summary of key knowledge points in compulsory political course 1

There is a lot of knowledge to be memorized in politics, so what knowledge points are very important in compulsory political course 1? The following is a summary of the key knowledge points that I recommend to you. I hope you will gain something.

a summary of key knowledge points in a compulsory course of politics

Lesson 1 Magic Currency

1. Unveiling the mystery of currency

1. Basic attributes of commodities: commodities have two basic attributes of use value and value

(1) Meaning of value: value refers to undifferentiated human labor condensed in commodities.

(2) the meaning of use value: use value refers to the property that goods can meet people's needs. (The use value of commodities varies widely) 3) Relationship between them:

2. Generation and essence of money:

(1) Generation of money: money is the product of commodity exchange at a certain stage. The purpose is to overcome the difficulties encountered in the direct exchange of things. The emergence of money has gone through four stages: ① the occasional barter stage; ② Expanded barter exchange stage; (3) the generation stage of universal equivalent; ④ The generation stage of money: Among many commodities, gold and silver are the most suitable as universal equivalent because of their natural properties such as small size, great value, portability, long-term storage, uniform texture and easy division. So precious metals were used to act as universal equivalent, which marked the official emergence of money.

(2) the essence of money: money is a commodity separated from commodities and fixed as universal equivalent. The essence of money is still universal equivalent.

3. Basic functions of money: Money has two basic functions: value measure and circulation means.

　(1)

　(2)?

③ real money is needed.

(3) The other three functions of money: storage means, payment means, and functions of world currency.

4. Metal currency and paper money:

(1) The meaning of paper money: a value symbol issued by the state and used compulsorily.

(2) the essence of paper money: paper money is only a symbol of value, and it has no value in itself, so it can only be used under the compulsion of the state.

(3) Compared with metal money, paper money is cheaper to make, easier to keep, carry and transport, and avoids the wear and tear of coins in circulation.

(4) Issuance of paper money: The state has the right to issue paper money, and has the right to specify the face value and the number of paper money to be issued, but it cannot specify the actual purchasing power of paper money and cannot issue paper money at will. The circulation of paper money must be limited to the amount of money needed in circulation. If the circulation of paper money is too much, it will cause the price to rise and affect people's life and social economic order; If the circulation of paper money is too small, it will make it difficult to sell goods and directly hinder the circulation of goods.

(the amount of money needed in circulation = total commodity price/currency circulation times =W price level? W quantity for sale /G circulation speed)

1. Development forms of money: physical money, metal money, paper money, credit money and electronic money

2. Settlement and credit tools:

(1) Settlement methods: cash settlement and transfer settlement.

(2) Credit instruments for settlement: credit cards, checks, etc.

① Credit cards:

A. Meaning: electronic payment cards with some or all functions such as consumption, transfer settlement, cash deposit and withdrawal, credit loans, etc. Among them, bank credit card is a kind of credit certificate issued by commercial banks to customers with good credit standing.

B. Role of credit card: As a credit tool for transfer settlement, credit card integrates deposit, withdrawal, consumption, settlement and inquiry. It reduces the use and inconvenience of cash, simplifies the collection procedures, saves transaction costs, facilitates shopping and consumption, enhances consumption safety, and brings great convenience to cardholders. (Simple, safe and convenient)

② Cheque:

A. Meaning: It is a payment voucher for current deposit, which is issued by the drawer and entrusted by the bank handling cheque deposit business to unconditionally pay a certain amount to the payee or holder at sight.

B. type: transfer check and cash check. Transfer cheque is applicable to transfer settlement in the same city.

C. Precautions and features of cash checks: keep them properly and do not fold them; Accuracy, cash checks should check whether the amount is consistent in case and whether the unit writing is correct; Validity, to withdraw from the designated bank within the validity period; Indirect, can not be used for direct shopping, checks are generally used for settlement in the same city.

