative flower type of Ikebōryu. It originated from the flowers offered in front of the Buddha and the flowers used in sacrifices. It means "upright flower". Lihua uses woody plants as the main flower material, with 7 or 9 branches as the skeleton, and is divided into upper, middle and lower sections to form a symmetrical and upright flower shape. The structure is rigorous and the artistic conception is abstract, focusing on expressing natural landscapes such as mountains, streams and villages (Figure 4-19).

Figure 4-19 Lihua

(2) Raw flowers

Shenghua is a "growing flower". Its flower shape is composed of true, secondary and body. The scalene triangle composed of three main branches, the true, secondary, and body represent "heaven, earth, and man" respectively. The biggest feature of raw flowers is that they use fewer flowers, beautiful lines, and exquisite flower vessels to express the natural beauty and color beauty of flowers (Figure 4-20).

Figure 4-20 Shenghua

(3) Shenghua

Shenghua was created by Yunshin Obara at the end of the 19th century. It is characterized by using basins to express landscape flower arrangements and embody the beauty of colors. , using Jianshan, radial insertion method, the radial points are close. According to the different angles of the three main branches, blooms can be divided into upright blooms, inclined blooms, pendant blooms, straight upward blooms, and symmetrical blooms (Figure 4-21).

Figure 4-21 Blooming Flowers

(4) Injection Flowers

Injection Flowers were produced in the Edo period in the mid-17th century. Flowers are inserted into tall vases. A pattern of tall china, glass, baskets, etc.

Injection flowers also have three branches as the backbone, which also means heaven, man and earth. The branches are generally inserted at an angle, and the flowers are fixed with the support of the branches themselves or through the mouth of a small vase, which requires high technology (Figure 4-22).

Figure 4-22 Injecting flowers

2. Chinese style

It is subdivided into two categories: vegetation style and landscaping style.

(1) Planting style

Planting style is a simple and natural classical flower pattern that expresses nature in the most direct way. The design is based on the natural growth state of flowers, usually expressed by grouping techniques, using radial flower shapes or parallel designs. Flowers overlap and stagger to resemble natural expressions. Leaves are inserted according to their natural growth state. Aquatic plants, stones, and pebbles are used. Cover the flower mud to maintain a natural style (Figure 4-23).

Figure 4-23 Planting style

(2) Landscaping style

The landscaping style is one that uses radial or parallel or a combination of both. kind of design. Flowers should be used according to their natural growth state, and decorations (such as small bridges and flowing water) can be included in the design, but they should not be too strong. Different from the vegetation style, the flowers used symbolize certain landscapes of nature, such as mountains, flowing water, etc., and can also represent the landscaping of certain gardens (Figure 4-24).

Figure 4-24 Landscaping style

2. Western flower arrangement style

Western flower arrangement is represented by European and American countries. It is influenced by Western architecture, sculpture and Influenced by color science, anatomy, and perspective, it emphasizes rationality and color, and is guided by regular geometric shapes. It has luxuriant flowers and leaves, rich and warm colors, rich decorative beauty, and obvious artistic style.

(1) Circular style

The early flower arrangement style used in religion was the circular style. According to written records, people at that time used to offer a bunch of blooming flowers to gods or mothers. This was the beginning of round flowers. Today's round flowers have their own names based on the continuation of the classical round flowers, and can reflect the corresponding national character. The main flower shapes include circles, ovals, cones, etc., and the design styles include Biedermeier design, Colonia, scented bouquet, thousand flowers, etc.

1. Biedermeier Design

(1) The history of “Biedermeier Art”

The origin of the word “Biedermeier” In Europe from 1815 to 1848, people abandoned the luxury of the Baroque and Rococo eras and tended to a simple and pragmatic lifestyle. The cultural characteristics of roundness, simplicity, and simplicity are reflected in architecture, interior decoration, clothing, and paintings, and have become popular and become "Biedermeier Art."

