The scientific research on juvenile criminal psychology began at the end of 19 and the beginning of the 20th century. With the development of industrialization and urbanization in western society, a series of social changes, including changes in family structure and function, have been triggered, making the phenomenon of juvenile delinquency more noticeable. The study of juvenile delinquency has become an urgent social task, and many scholars have begun to explore juvenile delinquency and its psychological problems. 1896, the British criminologist W.D. Morrison published the book Juvenile Delinquency in London, arguing that children born out of wedlock are more likely to become juvenile delinquents than those born out of wedlock, other things being equal. This book is regarded as a standard work in the field of juvenile delinquency research before World War II, prompting a large number of American sociologists to study juvenile delinquency. 19 12, American scholars E. Abbott and S. Brickenridge published a book, trying to study juvenile delinquency with biological concepts in ecology. 1929, F.M. Thresher, a member of Chicago School in the United States, published the book Gangs, in which he drew the distribution map of juvenile gangs in Chicago. 1929, C.R. Shaw of the Columbia School in Chicago published the book Juvenile Delinquency Zone, which completely applied ecological methods to crime research. Later, in cooperation with H.D. MacKay, he published the classic book Juvenile Delinquency and the City 193 1. While these scholars discuss juvenile delinquency with sociological viewpoints and methods, some psychiatrists and psychologists also study juvenile delinquency with their own theories and methods. 19 15, W. Healy, a psychiatrist at the Chicago Institute of Juvenile Psychiatry, published the book Juvenile Delinquency, discussing the influence of biological factors, environmental factors, psychological factors and social factors on juvenile delinquents. 192 1 year, American criminal psychologist H.H. Goddard published the book Juvenile Delinquency, arguing that mental retardation is the cause of juvenile delinquency, and even that almost all criminals are mentally retarded. 1926, Healy and psychologist a.f. Bronner conducted an intelligence test on juvenile offenders in Boston and Chicago, and found that at least 47% of them had lower intelligence than normal. This research has been going on for a long time. From 65438 to 0929, J. Langer, a German psychiatrist, published The Crime of Fate: A Study of Criminal Twins, which made a pioneering and extensive study on the relationship between crime and heredity. After the English version of this book was published in 193 1 in the United States, it attracted many scholars to study crime from the perspective of biology and genetics. From this point of view, many scholars in the United States, the Soviet Union, the Netherlands, Japan and Britain have done a lot of research on this issue. 1938, T. Selin published "Cultural Conflict and Crime" to explain juvenile delinquency from the perspective of cultural conflict. From 65438 to 0939, American criminologist E.H. Sutherland published the third edition of Principles of Criminology, put forward the famous theory of different contacts, and used the communication theory in social psychology to explain the causes of crime and juvenile delinquency, which had a wide influence. After entering the 1940s, the research on juvenile delinquency has made great progress. Some scholars study juvenile delinquency from the perspective of psychoanalysis, trying to explain the reasons of juvenile delinquency with the restrictive relationship between ID, ego and superego and the guilt caused by Oedipus complex, and have published a series of works. At the same time, American scholar W.H. Sheldon published the book Types of Juvenile Delinquency, and studied the relationship between juvenile delinquency and body shape. The famous American juvenile delinquents, Mr. and Mrs. Gluck, have published such works as Uncovering the Secret of Juvenile Delinquency (1950) and Body Shape and Juvenile Delinquency (1956), which have developed Sheldon's theory, comprehensively discussed juvenile delinquency and its psychological problems, and made contributions to the psychological research of juvenile delinquency. From 65438 to 0955, A.K. Cohen published Juvenile Delinquency: Gang Culture, which studied juvenile delinquency from the perspective of cultural psychology and promoted the research in this field. 1960, R.A. Cloward and L.E. Olin published the book Juvenile Crime and Opportunity, trying to explain the reasons of juvenile crime, especially violent property crime, by using the lack of legal means for teenagers in the lower class to succeed. 196 1 year, W.C. Reckless published a paper entitled "New Theory of Juvenile Delinquency and Crime", and put forward the theory of crime containment, arguing that the lack of internal containment and external containment is the cause of juvenile delinquency. H.S. Becker published "Outsiders: Sociological Research on Deviant Behavior" in 1963, and put forward the outline of calibration theory, holding that juvenile delinquency is the result of society labeling children with bad behavior. Since 1970s, the research on juvenile delinquency and its theory has been further deepened. Some scholars have studied juvenile delinquency from the perspectives of sociobiology and psychology. For example, J.B. Cottus, a psychologist at Georgetown University in the United States, published Juvenile Delinquency and Crime: A Probe into Bio-social Psychology (1972), which studies juvenile delinquency from the aspects of biology, sociology and psychology. Some scholars discuss juvenile delinquency from the perspective of cognitive psychology; Other scholars use the theory of moral development to analyze juvenile delinquency.