3. Foreign exchange and exchange rate:

(1) Meaning of foreign exchange: Foreign exchange is a means of payment expressed in foreign currency for international settlement.

2) meaning of exchange rate: exchange rate, also called exchange rate, is the exchange rate between two currencies.

1 foreign currencies can be exchanged for more local currencies-? Foreign exchange rate increases (local currency rate decreases)-? Foreign currency appreciation, local currency depreciation? Restrain imports and stimulate exports- Capital inflow. or vice versa, Dallas to the auditorium

② The factors that affect the exchange rate change are: balance of payments, inflation, interest rate level, exchange rate policy, major international political events, information, psychology, speculation and other factors.

③ factors that determine the exchange rate: the exchange rate is determined by the ratio of the actual purchasing power of the domestic currency to that of other countries.

(3) the significance of maintaining the stability of RMB value:

② the significance of maintaining the stability of RMB value: it is of great significance to the stability of people's lives, the sound and rapid development of the national economy, and the stability of world finance and economic development.

(4) Consequences of RMB appreciation

Positive effects: ① It is beneficial to China's imports. The cost of raw material import-dependent manufacturers has dropped.

② the ability of domestic enterprises to invest abroad has been enhanced. Profits of foreign-invested enterprises in China have increased.

③ It is beneficial for talents to study and train abroad. China people's international purchasing power has increased.

(4) the pressure of debt servicing is reduced. It is more cost-effective to sell assets in China.

⑤ the international status of RMB in China has been improved.

Negative effects:

① The appreciation of RMB will bring greater pressure to deflation in China

② The appreciation of RMB exchange rate will reduce the attractiveness to foreign investment and reduce foreign direct investment in China. It will do some harm to China's foreign trade export. ③ The appreciation of RMB exchange rate will reduce the profit rate of China enterprises and increase the employment pressure.

④ The fiscal deficit will increase due to the appreciation of RMB exchange rate, which will also affect the stability of monetary policy.

(5)

1. Factors affecting the price:

1. Factors affecting the price:

1. Factors affecting the price: such as climate, time, region, production, and even religion and customs.

② The influence of various factors on commodity prices is realized by changing the relationship between supply and demand of the commodity.

2. Supply and demand affect prices.

① the demand exceeds the supply, and the price rises.

A, seller's market: meaning, a market type dominated by sellers.

B, performance: because the demand exceeds the supply, the seller is in a favorable position in market transactions, and can sell the goods even if the price is raised.

② the supply exceeds the demand, and the price is reduced.

A, the buyer's market, is a market type dominated by the buyer.

B, performance; Due to oversupply, buyers are in a favorable position in market transactions, and prices usually tend to fall.

3. Value determines price:

(1) The relationship between price and value.

① in a market economy, the price is ultimately determined by the value. Value is the basis of price, and price is the monetary expression of value.

② commodity prices are high or low, because they contain different values. Other things being equal, the greater the commodity value, the higher the price; The smaller the value, the lower the price.

(2) Determinants of commodity value: socially necessary labor time determines commodity value.

① Determinants of value quantity: not determined by individual labor time, but by socially necessary labor time for producing commodities.

A, socially necessary labor time refers to the time required to manufacture a commodity under the existing normal social production conditions and the average social labor proficiency and labor intensity.

B, individual labor time is the time taken by individual commodity producers to produce a certain commodity.

② The commodity value is in direct proportion to the socially necessary labor time. The more socially necessary labor time a commodity consumes, the greater its value, and vice versa.

③ that significance of socially necessary labor time to producer.

A, individual working hours are lower than socially necessary working hours, and they are in a favorable position to make profits.

B, individual working hours are higher than socially necessary working hours, and they are at a disadvantage.

C, equal, no loss, no gain.

It determines that producers strive to shorten individual labor time and improve individual labor productivity.

(3) labor productivity: the productivity of workers. Social labor rate? Number of products per unit time? Working hours?

