1864 After the Crimean War near the Black Sea in Eastern Europe, Joseph Binny set up Pixar Chemical Company in new york, which initially produced black ink, and later produced high-quality black carbon pigment, which can be used as ink, pigment and even black shoe polish. It also produced slate pens for students to use. Later, its sons Edwin Binney and C.Harold Smith won the teacher's gold medal for developing the world's first dust-free chalk at the 1902 St. Louis World Expo. Later, during their visit to the school to promote products, they saw the demand for suitable colored crayons in the education market.
At that time, crayons were large in size, dark in color, ugly in shape, and generally used in industry, and some components of industrial crayons were toxic, so Bonnie &; Smith wants to make a non-toxic colored crayon for children. Later, they developed a crayon made of paraffin wax and industrial pigments, and created the Crayola trademark at 1903, and launched the world's first group of Crayola crayons specially designed for children. This is a box of 8 crayons, which contains brown, black, blue, red, purple, orange, yellow and green. The word Crayola was formed by Bonnie's wife Alice spelling Craie (meaning chalk) and Oleaginous (meaning oily chalk) in French.
The two main substances in crayons are:
1. pigment
2. Solid paraffin wax
They mixed the two raw materials and heated them into liquid. At about 40 degrees Celsius, the crayon liquid will dissolve and be heated to about 82 degrees Celsius. Then pour the melted crayon liquid into hundreds of crayon-shaped molds. Then the mold is cooled with cold water at 13℃, and it takes about 9- 13 minutes to make crayons. A mold can make about 1200 crayons. It weighs about 40 pounds. The crayons in the early molds had to be taken out manually, which was slow, inconvenient and wasteful. Now, machine tools are used for injection molding molds.
Crayola crayons sold well in the market as soon as they were launched, and soon the Crayola trademark became a well-known crayon brand in the United States. In Japan 1925, Japanese cherry blossom companies also began to develop their oily crayon technology, which was sold under the trademark Cray-pas and was popular. Until today, Crayola's impression is still famous for its color, interest, quality and research. There are crayons, markers, markers, stationery, related compounds, craft supplies, and 120 colors of pigments. Creola has more than 2,600 employees and sells 200 million crayons in more than 60 countries every year. 1972 also launched fluorescent crayons in the market, which sold well. To 1996,
You can visit its website: www.crayola.com.
Writing is one of the greatest skills of human beings. The content and tools of writing enable human culture to continue. Exquisite cave paintings from Paleolithic to the end of Pleistocene (Great Ice Age) are considered to be the origin of painting characters, probably the predecessor of Egyptian hieroglyphics. The most important cave paintings in existence are Lascaux cave paintings in Dordogne (painted in 30,000 ~ 20,000 BC) and altamira cave paintings near Chadad in northwest Spain (painted in 65,438+05,000 ~ 65,438+00,000 BC by madelin). Each cave painting is painted with red, black, yellow and ochre pigments extracted from ochre and other natural minerals. There are deer, bison and wild boar in the painting. These paintings are magnificent and colorful. The purpose and significance of these cave arts are still unclear, but it is worthy of recognition that these paintings aim to express their specific meanings to the audience.
Primitive people hunted for a living, drifted and fled for survival, and had no time for language exchange. With the domestication of animals and the development of agriculture, they need and have time to improve their writing skills. They connect paintings together to express a story or record an event, or as a reminder of future plans. This painting text is further simplified to express some physical objects, and the basic strokes are more and more easy to understand. These primitive characters appeared in the valleys of Tigris and Euphrates rivers in Mesopotamia, and Sumerians developed them into a writing system-cuneiform characters. These images and characters are simplified into angular shapes, so that the branches of reed stems can be pressed against the wet and soft mud to form cuneiform strokes. From 4000 BC to 1000 BC, cuneiform characters were adopted by social groups in the Near East in the late ancient times, such as Sumerians, Haitians, Babylonians and Assyrians. This kind of writing has formed the foundation of many languages in the process of spreading in the Middle East. During this period, cuneiform characters evolved from about 2000 writing symbols to 600 notes. It has developed from the practice of recording temple management to an extremely useful tool for recording complex medical, astronomical, legal and mathematical materials. During the period of 1844 ~ 1857, people had a deep understanding and discernment of cuneiform, and successfully translated many striking cuneiform manuscripts to identify the correctness of the stories in the Old Testament.