At present, the research trend of juvenile delinquency and its psychology has the following characteristics: ① comprehensiveness: integrating the views of various theoretical schools, using multidisciplinary theories to explain juvenile delinquency and its psychological problems, without paying attention to the disputes between schools; Practicality: almost all the research on juvenile delinquency and its psychology is combined with criminal justice, correction and treatment of juvenile delinquency, and prevention and treatment of juvenile delinquency; (3) from all imaginable aspects, with the help of all available means, study juvenile delinquency and its psychology; Fourthly, juvenile delinquency is regarded as a psychopathic phenomenon, and the causes, treatment and correction of juvenile delinquency are analyzed from the perspective of psychiatry.
As the forerunner of criminology research, the research on juvenile delinquency in China began in the late 1970s and early 1980s, and the psychology of juvenile delinquency developed rapidly. He has successively published Psychology of Juvenile Delinquency (1985), Juvenile Criminology in China (1987) and Psychology of Juvenile Delinquency (1989). During this period, the publication of different versions of Criminal Psychology also made a lot of discussions on juvenile criminal psychology. Chinese scholars do not agree on the classification of juvenile crimes, which is usually based on the classification of crimes in the criminal code. In foreign countries, in addition to common crimes such as theft, robbery, murder and injury, there are also some types of crimes that do not occur or rarely occur in China, such as drug abuse, crimes committed by cash ATMs or cash ATMs, crimes committed by credit cards, and traffic accidents of minors. In addition, the illegal and criminal activities carried out by juvenile gangs have also attracted the attention of researchers. From 65438 to 0964, American scholar H.C. Quayle made a psychological classification of juvenile offenders. From the perspective of correction, he divided juvenile offenders into five categories:
(1) Insufficient ability-immature type. The characteristics of this kind of juvenile delinquents are passive, taciturn, easy to be fooled by others, immature mental ability, naive behavior, lack of ability and inability to cope with environmental changes;
② Neurosis-conflict type. This kind of juvenile delinquents show anxiety, depression, deep inferiority and guilt, often regret their actions, obey authority, attack cowardice, and will not commit crimes again like other types of people. Their main problem is psychological, and most crimes are caused by emotional problems;
③ Socialization-aggression or psychopathy. The juvenile delinquent is characterized by contempt for authority and belligerence. They are easily excited and quarrelsome, often feel that they are victims, unable to learn from punishment, lacking a sense of responsibility, untrustworthy, without regrets and shame;
(4) Socialization or subculture. This kind of juvenile delinquents are characterized by participating in gang activities and being easily influenced by peer group norms;
⑤ Subculture ── Immature type. This kind of juvenile delinquents are characterized by their inability to adapt to social requirements and their lack of ability. They often meet their own needs by affiliated gangs. Quayle classification has been widely regarded in the United States and has become an important basis for the correction and reform of juvenile delinquency. Further improve the socialist legal system, punish judicial corruption, strictly observe the law and discipline, establish the authority of the law in society, and enhance the deterrent effect on criminals. At the same time, we should vigorously rectify social evils and purify social atmosphere, especially carry out a long-term special struggle against "pornography, gambling and drugs" that seriously poison young people, and gradually eliminate its bad social influence. Further strengthen the construction of socialist spiritual civilization, carry out extensive and in-depth social morality education through public opinion, establish new social trends, and form a powerful social psychological force to prevent juvenile delinquency.
Standardize the management of cultural image market and strengthen the ban and crackdown on illegal publications. At the same time, it is necessary to intensify the creation of outstanding literary and artistic works, guide the cultural life of young people to entertain and educate, and cultivate their sentiments. Increase the breadth and depth of quality education, change the traditional indoctrination ideological education, pay attention to the integration of knowledge and practice, and do a good job in transforming underachievers. At the same time, implement the compulsory education law and control the phenomenon of student drain according to law. 1. Strengthen teenagers' moral cultivation and self-discipline.
The fundamental problem is to strengthen self-moral cultivation in order to prevent juvenile cyber crime and protect their healthy growth. In fact, the existing moral concepts and computer moral concepts are not contradictory in essence. If computers and networks can be restrained by existing morality, it is impossible to commit cyber crimes. Some behaviors in computers and networks are difficult to restrain, and moral cultivation needs to be strengthened. Through practice, we can understand the basic right and wrong, right and wrong, good and evil, beauty and ugliness, and form a good network moral standard, so as to consciously abide by and maintain network morality.