① the relationship between social labor productivity and socially necessary labor time and unit commodity value: commodity value is determined by socially necessary labor time, and socially necessary labor time is determined by social labor productivity. The value of goods is inversely proportional to social labor productivity, and the improvement of social labor productivity means the reduction of social necessary labor time. In the case of constant total value, the unit commodity value will decrease, so the unit commodity value has nothing to do with individual labor productivity.

② the relationship between social labor productivity and total commodity value: (? H/ one? Number = total value) (single commodity value? Total use value = total value) The same labor at the same time, no matter how the social labor productivity changes, the total value of goods remains unchanged.

③ Relationship between individual labor productivity and total value of commodities: With the increase of individual labor productivity, the total value of commodities created by a commodity producer increases.

4. the content and manifestation of the law of value.

① the content of the law of value: the value of goods is determined by the socially necessary labor time for producing goods, and the exchange of goods is based on the value.

② Expression:

A. Affected by the relationship between supply and demand, commodity prices fluctuate around value, which is the expression of the law of value.

B. Supply and demand and prices influence and restrict each other. (Why can't prices go up or down indefinitely?)

C. Equivalence exchange: an exchange in which prices are consistent with values. Equivalent exchange exists in the average of commodity exchange, not in every individual occasion.

③ Function:

A. Adjust the distribution of labor and means of production in all sectors of social production (reason: supply and demand and prices interact and restrict each other. Results: resources can be optimally allocated among all sectors of society)

B. Stimulate commodity producers to improve technology, management and labor productivity (reason: socially necessary labor time determines the value of commodities. Results: the enterprise can realize the optimal allocation)

C. It leads to the survival of the fittest in commodity production. (reason: socially necessary labor time determines the value of goods. Results: to optimize the allocation of resources among enterprises, in short, it is conducive to the optimal, reasonable and efficient allocation of resources.)

Second, the impact of price changes

1. The impact on people's lives

(1) Price changes will affect people's purchasing power and thus affect commodity consumption. When the price of a commodity goes up, people will buy less of it, and when it goes down, they will buy more of it.

(2) changes in commodity prices cause changes in the demand for the commodity in the opposite direction. -law of demand

(3) The response of different commodity demand to commodity price changes is different.

Price changes have little impact on the demand for food, salt and other necessities. It has a great impact on the demand for high-end durable goods such as televisions and mobile phones.

(4) Consumers' demand for given commodities is also affected by the price changes of related commodities.

① the influence of price changes of substitutes on commodity demand.

first, if two commodities have the same or similar functions and can meet the same needs of consumers, they are substitutes for each other.

second, among the two commodities that are substitutes for each other, if the price of one commodity rises, consumers will reduce their demand for the commodity, and at the same time, in order to meet their own needs, they will consume another commodity, which will lead to an increase in demand for the other commodity. On the contrary, if the price of a commodity falls, consumers will increase their demand for the commodity, resulting in a decrease in demand for another commodity.

② the influence of price changes of complementary products on commodity demand.

first, if two kinds of goods meet a need of people, they are complementary goods.

second, among the commodities with complementary relations, the price increase of one commodity not only reduces the demand of this commodity, but also reduces the demand of another commodity; On the contrary, if the price of a commodity drops and the demand increases, the demand of another commodity will increase.

2. Impact on production and operation

(1) Adjust production. When the supply of a certain commodity exceeds demand, the price drops, and the profit of producers decreases, thus reducing the production scale; When demand exceeds supply, prices rise and profits increase, thus expanding production scale.

(2) improve labor productivity. For enterprises, only by improving their own labor productivity can we shorten the individual labor time of producing goods, provide space for price reduction of their products, and have more advantages in price competition and even survival competition. Therefore, enterprises should take the initiative to improve labor productivity.

(3) produce marketable high-quality products. In the market economy, which producer can provide a good quality or a summary of the required knowledge points of high school politics;