(2) Types of "Biedermeier Design"

① Ring design (Figure 4-25) Use one of the most beautiful flowers to insert in the center of the circle, and use the remaining flowers Arranged in concentric circles, forming a hemispherical pattern. The ring design is a concentric circle design. Flowers of different sizes must be used in the same ring, and the colors of the rings must be coordinated.

Figure 4-25 Ring design

② Spiral design (Figure 4-26) From the top of the flower shape, different flower materials are inserted in a spiral way, and the entire flower shape is There must be at least three layers of spiral patterns, and each layer must continue to the edge of the flower vessel. The most important thing when inserting is to arrange light-colored flowers on both sides of the dark flowers to highlight the effect of the spiral pattern. It can also be changed into a radial spiral (as shown in the picture), or a single-sided design spiral (the downward flowers are arranged in parallel).

Figure 4-26 Spiral design

③Cluster design (Figure 4-27) Flowers are arranged in groups of different sizes, and different types should be used between groups. Use high-quality flower materials, and take into account the balance of colors. Use green leaves as intervals to make the flower patterns more coordinated and elegant.

Figure 4-27 Cluster design

④Line design (Figure 4-28) Taking the center of the flower shape as the main axis, use flower materials of different colors and textures to divide the flowers into The surface of the shape is divided into lines of the same size, such as the feeling of grapefruit and orange, or the irregular flowing feeling.

Figure 4-28 Line design

⑤ Variation (Figure 4-29) Flowers, fruits, vegetables can be placed in square, rectangular, round or irregular containers. , leaves or other heterogeneous materials are arranged in rows, circular patterns or irregular color blocks, and made into various flat, arc or irregular shapes. Use beautiful and coordinated colors and different texture changes to achieve the greatest visual effect in design. It can be used in interesting animal shapes, flowers and fruits, trademarks, cakes and venue decorations, etc.

Figure 4-29 Variation design

2. Colonia

Origined from 1607 to 1780 AD, it generally uses radial insertion method, gathering, A blocky circular bouquet design with no space, a closed circular flower shape but not as close as the flowers in the Biedermeier design. The leaves here only play the role of modifying or covering the flower mud (Figure 4-30 ).

Figure 4-30 Colonia

3. Small scented bouquet

Use radial arrangement to combine fragrant plants and flowers, usually in gardens It is a round hand-held flower, and the leaves here only play the role of modifying or covering the flower mud (Figure 4-31).

Figure 4-31 Small bouquet of scented flowers

4. Thousand-flower style

Appeared in the late 15th and early 16th centuries. It uses various types of small flowers distributed randomly to replace block flowers and colors; it adopts radial insertion method, generally multi-color, without prominent colors or flowers. Closed round or semi-circular flower pattern, but not as dense as Biedermeier or Colonia (Fig. 4-32).

Figure 4-32 Thousand Flowers Style

(2) Line Style

It is divided into three categories: curve style, straight line style and compound line style.

1. Curve style

Curve style is generally centered on the focus, using radial insertion method, with strong line expression. The selection of materials must include some natural curvature materials; the selected flower materials The size and shape must have a gradual flow direction to avoid visual obstruction. Specific flower shapes include meniscus, waterfall, S-shaped, etc.

Figure 4-33 Curved style

2. Straight-line style

Line-line style is generally designed in groups, and the flowers in each group must be parallel. , the flowers between the groups can be parallel, vertical, horizontal, diagonal or mixed.

Figure 4-34 Straight line style

3. Duplex line style

The duplex line style combines Eastern lines and Western block flower shapes, generally using radial shapes Insertion methods also include tying, pasting and other techniques commonly used in modern floral design. Lines are used to establish shapes, and blocks are used to create weight, focus and depth. Specifically, there are two types: rigorous line style and Western line style. The rigorous line style is different from the potted plant combination. Generally, the base is laid out, and the upper part emphasizes the lines of natural materials and the shape of flowers. Western line style works traditionally use triangles as their shapes, and now there are also inverted T shapes, L shapes, etc. There is a visual route in the design, and the gradual sequence of flowers is often used to create a sense of line (Figure 4-35).

