Question 1: What does final trial mean? Final trial is the final level of trial of a case by the court. Our country implements a two-instance system of final adjudication. The second instance of the Intermediate People's Court, the Level People's Court and the Supreme People's Court is the final instance. The Supreme People's Court's first instance is also the final instance. China implements a four-level, two-instance final trial system. After the final verdict, the appeal process cannot be followed. If there is new evidence, the appeal process can only be followed. The judgment must be stamped with the court's seal.

Question 2: What does the final ruling mean? We implement the second-instance final-instance system, which refers to a system in which a case is concluded immediately after being tried by the two-level people's court. For the final judgment and ruling made by the second-instance people's court, , the parties concerned are not allowed to appeal again, and the People’s Procuratorate is not allowed to protest in accordance with the appeal trial procedure.

Final judgment is the final judgment of the court on a case. Our country implements a two-instance system of final adjudication. The second instance of the Intermediate People's Court, the Higher People's Court and the Supreme People's Court is the final instance. The Supreme People's Court's first instance is also the final instance.

If you are dissatisfied with the judgment of the first-instance court, you can appeal to the higher court to start the second-instance procedure. The second-instance judgment is final and the parties may not appeal. If there is any objection to the second-instance judgment and it is believed that there are procedural or substantive errors, a retrial can be initiated (called trial supervision procedure in our country). There are three forms of initiation of trial supervision procedures: the parties apply for a retrial, the court decides to retrial, and the procuratorate files a protest and conducts a retrial.

Question 3: Why are you so scared when it comes to the final review? What is the main purpose of the final review? The preliminary review only shows that your information is true (you are a real person, and you are a person who can bear personal civil capacity in a legal sense). The final review is to see if there are any bad records in your personal credit record in the personal credit information system of the People's Bank of China. This is common to all banks. If you have a bad credit record, you have no hope of applying for a credit card. You can bring your ID card to the local People's Bank of China to check your personal credit record in advance. If it is good, and you have a house and a car, you can apply for any credit card.

As for what information to bring? It depends on what kind of credit card you want to apply for. The higher the card limit, the more you need to prove your financial strength to the bank. Bring your deposit certificate (minimum of 100,000 yuan), real estate certificate, and car driving license (cars with a minimum of 100,000 yuan are preferred). The more the better.

If you just want a credit card and don’t care about the limit. Just bring your ID card, university diploma, business card, and company income certificate to apply for a card.

Question 4: What does final credit card review mean? (China Merchants Bank) refers to the final review result.

Question 5: I have passed the interview. What does final review mean? It depends on the specific circumstances of the application. After checking with the bank, you generally need to provide social security certificates or real estate certificates. You can provide the required certificates according to the requirements of the card issuing bank to pass the interview

Question 6: What does it mean to wait for the final review of the college entrance examination admission inquiry? After receiving the file, the institution will form preliminary admission and withdrawal opinions according to the established admission rules based on the candidates' scores, professional aspirations, physical examination results, political review opinions and other conditions, and feedback to In the examination center, your status will change to "pre-admission" or "pre-withdrawal".

The Provincial Examination Authority agreed with the admission and withdrawal opinions, and the status changed to "Admission Pending" and "Free to Apply".

When the paper admission form is printed out and signed and stamped by the leader, "Admission Pending" will become "Admitted".

Question 7: The difference between publication after revision and final review after revision. The situation is different. The former article is published to the public, while the latter article is not published to the public.

The former article has not been strictly screened, but the latter article has been strictly screened.

Question 8: What is the first-instance and final-instance system? The trial level system is an important part of a country's judicial system. It refers to "the levels set by the judicial organs in the organizational system stipulated by the law. How many times the parties can appeal or the procuratorial organs can protest. After a case has been tried by many levels of courts, the verdict will be made." , a litigation legal system in which a ruling is legally effective.” [1] The trial-level system plays a vital role in the criminal justice system, but Chinese scholars have not paid enough attention to it. Over the years, scholars have mostly focused on research on specific systems, such as the reform of trial methods in first-instance proceedings, how to increase the opening rate of second-instance proceedings, and the establishment of death penalty review circuit courts. Few scholars have conducted an overall review of the trial-level system from a macro perspective. Reflect.

