In recent years, the Pujiang County Party Committee and County Government have adhered to the strategy of developing industry and strengthening the county and introduced a series of policies and measures to promote the development of industrial economy and optimize the industrial structure. The county's industrial economy has maintained a rapid growth momentum. Within the county economy supported by pillar industries such as home textiles, clothing, papermaking, hardware, and handicrafts, three characteristic industrial clusters of quilting, crystal, and padlocks have gradually formed. It has the title of "City of Crystal Glass" and "China Padlock Spark Characteristic Industrial Base". However, in the 2007 selection of the top 100 industrial clusters in the country organized by the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, none of Pujiang's three major industrial clusters made the list. The three crowns of "China Home Textile Industry Cluster", "China Crystal Industry Cluster" and "China Lock Industry Cluster" were won by Nantong City, Donghai County and Wenzhou Ouhai District respectively. Although there are differences in product categories and shortcomings in evaluation indicators, there is still a certain gap between the three major industrial clusters in Pujiang and the "Top 100" in terms of industrial scale, completeness of the industrial chain, and influence at home and abroad. Due to the existence of these gaps and the accumulation of various unfavorable factors in the domestic and international economic situation this year, the further development of the Pujiang industrial cluster faces many difficulties. How to accelerate the transformation and upgrading of industrial clusters, improve the comprehensive competitiveness of industrial clusters, and promote the sound and rapid development of county economies has become an important current research topic.

1. Main problems existing in the industrial cluster in Pujiang County

(1) Product quality is low and brand awareness is weak. The industrial clusters in Pujiang all developed from rural areas, such as Huangzhai's quilting, Yuzhai's crystals, and Zhengzhai's padlocks. Most of their products are daily necessities. The product quality is not high, and the business is based on "low quality and quantity." Lord. In the cluster, except for a number of companies in the padlock industry, such as Plum Blossom Locks and Wu's Locks, which pay more attention to brands, most companies in the crystal industry and quilting industry do not have their own brands, let alone well-known trademarks. More than 90% of Pujiang's quilted products are exported through foreign trade companies, so brand awareness is relatively weak. Most companies work for international brands through outsourcing processing. The lighting part of the crystal industry is basically processing accessories for the lighting industry in Guangdong. The companies in the cluster are at the low end of the global value chain, and the added value and profits obtained are very low.

(2) Insufficient technological innovation capabilities. At present, most of the industrial clusters in Pujiang are labor-intensive industries with little technical content. The requirements for enterprise scale, technology, and labor quality are not high. The entry barriers to the industry are low, and there are hidden dangers of being "big but not strong" and imitation. More than innovation, lack of independent innovation ability. Most companies in the quilting, padlock, and crystal industries do not have their own core technologies and intellectual property rights. Most companies are still in the low-level stage of imitation or OEM, relying on low costs and low prices to maintain their competitive advantages.

(3) Market competition is chaotic. Most of the clusters are simple "gatherings" of similar companies, with less cooperation and exchanges between companies. The trend of companies following the trend is prevalent. The result of the lack of technological innovation and low-price competition is bound to be product homogeneity, market disorder, and endless vicious competition. , companies generally have meager profits. In the market, which company has better market conditions will attract peer spying. After obtaining relevant information, they will immediately organize production. Within a day or two, they will fully participate in homogeneous competition, reducing prices, reducing prices, and reducing prices again, until this product The profit margins are squeezed out and the market is exhausted, and then a new product is seized and the cycle is repeated.

2. Difficulties faced by the current development of industrial clusters

(1) The prices of raw materials and labor have increased, and enterprise costs have increased significantly. Since last year, international oil prices have surged, driving up metal and crop prices. Against the background of rising global raw material prices, domestic basic resources and energy such as coal, electricity, oil, and transportation have experienced price increases to varying degrees. The rising prices of raw materials have significantly increased the production costs of industrial enterprises. At the same time, with the full implementation of the new labor law this year, rising wage levels and structural labor shortages, problems such as difficulty in recruiting workers and high wages have become more prominent. This is undoubtedly a huge pressure for industrial clusters like Pujiang, which are dominated by low-tech, low-value-added, and labor-intensive enterprises.

(2) The foreign trade export situation is severe due to exchange rates, tax rates and the subprime mortgage crisis. Affected by the appreciation of the RMB, the reduction of export tax rebate rates, and the U.S. subprime mortgage crisis, the foreign trade export situation of enterprises is severe.

