I remember that in the movie "Dying", on the one hand, it was a patient waiting for "Grenin" to live, on the other hand, it was a task to investigate and deal with illegal drugs. King Cao, who is in charge of the case, said to the director: "I am really difficult!"
"Ethical Dilemma" is an extreme manifestation of ethical problems, which often indicates the possibility of breaking through traditional ethical norms.
So what is appropriate behavior? The right thing? How to break through the ethical dilemma? The following four ethical positions can be referenced and may be answered.
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One is utilitarianism represented by Epicurus and Mill. If an action helps to improve happiness, then it is correct; If it leads to the opposite of happiness, it is wrong. Happiness includes not only the parties involved in the behavior, but also everyone affected by the behavior. The best result is to achieve "the greatest goodness", and an action is morally correct only if it can maximize goodness. Utilitarianism pays attention to the consequences of behavior and judges whether the behavior is good or not by the consequences of behavior. Its basic characteristics are its commitment to consequentialism and the adoption of its utility principle. Therefore, utilitarianism is also called consequence theory or interest theory.
The second is the deontology represented by Kant. Utilitarianism focuses on the consequences of behavior, while deontology focuses on behavior itself. The deontologists emphasize that whether an act is justified should be judged not only by its good results, but also by its moral significance. Utilitarianism has a great influence on engineering ethics, especially its concept of responsibility plays an important role in the formulation of engineering ethics, such as "individuals should not be affected by conflicts of interest when performing their professional responsibilities", "individuals should take personal responsibility for their professional behavior" and "accept the responsibility of making engineering decisions conform to the public's safety, health and welfare".
The third is the contract theory represented by Epicurus and Hobbes. Contract theory regards the motivation of individual behavior and normative ethics as a social agreement reached through the framework system of rules. Contract theory not only allows rational pluralism to exist, but also obtains the value support of overlapping consensus from pluralism. In this way, individual freedom rights are effectively guaranteed in practical engineering practice, and these norms provide corresponding guidance for evaluating the priority of behavior.
The fourth is the theory of virtue represented by Aristotle. Utilitarianism or deontology focuses on "behavior" and "how should I act?" Virtue theory focuses on "actors" and "what kind of person should I be?" . The core of ethics is not what I should do, but what kind of character I must have. From this point of view, the theory of virtue mainly focuses on the cultivation of people's inner morality, rather than the rules of people's external behavior. It opposes to regard ethics as a collection of rules or principles that can provide special behavior guidance, and emphasizes the need to cultivate and produce noble and outstanding people whose behavior is based on their noble and outstanding character.