Morphine Mǎ Fēi

Morphine Latin name: Morphine

Morphine is the most important alkaloid in opium (content is about 10-15%), France in 1806 Chemist F. Zeltina isolated opium for the first time. He used the isolated white powder to conduct experiments on dogs and himself. As a result, the dog quickly fell asleep after eating it, and strong stimulation could not wake it up. He himself also fell asleep after swallowing the powder. Accordingly, he named these substances "morphine" after Morpheus, the god of sleep in Greek mythology.

Pure morphine is colorless or white crystal or powder, which is difficult to dissolve in water and easily absorbs moisture. As the impurity content increases, the color gradually deepens, and crude morphine becomes a coffee-like brown powder. In the "Golden Triangle" area, morphine base and crude morphine are also called "yellow skin", "yellow arsenic", "No. 1 heroin", etc. In the illegal trade, "yellow skin" is traded in "piece" quantities. Each weighs 1kg. Illicitly produced morphine is usually in the form of bricks. Products in Southeast Asia have trademarks such as "999", "AAA", and "OK" and are white, light yellow, or brown. It smells sour in the nose, but has a strong and sweet taste when smoked. Most morphine abusers use injection methods. At the same quality, the effect of injecting morphine is 10-20 times stronger than smoking opium.

Medical morphine is generally the sulfate, hydrochloride or tartrate of morphine. It is easily soluble in water and is often made into white flakes or dissolved in water and made into injections. Its pharmacological effects are:

(1) Effect on the central nervous system: strong anesthesia and analgesia. The anesthetic and analgesic effects of morphine are unmatched by any naturally occurring compound. It has a wide range of analgesia and is suitable for almost all kinds of severe pain, including the severe pain of advanced cancer. The analgesia can last up to 4-5 hours after one administration, and consciousness and other sensations can be kept unaffected during analgesia. In addition, it has a significant sedative effect, which can eliminate anxiety, tension, fear and other emotional reactions caused by pain, and significantly improve the patient's tolerance to pain. The analgesic effect of morphine occurs around the third ventricle, the nerve structures from the end of the third ventricle to the head of the fourth ventricle, and the periaqueductal gray matter.

(2) Effects on the respiratory system: Morphine can inhibit the activities of the respiratory center and cough center of the brain, slow down breathing and suppress coughing. Acute poisoning can lead to respiratory center paralysis, respiratory arrest and death.

(3) Effect on the cardiovascular system: The therapeutic dose of morphine has no obvious effect on blood vessels and heart rate. Large doses of morphine can cause orthostatic hypotension and bradycardia.

(4) Effect on the digestive system: It has an exciting effect on the smooth muscle and sphincter of the gastrointestinal tract, increasing its tension and weakening peristalsis, so it has the effect of stopping diarrhea and treating constipation.

The side effects of taking morphine on the nerve center include drowsiness and personality changes, causing a certain degree of comfort and euphoria; in the cerebral cortex, it can cause a decline in people's attention, thinking and memory performance. Long-term use of large doses of morphine can cause symptoms of mental disorder, death and hallucinations; in the respiratory system, large doses of morphine can cause respiratory arrest and death. The highly addictive nature of morphine causes long-term users to become severely dependent on morphine, both physically and psychologically, resulting in severe drug addiction, which forces morphine addicts to continuously increase their dosage to achieve the same effect.

The withdrawal symptoms of morphine include: sweating, tremors, fever, high blood pressure, muscle pain and contracture, etc.

Chinese name: Morphine

Abbreviated Pinyin: MF

English name: Morphine

Category: Analgesics\Opioid Receptors Agonist

Also known as morphine hydrochloride, MexiContin (morphine controlled-release tablets), Mephicon, morphine

Foreign names: Morphine, Morphine Hydrochlride, Morphina, Morphinum

< p>Indications 1. Analgesia: It has a strong analgesic effect and is effective for all kinds of pain. It is more effective for persistent dull pain than intermittent sharp pain and visceral colic. Once administered, the analgesic effect lasts for 4 to 8 hours, so it is only used for severe pain caused by trauma, surgery, burns, myocardial infarction, etc. 2. Sedation: While analgesic, it has a significant sedative effect, sometimes producing a sense of euphoria, which can improve the nervousness of pain patients.

3. Inhibit breathing: It can inhibit the respiratory center and reduce the sensitivity of the respiratory center to carbon dioxide. 4. Antitussive: It can inhibit the cough center and produce antitussive effect. Because of its addictive nature, it is not suitable for clinical use. 5. Effect on smooth muscles: It can excite the smooth muscles of the digestive tract, causing constipation; and increase the tension of the smooth muscles of the bile duct, ureter, and bronchus. 6. Cardiovascular system: It can promote the release of endogenous histamine to dilate peripheral blood vessels and reduce blood pressure; dilate cerebral blood vessels and increase intracranial pressure. 7. Antiemetic: It is not suitable for clinical use because of its addictive properties.

Function and use

It has analgesic, sedative, antitussive, respiratory and intestinal peristalsis effects. Used for severe pain and pre-anesthetic administration.

Usage

Usual dosage is subcutaneous injection, 5-15 mg once, 15-40 mg a day

Maximum dosage: 20 mg once, 60 mg a day

Notes

1. Continuous use can cause addiction, so use with caution. 2. It should not be used by infants and breastfeeding women, and should not be used by women in labor (because it can be excreted through the mammary gland and distributed to the placenta, which can inhibit the breathing of newborns and infants). 3. Can cause adverse reactions such as dizziness, vomiting and constipation. 4. It is contraindicated in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, bronchial asthma, and pulmonary heart disease; it is contraindicated in the late stages of acute left heart failure and respiratory failure. 5. It is forbidden for patients with intracranial hypertension, craniocerebral injury, etc. 6. People with reduced liver function should not use this product. 7. Biliary colic and renal colic need to be combined with atropine. Using this product alone will aggravate the pain. 8. Do not use this product until the cause of the pain is clear, in order to avoid masking symptoms and delaying diagnosis and treatment. 9. The degree of respiratory depression is related to the dose of morphine used. Excessive dosage can cause patients with acute morphine poisoning to appear lethargic, slowed breathing, and pinpoint-like constriction of pupils, which can lead to respiratory paralysis and death

Specifications Injection: 5mg (0.50ml) each; 10mg (1ml). Tablets: 5mg per tablet; 10mg.