The three major industrial clusters in Pujiang County all have a high proportion of foreign trade exports, especially the quilting industry's foreign trade export rate of more than 90%. Exchange losses directly lead to shrinking corporate profits, causing foreign trade companies that have always quoted prices in U.S. dollars to be afraid to accept long-term orders. The reduction in the export tax rebate rate has further shrunk the profit margins of the three major industries. In addition, the spread of the U.S. subprime debt crisis has led to a slowdown in world economic growth, resulting in a significant decline in external demand. Export companies are facing the crisis of market shrinkage and overcapacity, and the living environment of export companies has further deteriorated.

(3) Land, capital and environmental protection bottlenecks restrict the further development of clusters. First of all, due to the influence of national macro-control policies, it is currently very difficult for enterprises to use land. Since 2007, industrial land has been sold through "bid, auction, and listing". The price of industrial land in Pujiang County has reached 700,000 per mu. In addition, the cultivated land occupation tax and land use tax have increased, which has greatly increased the cost of land for enterprises. Secondly, the state has repeatedly raised the deposit reserve ratio and frozen a large amount of funds, which has reduced the total amount of credit and made it difficult for enterprises to obtain financing. At the same time, bank loan interest rates continue to rise, leading to rising corporate financing costs. In addition, environmental pollution in Pujiang's main industrial clusters, especially the crystal industry cluster, has become very serious. The groundwater system has been damaged and the environmental carrying capacity has reached its limit. As the pressure on environmental governance increases, energy conservation and emission reduction measures are gradually put in place, forcing companies to make rectifications and restricting the further development of clusters to a certain extent.

3. Strategies and measures for the development of industrial clusters in Pujiang County

Due to its own shortcomings and the deterioration of the domestic and international economic situation, the further development of the main industrial clusters in Pujiang County has caused many enterprises to face The test of life and death. The collapse of a large number of small and medium-sized enterprises in Guangdong Province and the Wenzhou-Taiwan region of our province has sounded the alarm to cluster enterprises. On the one hand, the development of industrial clusters brings scale advantages to the county economy; on the other hand, it also brings "domino risks" to the county's economic security, and may even affect the stability of the entire county's economy and society. Facing unprecedented difficulties, is it a "Phoenix Nirvana" and rebirth from the ashes? Or "the peacock flies southeast" and chooses another place to live? Is it to highlight the key points and "outshine others"? Or should we support the good and the strong and maintain the "three pillars"? As the saying goes: "Throwing it to death before reviving it", changes in the cluster development environment force us to re-examine the development path of clusters and take corresponding countermeasures.

Theoretically, industrial clusters are a form of industrial organization in which various resources are highly concentrated in a certain geographical space and integrated with the help of a certain social space, thus exerting a large economic space. The advantages of industrial clusters lie in strengthening division of labor and collaboration, optimizing resource allocation, saving production costs, and leveraging economies of scale. The competitiveness evaluation index system of industrial clusters can be divided into six major indicators: cluster enterprises, government management, auxiliary institutions, resources, infrastructure and market. Among them, the core factors of cluster competitiveness of cluster enterprises, government management, auxiliary institutions, infrastructure, and resources are important sources of cluster competitiveness, and the market is the ultimate embodiment of cluster competitiveness. Based on the analysis of existing problems and dilemmas in the development of Pujiang industrial clusters, and the application of the latest research results on industrial cluster theory, we propose an overall strategy to promote the development of Pujiang County industrial clusters: transform the pressure brought by changes in domestic and foreign economic situations In order to promote the adjustment of industrial structure and accelerate the motivation of enterprise transformation and upgrading, we should strengthen planning guidance, optimize the agglomeration environment, improve the level of professional collaboration, enhance independent innovation capabilities, and highlight the advantages of developing several major features, complete systems, environmental friendliness and market competitiveness. Strong industrial cluster. Specifically, the following work should be focused on at present:

(1) Taking development planning as the leader, strengthening the macro management of industrial clusters.

To strengthen the macro management of industrial clusters, we must pay attention to planning guidance and coordination. Planning is an important basis and means for the government to fully perform its functions, optimize resource allocation, and achieve strategic goals under market economy conditions. The industrial clusters in Pujiang were basically spontaneously formed and developed based on individual processing in towns and villages. The government did not prepare a special plan for the development of industrial clusters. Sometimes, one government has one idea and lacks continuity in policies, which has resulted in industrial problems. There are problems such as disorderly cluster layout, imperfect public supporting facilities, and unreasonable industrial structure. Therefore, there is an urgent need to study and compile the "Pujiang County Industrial Cluster Development and Spatial Layout Plan" to combine Pujiang County's industrial cluster development strategy with the actual situation and regional characteristics of the industrial cluster, to scientifically plan, rationally distribute, coordinate development, and gradually improve The overall advantages of industrial clusters.

