Knowledge is in line with the direction of civilization, and the sum of the results of human exploration of the material world and the spiritual world. Knowledge, so far there is no unified and clear definition. The following is a compulsory knowledge of senior high school politics compiled by People's Education Press for everyone, for reference only. Welcome to read it.
People's Education Press Senior High School Politics Required Knowledge 1
Lesson 1: Money
(1) The Nature of Money
Test Site 1: The Basic Attributes of Commodities
1. The Meaning of Commodities: Labor Products for Exchange.
2. Basic attributes of commodities: value and use value.
(1) Value refers to undifferentiated human labor condensed in commodities. Use value refers to the property that goods can meet people's needs.
(2) Use value and value are two basic attributes of commodities. (The former is a natural attribute and the latter is a social attribute)?
(3) Commodity is the unity of value and use value, and use value is the material undertaker of value.
test site 2: the generation and essence of money
1. the meaning of money: it is separated from commodities and serves as a commodity in universal equivalent.
2. Currency generation: barter-expanded barter-universal equivalent-gold and silver fixed as universal equivalent-currency generation.
3. The essence of money: universal equivalent.
Test Site 3: Basic Functions of Money
1. Value Scale
Meaning: Money has the function of expressing and measuring the value of all other commodities. Reason: Money itself is a commodity and valuable.
requirements: to perform this function, only conceptual currency is needed, not realistic currency.
2. Means of circulation
Meaning: the function of money as a medium of commodity exchange. Form of expression: commodity-currency-commodity. Commodity exchange with money as the medium is called commodity circulation. Requirements: currency must use realistic currency to perform this function, not conceptual currency.
3. besides the basic functions of value scale and circulation means, money also has the functions of storage means, payment means and world currency.
test center 4: metal currency and paper money?
1 metal currency: coins with a certain shape, weight, fineness and denomination value.
2. meaning of paper money: issued by the country (or some regions) and used compulsorily.
3. The circulation of paper money must be limited to the amount of money needed in circulation. If the circulation of paper money exceeds this limit, it will cause prices to rise and affect people's lives and social economic order; If the circulation of paper money is less than this limit, it will make it difficult to sell goods and directly hinder the circulation of goods.
the calculation formula of currency in circulation: total commodity price (quantity of commodities for sale × price level)/currency circulation times.
Test Site 5: Money and Wealth
1. The reason why money is worshipped: After it was produced, it became a symbol of social wealth.
2. Money is not mysterious: it should not be worshipped blindly. From the origin of money, it is the product of the long-term development of commodity exchange; In essence, it is a commodity that acts as universal equivalent. In terms of function, it has basic functions such as value scale and circulation means.
3. the correct attitude towards money (three sentences): take it properly, use it appropriately and use it profitably.
(2) Credit instruments and foreign exchange
Test center 6: Settlement and credit instruments
1. Credit card:?
meaning: bank credit card is a kind of credit certificate issued by the bank to customers with good credit standing. Function: It integrates deposit, withdrawal, consumption, settlement and inquiry, which can reduce the use of cash, simplify collection procedures, facilitate shopping and consumption, enhance consumption safety and bring many conveniences to cardholders.
2. Cheque:
Meaning: Cheque is a payment voucher for demand deposits, and it is a bill that the drawer entrusts banks and other financial institutions to unconditionally pay a certain amount to the payee or holder when seeing the bill. Types: Cash and transfer checks are mainly divided into transfer checks in China (after the payment unit or individual issues an invoice, the payment will be transferred to his own account at the bank) and cash checks (drawn by the payment unit and the payee will withdraw cash at the bank with the ticket).
test center 7: foreign exchange and exchange rate:
1. the meaning of foreign exchange: it is a means of payment expressed in foreign currency for international settlement. 2. Meaning of exchange rate: also known as exchange rate, it is the exchange rate between two currencies.
3. If 1 units of foreign currency can be exchanged for more RMB, it means that if the exchange rate of foreign currency rises, the foreign currency will appreciate and the RMB will depreciate. On the contrary, it shows that the foreign currency exchange rate has fallen, the foreign currency has depreciated and the RMB has appreciated.
what are the advantages and disadvantages of RMB appreciation?