Almost at the same time, writing developed in the fertile Nile Valley. Farmers carved the Nile flood on stone walls in the form of symbols. Later, the Greeks named this writing "hieroglyphics", which means "sacred carving (letters)". Obviously, this naming will bring misunderstanding. In fact, they are not only carved for religious purposes, but also have commemorative and non-religious purposes, and sometimes they are painted or written on grass paper. Different from cuneiform, from 3000 BC to the 4th century AD, the basic structure of hieroglyphics remained unchanged, and even religious and secular cursive scripts developed from it. Although this style of writing is difficult to write, it is beautiful. It has gone through a long historical stage and consists of three symbol forms: graphic characters, ideographic characters and phonetic symbols. Each symbol is an independent picture or geometric figure.
The most revolutionary contribution of the Egyptians in writing was the introduction of reed brushes, ink and toilet paper. This smooth and simple writing system stems from their pursuit of faster writing methods and is the originator of modern writing tools. The purpose of simplifying cuneiform writing is to improve the writing speed on soft clay blocks. The speed of this new writing method in Egypt makes it unnecessary to simplify orthography and cursive hieroglyphics-holy books of clergy and cursive scripts of mortals. Egypt has many raw materials for writing tools. Cut the reed stem of Cyperus papyrus (where the word paper comes from) straight and stick two layers at a certain angle to form a smooth and wide writing surface. Small Juncus can be used as a writing brush. This pen is made by pressing the bottom of reed stem into a hairy shape, and the honeycomb structure on the upper part can store enough ink to write a line. Although this method was originally patented by the royal family, papyrus was the most popular writing material in Egypt from the reign of Greece and Rome to the Middle Ages.
1564, a strong wind blew down a big tree near the Polo Valley in Cumberland, England, and a large number of dark minerals-graphite were exposed at the root nodes. Local shepherds discovered the use of graphite to mark sheep. Soon, discerning city residents cut graphite ore into thin strips and sold them in the London market. Shopkeepers and businessmen use it to mark their goods, so it is called "printing stone". The marks drawn by this "primitive pencil" are thick and clear.
However, graphite is fragile. 176 1 year, German chemist Faber collected some graphite ores from Si Er Coal Mine in Casta, ground them into powder, and washed them with water to remove impurities, thus obtaining pure graphite powder. After various experiments, Faber finally found that the "pencil" made by mixing sulfur, antimony and resin into graphite and heating and curing was suitable in hardness, smooth in writing and not easy to get dirty.
1789, the French Revolution broke out and Britain and Germany blocked France. There is no source of pencils, which has a great influence on France. Conte, a French chemist and inventor, was ordered to collect as much graphite as possible to make pencils in France, but the quality of graphite in France was poor and the output was not much. Conte tried his best and finally had an idea. He mixed some clay into graphite and made an experiment. The result was surprisingly good, and this mixture became the best brush in the world.
Conte's pencil and Faber's pencil have only one thin strip, which is easy to break. 18 12, William Monroe, a carpenter and repairman in Massachusetts, USA, became a man of the hour. He decided to add icing on the cake to the pencil and put a wooden coat on it. Monroe installed machinery in the soil yard to manufacture standardized battens with a length of 5- 18cm. Dig a groove just suitable for pencil lead in the middle of the thin wood strips, and then insert a graphite strip between two thin wood strips with the same groove and stick them together. Thus, the first modern pencil was born. This standard pencil with the length of 18cm can draw a line of 55km and write at least 45,000 words. And 17cm has been cut, leaving a 5cm long nib.
/kloc-After Qianmenluo's pencil was born in 0/00, some people thought it was a waste of wood. Therefore, in 19 15, Japanese Kit Hayakawa invented a pencil that can push pencil lead out again and again, which is the prototype of the mechanical pencil widely used today. There are more than 300 kinds of pencils in the world now.