2. Strengthen the publicity and education of network ethics.
The government and the media should educate the public about relevant laws, regulations and public morality, especially the society, schools and parents should educate teenagers, so that the popularization of computer technology and computer moral education can be carried out simultaneously. Through publicity and education, let people understand that in the computer network, we should also abide by laws and regulations and public morality. The network is virtual, but the behavior of the actor is real. The network is free, but people must be bound. In the final analysis, people's behavior in the network is a reflection of people's behavior in real life. It is necessary to make the majority of teenagers realize that cyber crime has great social harm and is severely cracked down by law.
In particular, it has a certain negative impact on teenagers. We should let teenagers know that hacking is immoral and even illegal.
3. Clean up the network garbage and purify the social environment.
Some people compare the Internet to the "information superhighway", which means to transmit weightless bits around the world at the speed of light. Internet is an extremely rich information platform. Some information is beneficial to the healthy growth of teenagers, and some information is corrosive and toxic to teenagers. Even some websites and information have become platforms for luring and abetting crimes. For the healthy growth of teenagers, the relevant functional departments of the state should intensify investigation and crackdown and resolutely ban illegal internet cafes; Effectively strengthen the management and monitoring of output information, control the source of information, closely monitor the internet entrance, and strictly "filter" incoming information. Purify teenagers' online environment and let teenagers absorb real nutrition from the internet. Cybercrime is a highly intelligent and high-tech crime, and the crime scenes of such crimes are generally separated in time and space.
Destroying evidence immediately after committing a crime, and criminals' means of committing crimes are hidden, which determines that it is quite difficult to investigate computer network crimes. According to statistics, more than 90% of computer crimes can't be discovered, forming a fairly high "crime coefficient", and even fewer people are put on file for investigation by investigation organs. The reasons are not only that criminals are clever in committing crimes and victims have poor awareness of prevention, but also that online crime-solving skills are not strong and the professional level of law enforcers is not high. As a law enforcement department, it should be based on the detection of cyber crimes. At the same time, network monitoring stations will be established in some key teams, and network monitoring will be carried out on key parts, so as to strive to achieve "the legal network will be restored, sparse but not leaking" and maintain the high-pressure situation of cracking down on cybercrime. This can play a deterrent role in juvenile cyber crime. 1, family education
Family education is the most direct and effective form of family prevention mechanism. Many research data show that juvenile delinquency is closely related to improper family education. To carry out family education, first, the content of education should be comprehensive. We should not only attach importance to the cultivation of intelligence and ability, but also attach importance to social moral education, physiological knowledge explanation and legal education. Second, the way of education should be appropriate. Family education methods have a great relationship with the growth of teenagers. Only by adopting the educational method of "loving but not drowning, being strict but not qualified, and always demanding" can family education become the "protector" of the healthy growth of teenagers. Third, grasp the opportunity of education. When educating them, we must proceed from the reality of age, take the visible and tangible raw materials of life as the content, adopt appropriate methods, and inspire and induce them at the right time, so as to get good results.
2, family role model demonstration
Some people say that parents are children's first teachers. Parents have been accompanying their children to grow up since the day they were born, so parents are the most direct people that children contact. Parents' work attitudes, hobbies, habits and personality characteristics are the objects that children imitate and learn. It can be said that every move, word and deed of parents will leave a deep imprint on their children. Parents set an example in the family, which can not only enhance the credibility and appeal of education, but also urge children to look at themselves like mirrors, check themselves and correct their bad words and deeds. Since ancient times, China has attached importance to the exemplary role of parents. Lu Shiyi said in his thoughts: "The godson takes the lead." Yan Zhitui also said in his famous "Yan Jiaxun": "The husband's civilization is also applicable to the latter from top to bottom." It can be seen that good parenting in the family is an important way to promote the healthy growth of children.
3. The family atmosphere is influenced
Family atmosphere refers to the stable traditional habits, life experiences and lifestyles formed by family members in the process of internal and external communication. The influence of family on children is a combination of tangible and intangible, sound and silence. Tangible refers to parents' words and deeds, but intangible is the influence of family atmosphere. Although the influence of family atmosphere on children is not as strong as that of parents, its subtle permeability has brought the effect of "sneaking into the night with the wind and moistening things silently" to the moral development of teenagers. Therefore, people often say: "What kind of family environment and family atmosphere will bring up what kind of children."