1. Steam engine: promoted the development of the whole industrial revolution (inventor Watt)
Traditional horsepower or water power cannot provide the power needed by the industrial revolution, and the development of steam engine energy has brought a more effective and powerful power to the world. Although the ancients began to explore this aspect in the 2nd century BC, it was not until Watt's steam engine was put on the market that the commercial value of the steam engine was really opened. Many historians believe that the development of the steam engine is one of the most important inventions of the industrial revolution, because the appearance of the steam engine promoted the development of metallurgy, coal mines and textiles. The appearance of steam engine and the mechanization of textile industry have increased the iron consumption of industry. Because Britain is rich in iron ore and coal mines, the increase in demand has stimulated the improvement of iron smelting technology and coal mining industry, and accelerated the pace of industrialization. The steam engine train in 184 and the steam engine ship in 187 greatly improved the transportation conditions and assisted the development of the industrial revolution.
2. Telephone: Opening a new chapter in the history of human communication (inventor Bell)
"Mr. Watson, please come at once, I need help!" This is the first sentence successfully delivered by alexander bell, the inventor of telephone on March 1th, 1876. Since then, the telephone has been born, and the history of human communication has opened a new chapter.
The dream of wireless communication was realized in new york, USA in 1973. At that time, the world's first practical mobile phone was huge, weighing 1.9 kilograms, and it was a veritable "mobile phone". Today, 26 years later, the world's smallest mobile phone has also been born. It is only as big as a pager and much lighter than the first generation mobile phone.
1964 was another important turning point in the history of human communication. In the summer of that year, thousands of viewers all over the world watched the live broadcast of the Tokyo Olympic Games in Japan by satellite for the first time. This is the first time in the history of mankind to watch what happened thousands of miles away at the same time through the TV screen. People not only lamented the wonderful and spectacular opening ceremony and various competitions of the Olympic Games, but also marveled at the progress of science and technology. All this is due to the geosynchronous satellite invented by harold rosen.
In the summer of 1969, the prototype of the Internet appeared in the United States. It consisted of four computer websites, one at the University of California, and the other three in Nevada. In 1972, the experimenter sent the first e-mail on the experimental network for the first time, which marked the beginning of the combination of Internet and communication. In the 199s, the Internet began to be used for commercial purposes. The network reached its first climax in 1995, which was called the International Internet Year. Driven by the wave of e-commerce, the Internet will have a far-reaching impact on human society in the 21st century.
3. Automobile: Running forward with the times (inventor Renju, France)
Automobile has changed the whole traffic situation of human beings, and owning the automobile industry has become the symbol of every powerful industrial country.
The automobile has gone through such a history: in 1771, French Renju designed a steam engine tricycle; In 186, a Frenchman, Renault, made an automobile engine fueled by coal gas. In 1885, German Ben Ci and Daimler respectively completed a locomotive equipped with a high-speed gasoline engine and a three-wheeled vehicle equipped with a two-stroke gasoline engine, and they were successfully commercialized; In 198, Ford, an American, used assembly line to mass-produce Model T cars with low price, high safety and high speed. The popularization of cars began; In 1912, Cadillac launched an electronic ignition starter, which made women fall in love with cars. In 1926, Daimler Ben Ci, the world's first automobile manufacturing company, was established; In 1934, the first front-wheel drive car came out; In 194, many car manufacturers stopped production because of the great war, and European car dealers began to turn to the production of military vehicles; In 195s, Volvo's carapace car in Germany became the most popular car once it was launched. From 197 to 2, Japanese cars were popular in Asia, and Toyota, Honda, Mitsubishi and Nissan's ultra-high-tech small cars invaded the European and American markets, rewriting the monopoly of European and American brands.
In fact, the invention of the automobile greatly improved the mobility of human beings, and broadened their horizons and pursued freedom in the 2th century. Of course, the development of automobile industry has also brought about problems such as road network occupying land resources, air pollution and high fares, but in any case, cars do carry human beings forward and run forward.