During the preparation process, we should highlight the key points, give full play to our advantages, and focus on completing the "Crystal Industry Development Plan" and "Quilting Industry Development Plan". In addition, we can also consider formulating the "Modern Service Industry Development Plan" based on the industrial layout along Feng'an Avenue and the "High-tech Industry Development Plan" based on the expansion of development zones, etc. At the same time, we must pay attention to the coordination of industrial planning with county master plans and other related plans, adhere to the principle of “planning with projects”, and guide the market to effectively allocate resources. Once the plan is released, projects must be approved and land and funds arranged in strict accordance with the plan. Through the optimal allocation of resources, the Pujiang industrial cluster will be gradually promoted in the direction of technological progress, industrial upgrading, layout optimization, and reasonable structure.

(2) Use industrial policies as leverage to encourage the transformation and upgrading of cluster enterprises.

Cluster enterprises are the core element of the competitiveness of industrial clusters. To promote the development of processing industrial clusters into innovative industrial clusters and enhance the division of labor status of industrial clusters in the global value chain, we must increase the emphasis on industrial clusters. We will provide financial and financial support, coordinate the policies and means of relevant government departments, and form a joint force to jointly support the development of industrial clusters. Existing special financial funds should be tilted towards independent innovation, brand building, and public service platforms of industrial clusters.

1. Strengthen technological innovation. To promote the transformation of industrial clusters from cost-expansion to innovation-driven, cluster enterprises should be encouraged to increase R&D investment, attract talents widely, establish R&D centers and design centers in various forms, and enhance the independent innovation capabilities of enterprises; encourage scientific research institutes and cluster enterprises Strengthen the integration of "industry, academia, and research" to form a scientific and technological innovation system to make up for the lack of innovation capabilities of small and medium-sized enterprises; encourage cluster enterprises to introduce foreign advanced manufacturing equipment, adopt advanced information technology, and implement technological transformation. The government may consider providing accelerated depreciation, tax exemptions, fiscal discounts, financial support and other measures for enterprises in the cluster to engage in technology development activities. In recent years, Pujiang Wu's Lock Industry independently developed fingerprint locks, Yahua Rhinestones introduced Czech technology and equipment to produce CNT rhinestones, and the quilting design center jointly established by Chaojie Group and Zhejiang Normal University Software R&D Center is It is a good example of an enterprise taking the road of technological innovation to realize the transformation and upgrading of traditional industries.

2. Implement brand strategy. To maintain competitive advantages, industrial clusters must not only expand the industry, but also strengthen the enterprise and build a strong brand. Excellent brands can greatly increase the added value of products and obtain high profits. Although Pujiang's quilting products have a long history, they have no trademark or brand, and have always relied on orders from foreign businessmen to survive. In recent years, with the changes in the international trade environment and the improvement of domestic living standards, many companies have turned their attention to the domestic market and proposed a "two-legged" strategy. However, in order to open the door to the domestic demand market, they suffer from the lack of brands. Therefore, the government should increase support and encourage leading companies that already have a certain scale and strength to speed up corporate brand building, continuously improve product quality and grade, and gradually improve from provincial famous brands to national famous brands to world famous brands, and then take the lead. The demonstration effect of enterprises attracts more enterprises to devote themselves to brand building and forms a brand echelon within the cluster. This will prompt these industrial clusters in Pujiang, which mainly rely on commissioned processing, to gradually transform from commissioned processing (OEM) to independent product design (ODM) and independent brand production (OBM).

3. Strengthen professional division of labor and improve the industrial chain. Internal fine division of labor is an important experience in the success of successful industrial clusters at home and abroad, and a complete industrial chain is also an important way to improve the competitiveness of clusters. If there is no industrial chain, there will be no industrial cluster, but a mess of "agglomeration without clustering". The notebook computer industry cluster in Kunshan City was developed consciously along the industrial chain. They dissect all the components of the laptop and make a list, and then seek investment for any component that has not yet been produced by a local company. In this way, after the investment is attracted, there will be a series of product docking around all the components and raw materials of the laptop. , and the degree of specialization is very high, and each enterprise is very specialized. After such a complete industrial chain division of labor and cooperation, the industrial cluster formed will inevitably have strong competitiveness. In the process of implementing high-tech and high-tech industrialization of traditional industries, Pujiang can also refer to Kunshan City's practice, focusing on improving the industrial chain and strengthening professional division of labor, developing specialized supporting enterprises and improving the level of professional collaboration among enterprises. At the same time, it is necessary to support the development of specialized enterprises in heat treatment, electroplating and other processes, accelerate the resolution of weak links in the industrial chain, and gradually improve the competitiveness of the cluster.