Figure 4-35 Duplex Line Style

(3) Garden Style

Gardeners from various countries often combine local plants with popular plants at the time to design Gardens with strong era and regional characteristics reflect certain concepts and tastes; gardens in different regions show different styles. Floral design is closely related to gardens. Floral designers often express gardens in flower vessels, so garden-style floral works also have obvious characteristics of the times and regions, including ordinary garden styles and special garden styles.

1. Ordinary garden style

Ordinary garden style can be subdivided into British garden style, Williamsburg (American) style, Provence (France) style, American Southern style, Dutch exhibition style, tropical style.

(1) British garden style appeared in the Georgian period from 1714 to 1820, and was reused by some gardeners and florists in the 20th century.

This style uses radial inserts, classical gradual flower shapes, and formal and elegant flower vessels (ceramics, bronzes, silvers, etc.). The curved lines projected from radiating points contrast with vertical and horizontal lines to express a natural feeling, which is a characteristic of this style (Figure 4-36).

Figure 4-36 British garden style

(2) Williamsburg (USA) style is characterized by the mixed use of native plant materials and flower materials, and the radial insertion method to insert square Appearance: Use orthodox and elegant flower vessels, such as silverware, porcelain, etc. In winter, dry flowers can be used (Figure 4-37).

Figure 4-37 Williamsburg (USA) style

(3) Provence (France) style is a relatively pastoral, natural and romantic style, using radial insertion method. There are multiple sets of radiation points. The flowers are arranged randomly rather than in groups, showing an original and vibrant wild charm. The choice of flower vessels must have characteristics related to the place, climate and era of Provence. "Provence" exudes an indelible and impressive mood of sunshine and blue sky, so the passionate warm colors (yellow and orange tones) are in perfect contrast with the cold blue colors (Figure 4-38).

Figure 4-38 Provence (France) style

(4) American Southern style has a sense of nostalgia and luxury. Using the radial insertion method, there are multiple sets of obvious radial points, resulting in the phenomenon of flower stems crossing. Flowers are displayed in groups and intentionally expressed as uncontrollable. The size of the design must be oversized, and the flower vessels must be classical ones, such as silver, copper or porcelain. Using a large number of native flowers and distributing them naturally and randomly shows the rich characteristics of southern gardens (Figure 4-39).

Figure 4-39 American Southern Style

(5) The Dutch exhibition style is directly derived from the Dutch garden, using radial or parallel insertion methods, with a strong group expression and its purpose It is to express the perfect cultivation of each artificially cultivated flower material; the design is large-scale, gorgeous and impressive (Figure 4-40).

Figure 4-40 Dutch exhibition style

(6) Tropical style is intended to express tropical sentiments. Because tropical flowers are generally large and stay fresh for a long time, this type of work is generally used in Public occasions. Using the radial or parallel insertion method, each flower material is designed in groups and sufficient space is maintained to express the shape and characteristics of each flower material. Each design must maintain the original characteristics of the flower material, and the selection of flower vessels must be prudent and meaningful. Sufficient capacity to match the weight of the flowers (Figure 4-41).

Figure 4-41 Tropical style

2. Special garden style

Special garden style is inspired by the decorative shapes of plants in European gardens, and is generally used Radial insertion method, insert into novel shapes, such as circles, cones, animal shapes, etc., or bundle them into radial bouquets with a binding point, the choice of materials is not limited (Figure 4-42).

Figure 4-42 Special garden style

(4) Style of the times

In the long river of history, the architecture and art of each period have obvious characteristics of the times. . The same goes for floral design. In each period, it has similar characteristics to other arts. Specific types include Delavibia style, Flanders style, Victorian (British) style, and Williamsburg Christmas (American) style.

1. Delavibia style

Delaavibia style generally consists of several single works connected in a series. Each single work has a fixed radiating point, symmetrical, Arrange flowers in a gradual and regular manner. The materials are composed of flowers, leaves, fruits, and ribbons. They are now mostly used in Christmas designs (Figure 4-43).