Benefits of RMB appreciation: ① RMB appreciation can save enterprises a sum of money in importing goods; The appreciation of RMB enables China consumers to buy cheap imported goods; (3) The appreciation of RMB has reduced the pressure on China's foreign debt; ④ The appreciation of RMB makes the wealth in the hands of ordinary people in China more valuable.
Disadvantages of RMB appreciation: ① RMB appreciation leads to higher export commodity prices, weaker competitiveness in the international market and more difficult export trade; ② The appreciation of RMB makes the actual purchasing power of goods purchased by foreign businessmen in China market suffer, which affects foreign investment; ③ RMB appreciation will increase domestic employment pressure; ④ RMB appreciation devalues China's foreign exchange reserves.
People's Education Press, a compulsory knowledge of senior high school politics 2
Lesson 2: Price
(1) The decision and change of price
Test center 8: Value and price
(1) The relationship between price and value.
① in a market economy, the price is ultimately determined by the value. Value is the basis of price, and price is the monetary expression of value.
② commodity prices are high or low, because they contain different values. Other things being equal, the greater the commodity value, the higher the price; The smaller the value, the lower the price.
(2) socially necessary labor time determines the value of goods.
① Determinant of value: socially necessary labor time for producing goods.
a, socially necessary labor time refers to the time required to manufacture a commodity under the existing normal social production conditions and the average social labor proficiency and labor intensity. B, individual labor time is the time taken by individual commodity producers to produce a commodity.
② The commodity value is in direct proportion to the socially necessary labor time. The more socially necessary labor time a commodity consumes, the greater its value, and vice versa. The value of a commodity is directly proportional to the socially necessary labor time for producing the commodity, and inversely proportional to the social labor productivity for producing the commodity. The value of a commodity has nothing to do with the individual labor time and individual labor productivity in producing the commodity.
③ significance of socially necessary labor time to producers: individual labor time has nothing to do with commodity value. When individual labor time is higher than socially necessary labor time, the less the use value produced in the same labor time, the smaller the total value created, which will be at a disadvantage. On the contrary, individual labor time is lower than socially necessary labor time, and the more the use value produced in the same labor time, the greater the total value created, and it is in a favorable position. → It is decided that producers strive to shorten the individual labor time of producing commodities and improve labor productivity.
test center 9: value determines price
value is the basis of price, and price is the monetary expression of value. Generally speaking, other things being equal, the greater the commodity value, the higher the price; The smaller the value, the lower the price. There is a direct ratio between the two < P > Test center 1: Basic content and manifestation of the law of value < P > 1. Content: The value of a commodity is determined by the socially necessary labor time for producing the commodity; Commodity exchange is based on value quantity and implements equivalent exchange.
2. manifestation: commodity prices are affected by the relationship between supply and demand, and fluctuate around the value.
3. Important manifestation of the law of value. (1) Adjust the output. (2) Adjust the input of production factors. (where it has been changed)
Test center 11: Supply and demand
In addition to the value determining the price, the factors that affect the price also include supply and demand. The influence of various factors on commodity prices is realized by changing the relationship between supply and demand of the commodity. (Pay attention to the supply curve and demand curve)
Test center 12: Factors affecting (balanced) price
Social necessary labor time determines value, value determines price, supply and demand affect price, and price affects supply and demand. (price is formed by market)
1. There are many factors that affect price, such as climate, time, region, production, and even religion and customs. ?
2. The influence of various factors on commodity prices is realized by changing the relationship between supply and demand of the commodity.
(1) Demand exceeds supply and prices rise. -so there is a phenomenon that "things are rare"?
(2) The supply exceeds the demand and the price is reduced. -so the phenomenon of "more goods are worthless" appears
(2) the impact of price changes on economic life
Test center 13: the impact of price changes on consumers
The change of commodity prices means the change of consumers' actual income, which will lead to the change of consumers' purchases of goods, thus changing consumers' satisfaction, which is called income effect and affecting consumers' living standards and quality of life
. When the price of a commodity falls and the profit of producers decreases, producers will reduce the scale of production and output. On the contrary, it will increase production.
2. Adjust the input of production factors. In order to produce products, producers must invest a certain amount of people, money and materials. When some factors of production can be substituted for each other, in order to reduce the production cost, the producer will increase the use of which factor of production price drops; On the contrary, reduce the use of this element.
the influence of price changes on production is an important embodiment of the law of value.
test center 15: the impact of price changes on demand
1. Price changes will cause changes in demand: generally speaking, when the price of a commodity rises, people will reduce their purchases; When the price of this commodity falls, people will increase their purchases.