(3) Focus on creative design and accelerate the development of producer services.

Developing producer services can refine and deepen professional division of labor, reduce social transaction costs, and improve resource allocation efficiency. It is an effective means to improve the competitiveness of industrial clusters. At present, the service industry in Pujiang County accounts for less than 30% of GDP, which is still far behind developed regions. Therefore, at present, Pujiang must attach great importance to the development of producer services and create a good external environment for the development of industrial clusters. The focus is: relying on universities such as Zhejiang Normal University and Jinhua Vocational and Technical College to develop creative design, technology research and development and other scientific and technological service institutions; in accordance with the principle of "government promotion, market operation, independent operation, and paid services", support the crystal market, Construction of public service facilities such as a famous home textile city, information port, digital city, and convention and exhibition center; taking the construction of Feng'an Avenue as an opportunity to accelerate the establishment of a modern logistics service network; improving financial guarantees, venture capital, and entrepreneurial funds to provide enterprises with necessary Financial supporting services can alleviate the financial bottleneck faced by enterprises in independent innovation. Rely on clusters to establish training institutions, vigorously carry out vocational and technical education, and provide high-quality labor teams for industrial clusters; give full play to the role of industry associations, safeguard the economic interests of the community, carry out industry exchanges, consultations, exhibitions and other activities, and coordinate and solve problems for members resolve conflicts and disputes among enterprises and maintain market order.

(4) Relying on the entrepreneurship center, create a high-tech enterprise cultivation base.

After years of development and construction, Pujiang County Economic Development Zone and Huangzhai Industrial Functional Zone have made great progress in infrastructure construction such as transportation, electricity, water supply and drainage. At present, the biggest bottleneck restricting the development of high-tech industries is industrial land, and many high-tech projects cannot obtain land. Therefore, it is currently necessary to seize the opportunity of expansion of development zones, integrate land resources, revitalize land stock, and establish high-tech enterprise entrepreneurship centers. By building standard factories, intensively utilizing land, building nests to attract phoenixes, and supporting the development of innovative small and medium-sized enterprises in the form of financial subsidies and low-cost rentals. When it comes to investment promotion for entrepreneurial centers, in addition to emphasizing technological content, industrial characteristics must also be highlighted. You can refer to the industrial chain investment promotion model of Kunshan's notebook computer industry cluster to introduce a new industrial cluster. But in fact, it is very difficult to introduce a cluster without a certain industrial foundation, so we can also consider relying on existing industrial clusters for development and transformation, such as the LED industry. Pujiang has a large-scale miner's lamp industry cluster as its foundation. If the benchmarking effect of Yiyuan Technology, a leading enterprise, can be used to guide the entire miner's lamp industry cluster to transform into the LED industry, then a new technology-based industrial cluster with greater development potential will be formed. will be born from this.

While supporting traditional industries to move to high-end through technological transformation, the government should also treat them differently. For those sunset industries that are already in decline, they should decisively adopt the method of "vacating cages and replacing birds" to guide enterprises Shift to high-tech industries. Yiyuan Technology Co., Ltd. in Huangzhai Industrial Zone was originally a small workshop that produced miner's lamps. After years of development, it has now built a spacious and modern factory in the park. Although the company's production environment has improved, the demand for miner's lamps has shrunk year by year. The market competition is fierce and the industry prospects are not optimistic. Now, the company has introduced advanced technology and turned to the production of LED displays with higher technical content, and the company has successfully achieved transformation. There are also "Wu's Lock Industry" turning to lithium battery production, and "Xingbi Crystal" turning to LED energy-saving lamps. These are good examples of the transformation of traditional enterprises into high-tech enterprises.

(5) Develop the “sweet potato economy” and headquarters economy with the purpose of complementing each other’s advantages.