4. Television: the "devil" created by human beings themselves (inventor Paul Ni Pukov)
Modern people can live without food and water for a day, but they can't live without television for a day.
the idea and theory of television appeared as early as 187. In 1884, the German inventor Paul NiePukov designed a "scanning disk" with holes. When the disk rotates, the holes break the scene into small points, which are then converted into electrical signals, and the receiver at the other end reassembles the signals into the same but rough image as the original image. In 1926, the Scotsman John Bermond made an imaging machine using Pukov's "big disc".
It is Rakimir Zorkin, who immigrated from Russia to the United States, and Philo farnsworth, who was born in Utah. At the World Expo in 1939, the world's first truly clear television was broadcast, and television was really born.
5. Computers: Hope for the Future of Mankind (Inventor Eckert)
On February 4, 1946, the American military, representatives of government departments and famous scientists crowded together in a room at the University of Pennsylvania. When an army general gently pressed the button, the machine that occupied the whole three walls immediately lit up, and people applauded warmly and cheered loudly: "ENIAC is alive!" " And congratulations to Acott, the chief engineer. "ENIAC" is the first computer in the world.
6. The great invention of the century-insulin (inventors Menin and Minkowski)
In the 19th century before insulin was discovered by human beings, diabetes was still a fatal disease, and patients often died of malnutrition after suffering from extreme hunger and thirst. The name "diabetes" comes from the high sugar content in patients' urine. But at that time, people were not clear about the real cause.
In p>1889, Menin and Minkowski artificially removed the pancreas from the dog in Strasbourg, France, so the dog got diabetes. This proves that diabetes is caused by pancreatic dysfunction and lack of pancreatic secretions. In 191, American pathologist Eugene Opie studied the mysterious substance secreted by pancreas. In 199, this substance was finally named "insulin". It is it that helps human cells absorb sugar. Provide the necessary energy for the body. It was not until the 192s that Banting, then a teacher at the Medical College of the University of Toronto, and his student Best, with the help of mcleod, an expert in carbohydrate metabolism, extracted insulin from the pancreas of a dog for the first time and injected it into another dog who had diabetes because of pancreas removal. The dog's blood sugar quickly returned to normal level. On January 11th, 1922, Banting provided the first injection of insulin to Thompson, a 14-year-old patient. His blood sugar dropped by 25%. After another injection ten days later, his blood sugar dropped by 75%. Because of the increase of insulin dosage, Thompson became the first person in the world to survive on insulin. Only one year later, in 1923, mass production of insulin began. Laboratory extraction has been transformed into a commercial production process at an alarming rate, and it has rapidly expanded to the whole world, so that the deadly diseases in the past are no longer terrible. Therefore, Banting and mcleod won the Nobel Prize in the same year.
Because of the susceptibility and heritability of diabetes, the number of patients with this disease continues to increase, and the demand for insulin is also increasing. How to synthesize insulin chemically instead of separating it from the pancreas of millions of animals has become the goal of scientists all over the world. In the mid-195s, frederick sanger finally discovered the structure of insulin, which is a protein molecule composed of 51 amino acids. Because of this discovery, he won the Nobel Prize in 1958.
China scientists have also made remarkable achievements in this field. At the beginning of the birth of New China, biologists began to tackle the problem of synthetic insulin collectively, and in 1963, they successfully obtained synthetic insulin for the first time in the world. At present, China and many industrialized countries are using genetic engineering to make insulin and apply it to clinical practice. It can be said that scientists have experienced unremitting exploration for hundreds of years from discovery, extraction to artificial synthesis of insulin. Nowadays, insulin, whether natural or synthetic, is still an indispensable drug for many diabetic patients.
It can be imagined that in the 21st century, with the rapid development of science and technology, human beings will have a better understanding of their own organizations and crack the genetic code, and one day, with a new medical concept and means, they will directly act on people's immune system and completely overcome the disease.