2. The demand of different commodities has different responses to price changes: price changes have less influence on the demand of daily necessities and greater influence on the demand of high-grade durable goods.
3. (1) They are substitutes for each other: the two commodities have the same or similar functions and can meet the same needs of consumers.
(2) Complementary products: Two commodities must be combined to meet people's needs.
the influence of price changes of related commodities on demand: the price changes of mutual substitutes are inversely proportional to the demand for themselves and directly proportional to the demand for substitutes; The price changes of complementary commodities are inversely proportional to the demand of their own commodities and their complementary commodities.
People's Education Press 3
Lesson 3: Consumption
Test Site 16: Factors Affecting Consumption
1. The consumption level is influenced by many factors, mainly the income of residents.
(1) Income is the basis and premise of consumption.
① the more disposable income, the greater the consumption; On the contrary, the smaller it is.
② During the period of rapid income growth, consumption growth is also rapid; And vice versa.
(2) Residents' consumption level is also influenced by future income expectations. Future income expectations are optimistic, and consumption will increase; On the contrary, it will reduce consumption.
(3) The overall consumption level of society is closely related to the size of people's income gap: if people's income gap is too large, the overall consumption level will decrease; on the contrary, if the income gap is narrowed, the overall consumption level will increase.
2. There are also changes in prices and residents' consumption concepts.
test center 17: consumption type
1. According to the transaction mode, there are different consumption, loan consumption and lease consumption.
2. according to the purpose of consumption, it is divided into subsistence consumption, development consumption and enjoyment consumption.
Test Site 18: Consumption Structure
1. Consumption structure refers to the proportion of people's various consumption expenditures in the total consumption expenditure. Consumption structure is not static, it will change with the development of economy and the change of income.
2. Engel's coefficient:
(1) Meaning: the proportion of food expenditure in total household expenditure.
The reasons for the decrease of Engel's coefficient in China are as follows: ① The fundamental reason: the continuous development of China's economy; ② Direct cause: the continuous improvement of people's income level.
(2) Impact: If Engel's coefficient is too large, it will inevitably affect other consumption expenditures, especially the increase of development materials and enjoyment materials, and limit the improvement of consumption level and quality. The decrease of Engel's coefficient usually indicates that people's living standards have improved and their consumption structure has improved.
test center 19: consumer psychology
1. Consumption caused by conformity psychology: whether consumption should conform to the crowd should be analyzed in detail. It is not advisable to blindly follow the crowd.
2. Consumption caused by the psychology of seeking difference: characterized by being different and unconventional. Do not advocate being too unconventional.
3. Consumption caused by comparison psychology: This kind of consumption psychology is unhealthy.
4. consumption led by realistic psychology: characterized by paying attention to material benefits and according to needs. It is a rational consumption.
test center 2: consumption behavior
1. Live within your means and spend moderately. Control consumption within one's economic affordability. )
the so-called moderate consumption includes two meanings: not lagging behind consumption and not ahead of consumption. ?
live within our means, make consumption adapt to our economic affordability, and make reasonable consumption.
2. Avoid blind obedience and spend rationally. (avoid following the trend, avoiding emotional consumption, and avoiding material consumption over spiritual consumption. )
3. Protect the environment and consume green. (Green consumption refers to all kinds of consumption behaviors that are aimed at protecting consumers' health and saving resources and conform to human health and environmental protection standards. To reflect the requirements of Scientific Outlook on Development, we should correctly handle the relationship between man and nature and develop harmoniously. Its core is sustainable consumption, which is manifested as "5R". )
4. Diligence and thrift, hard work.
People's Education Press Senior High School Politics Required Knowledge 4
Lesson 4: Production and Economic System
(1) Production and Consumption
Test Site 21: Production determines consumption
1. Production determines the object of consumption; The way in which production determines consumption; Production determines the quality and level of consumption; Production creates power for consumption.
2. People's consumption is not determined by subjective desire, but by objective material production situation.
3. The production of material data is the basis for the survival and development of human society. In a sense, the history of mankind is the history of production development.
4. The process of social reproduction includes four interrelated aspects: production, distribution, exchange and consumption.