Pujiang and even Zhejiang as a whole are areas with relatively poor resources. Industrial raw materials, energy and labor force all rely on transfers from other provinces. In recent years, with the rapid development of the industrial economy, a series of problems such as coal shortage, electricity shortage, oil shortage, and difficulty in recruiting workers have begun to appear. In particular, industrial land has become a scarce resource. Therefore, we should develop the "sweet potato economy" and the headquarters economy, let low-end industries that consume a lot of resources and pollute the environment "go out", and "bring in" high-end industries with high technology content and low environmental impact, so as to realize the advantages between regions. Complementarity and industrial transfer are currently an effective way to solve resource and environmental problems.

The "sweet potato economy" is a metaphor for inter-regional industrial transfer. Sweet potatoes have a strong vitality. Its vine leaves will extend in all directions and occupy the vast space outside to fully absorb sunlight, rain, dew and nutrients. However, the nutrients will eventually be transmitted to the roots, and the sweet potatoes will still bear fruit at the place where they were originally sown.

For industries such as padlocks and crystals in Pujiang, their raw material origins are in the central and western regions, which consume large amounts of resources and have a heavy environmental impact. Therefore, they are suitable for the development of a "sweet potato economy", allowing companies to relocate upstream rough processing, semi-finished products and other production links. Go to the resource-rich central and western regions, expand the downstream sales market at the same time, and fully absorb advanced technologies from other places, forming a "two ends outside" and rooted in Pujiang pattern. The cluster headquarters will be the biggest winner of the benefits. In the past few years, 25 lock-making companies in Pujiang moved out of Jiangxi and cloned a "lock industry mosaic" in Xing'an Industrial Park, Hengfeng County. Although the relocation of companies will have a certain impact on tax revenue, this impact will soon be eliminated. The tax contribution of emerging industries will make up for it, and ultimately the economic benefits will be maximized based on the rational allocation of regional resources.

The headquarters economy is another industrial transfer model compared to the "sweet potato economy". The “sweet potato economy” involves moving production bases out, while the headquarters economy attracts corporate headquarters and arranges them in clusters. Although Pujiang lacks talents and service industry advantages in developing the headquarters economy compared to provincial cities or prefecture-level cities, with the increasing global influence of Yiwu International Trade City and the construction of the Pujiang-Yiwu Expressway, Pujiang has become more competitive with Yiwu With its geographical advantages, market advantages and cultural tourism advantages, it still has certain potential to develop the headquarters economy. To develop the headquarters economy, on the one hand, we must focus on attracting companies to transfer their headquarters during the investment promotion process and arrange their production bases in other areas with comparative advantages; on the other hand, we must retain local corporate headquarters and drive the development of the service industry through the clustering of headquarters , to achieve urban structure upgrading, industrial transformation and functional improvement.

(6) Taking the professional market as the starting point, create a regional brand and give full play to the overall advantages.

The development of professional wholesale markets based on industrial clusters not only meets the needs of cluster enterprises to expand sales channels, but also builds regional brands to give full play to their overall advantages. At present, although Pujiang Crystal Industry has several professional markets such as Crystal City and Lighting City, Crystal City is like a tourist mall and Lighting City is like a residential area. The other markets are even smaller, scattered, chaotic, and unreasonably planned. The functions are incomplete and far from meeting the needs of industrial development. The quilting industry in Pujiang does not have a professional market. Due to changes in the sales situation, quilting products are currently changing from relying solely on foreign markets to a sales model that walks on "two legs" in domestic and foreign markets. Therefore, there is an urgent need to build its own quilting industry. Home textile professional market. Although, from the perspective of product categories, the sales model of home textile products is more suitable for implementing brand strategies and adopting the form of specialty stores rather than professional wholesale markets, the role of building a professional market for quilted home textiles is not only sales, but also exhibitions, original A series of extension effects such as supply of auxiliary materials and building regional brands.

Building regional brands such as "China's Famous Quilted Home Textile City" and "China's Crystal Glass Capital" will benefit not only individual companies, but many companies. Therefore, the government, industry associations and enterprises must form an atmosphere of joint efforts to build regional brands, organically combine corporate brand and regional brand construction, support industrial clusters based on brand sharing, and vigorously cultivate collective brands or collective trademarks, Registration of origin, etc. Relevant associations or other intermediary organizations are encouraged to submit applications for the protection of geographical indication products and geographical indication products of export enterprises, and apply for registration of collective trademarks in accordance with the law. Continue to promote Pujiang quilting, crystal and other industrial enterprises to participate in domestic and foreign trade fairs. For the Pujiang crystal industry, it can also rely on professional markets such as China Crystal Glass City and Lighting City to develop industrial tourism, further enhance the visibility and reputation of regional brands, and promote the sound and rapid development of the Pujiang cluster economy.

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