Some people believe that "there cannot be a clear answer to the debate about the three-instance or two-instance system... Starting from the trial level system to study the second-instance procedure has great theoretical limitations, and its research horizons can only touch the first-instance system." The external rationality of the second-instance procedure cannot be fully discussed on the more practical issue of whether the construction of the second-instance procedure itself is reasonable. ” [2]

It is true that the study of the second-instance procedure cannot fully discuss the issue. The level system may not be able to touch every specific system and detail of the second instance procedure, death penalty review procedure, and trial supervision procedure, but it can carry out the first instance procedure, second instance procedure, death penalty review procedure, trial supervision procedure, etc. from the macro perspective of the trial level system. Through research, we can have a clearer understanding of why the above-mentioned system is full of problems in practice. Of course, the author is not opposed to the study of specific systems, but I am worried that studying specific operational and improvement issues will not help fundamentally reform the status quo, and even specific good policies will be swallowed up by traditional habits after they are introduced. Therefore, this article attempts to reflect on and reconstruct the review system from the perspective of fairness and efficiency, and brings the above specific systems into the research field, in order to find a way out to solve the problem from a macro perspective.

1. The historical evolution of the current trial level system

At present, there are four levels of courts in our country, and the "two-instance system" is implemented, which means that a case can go through up to two trials. A trial-level system in which the trial of the People's Court at the same level is concluded. [3] The current system has gone through a long historical evolution process.

As early as the period of the democratic revolution, an appeal system had been established in the litigation procedures in various revolutionary base areas, and it was clearly stipulated in relevant laws and regulations. The "Judicial Procedure of the Chinese Soviet Union" promulgated in 1934 stipulates, "If the district is the first instance authority, the county is the final appeal authority; the county is the first instance authority, then the province is the final appeal authority; the province is the first instance authority, then the Supreme Court It is the final adjudication organ. ...The Supreme Court is the final adjudication organ in terms of trial procedures." [4]

During the Anti-Japanese War, the appeal system of two trials and final adjudication was basically still implemented in all anti-Japanese base areas. Some base areas have implemented an appeal system of three trials and a final appeal system. For example, the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region once changed to a three-instance system in 1942. That is, the Border Region Trial Committee serves as the third-instance level to accept criminal and civil appeals against the first or second instance of the Border Region High Court. [5]

During the War of Liberation, each liberated area continued to implement the two-instance appeal system. Some regions stipulate that under special circumstances, some cases are allowed to have a third instance. [6]

After the founding of the People's Republic of China, the "Provisional Organizational Regulations of the People's Courts of the People's Republic of China" promulgated in 1951 stipulates: "The People's Courts basically implement three levels and two levels. In the trial system, the county people's court is the basic court of first instance; in general cases, the second instance is the final instance, but in special circumstances, the third instance or the first instance can be the final instance." It can be seen from this that the trial level system in this period. It is a trial-level system with two-instance final review as the main body and first-instance and third-instance final review as exceptions. The "Organic Law of the People's Courts of the People's Republic of China" promulgated in 1954 canceled the special provisions and clearly stipulated that the People's Court shall implement the two-instance system for the trial of cases. This abolishes the exceptions of third instance and first instance in the formal legal system. Since then, the two-instance system has been established as a formal legal system.

Article 7 of the 1979 Criminal Procedure Law, Article 12 of the "Organization Law of the People's Courts", and Article 10 of the 1996 Revised Criminal Procedure Law stipulate: "The People's Court shall implement a two-instance system when trying cases. ”

Why is the “two-trial final review system” adopted? The mainstream view in the academic circles and the judicial circles generally explain it this way: [7]

1. In line with our country’s national conditions. Our country is a country with vast territory and inconvenient transportation. The county, regional and provincial courts are far apart and it is not appropriate to concentrate too many cases in the provincial courts for final adjudication.

If the third instance of final adjudication is implemented...a case will be transferred from county, region, and then province, the parties and other parties will inevitably... >>

Question 9: I submitted the article to a magazine, and now The status of the manuscript is "The final review has been received." What does it mean? How do you know whether it has been accepted? Thank you. I passed the first and second review, but was passed in the final review.

It proves that your manuscript is not bad, keep working hard~

Supplementary question: This is a euphemistic way of saying rejection. , generally speaking, the rejection letter will not directly state that the work is terminated, but the review will mean rejection of the manuscript

Question 10: What does it mean to have passed the final review of the credit card interview? Have you downloaded your card? The interview I went for today was exactly the same as your text message.