Figure 4-43 Delavibia style

2. Flemish style

The Flemish style originated from the 16th and 17th centuries It is an extension of the "flower" painting. Generally block-shaped design, radial insertion method, multiple radiating points, symmetrical or asymmetrical patterns, and S-shaped lines included in the work.

Better flowers are inserted at the top of the work. The flowers are 2-3 times the height of the flower vessel. There are usually drooping lines to set off the elegance of the flower vessel. In addition to flowers, there are also fruits and shells, and the different flower materials of the four seasons are represented in one work (Figure 4-44).

Figure 4-44 Flemish style

3. Victorian (British) style

Victorian (British) style has a strong block design, using radial shapes The insertion method pays attention to the expression of color and is a closed pattern. The height of the flower is 1 to 1.5 times the height of the flower container, and the flower container is luxurious. The flower choices include green leaves and greenhouse-cultivated flowers. Roses are almost indispensable. The leaves, especially those of ivy and kidney fern, are widely used. The entire design looks excessive (Figure 4-45).

Figure 4-45 Victorian (British) style

4. Williamsburg Christmas (American) style

Williamsburg Christmas (American) style adopts radial shape In the insertion method, the flowers are arranged neatly and regularly. Elegant flower vessels and no gradual arrangement (such as the neat arrangement of fruits and flowers, which are in strong contrast with the random combination of leaves), give the entire design a lovely appearance (Figure 4-46).

Figure 4-46 Williamsburg Christmas (USA) style

3. Free style

Usually a line design, with planned and clear selection of flowers The shape of the execution is not several geometric shapes that can be seen by the naked eye (Figure 4-47). Flowers are components of the composition. They can be artificially processed or unnatural materials can be used. The shapes are flexible and include natural shapes, intentional pictograms, and abstract shapes. They advocate the development of individuality and promote their own styles.

Figure 4-47 Free style

4. Avant-garde style

This type of work generally has avant-garde expression techniques and free modeling. Mainly include architecture, fire phoenix, sculpture, environmental protection, abstract and other types.

1. Architectural style

Architectural style works generally use organic materials, branches, vines, or artificial materials as structures. It can be purely technical processing or part of the design. The appearance of the design depends on the architecture (Figure 4-48).

Figure 4-48 Architectural style

2. Fire Phoenix style

Fire Phoenix style works use radioactive insertion method, combining two geometric figures to create a more It is common, but various bottom forms are also possible. The tight and upright bottom maximizes the upward thrust of the material (Figure 4-49).

Figure 4-49 Fire Phoenix

3. Sculpture style

Sculpture style works use flowers as materials to shape their shapes, which is called sculpture flower arrangement ( Figure 4-50).

Figure 4-50 Sculpture flower arrangement

4. Abstract design

Abstract design has no special characteristics, but it must have the influence of facts and abandon the use of conventions Methods are used for personal expression. Shape, color, and texture are all very important. Personal creations are expressed based on personal beauty and preferences. Design gets rid of the limitations of static concepts and is interactive with time (Figure 4- 51).

Figure 4-51 Abstract design

With the development of the times, the new generation of floral designers are challenging the traditional concept of flower arrangement. For example, the avant-garde uses organic materials, metal, glass, etc. as materials, adopts modern architecture, composition techniques, etc., and abandons the conventions of previous floral design in terms of flower materials and methods. Some of these floral designs are accidental and timely, others are purely experimental. But they all have the same characteristic, that is, they adopt an exciting and dynamic new method, adding a new way of thinking and new choices to the traditional floral design concept. They are at the forefront of floral design, both shocking and thought-provoking, which is the unique charm of avant-garde style.

To sum up, the modern popular flower arrangement and floral design styles are colorful and varied.

With the continuous improvement of people's material and spiritual life standards, with the continuous development of cultivation technology, material technology, information technology, etc., with the transformation of modern aesthetic concepts and the re-evaluation of consumer values, we believe that traditional or fashionable flower arrangements, Flower art will have a better future.