1. History related to currency

1. The earliest currency: natural seashells.

2. Metal currency: copper imitation shells and money (cloth) (the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River began to serve as equivalents in the late Huangdi period). 3. Currency of the Western Zhou Dynasty.

Natural seashells remain an important currency. Metal currency is widely used: a. Copper shells and copper blocks; b. Money and cloth are completing the transformation into metal currency in the Guanluo Sanjin area.

4. The currency of the Spring and Autumn Period was empty-headed cloth: circulated in the Guanluo and Sanjin areas, "Zhou, Zheng, Jin, and Wei" were mainly flat-pointed empty-headed cloth. Daohua (goods): circulated in the Eastern Qi State, imitating a production tool.

Ant-nosed money: Copper imitation shells circulated in Chu State in the south. 5. Round coins: round coins with round holes and round coins with square holes.

The round coins of the Sanjin and Zhoubu coin areas and the Qin round coins: in units of two, one or two coins have round round holes without outline, and half two coins have round square holes. 6. The circulation of gold during the Warring States Period. The gold circulation during the Warring States Period was in units of Jin and Yi, with Nanjin as the main unit.

7. During the Qin Dynasty, the currency gold was named yi, which was the upper currency; the copper coins were named half a tael and were as heavy as their inscriptions, which were the lower currency; and the pearls, jade, turtles, shells, silver and tin were the treasures of ornaments. Not for coins. 8. The currencies of the Western Han Dynasty include three-baht coins, four-baht coins, five-baht coins, leather coins, and platinum coins.

9. Currency iron coins in the Eastern Han Dynasty: In 30 AD, Gongsun Shu cast iron coins in Sichuan, the first time in history that iron was used as currency material. Five baht coin: In 40 AD, Emperor Guangwu proposed from Ma Yuan to restore the five baht coin.

10. The second year of currency in Wang Mang’s period: Cuodao, Qidao, and Daquan. Six years: The wrong sword, contract knife, and five-baht coins were abolished. Koizumi was issued instead of the five-baht coins. The five major currency materials in circulation were: gold, silver, copper, turtle, and shellfish. Six names: gold loan, silver loan, and spring loan. , Bu Dai, Gui Dai, Bei Dai.

Twenty-eight items 11. The currency of the Han Dynasty was gold as the upper currency and copper coins as the lower currency. They were still legal tender units. The unit was changed from yi to catty, and 1 catty = 10,000 qian. During the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the unicorn horseshoes were imitated, including lin toe gold (round) and horseshoe gold (oval).

During the Western Han Dynasty, it was mainly used for rewards and gifts. During the reign of Wang Mang, gold was nationalized. After the Eastern Han Dynasty, gold decreased, and rewards were given with silk, cloth, and copper coins. 12. Currencies of the Three Kingdoms and Two Jin Dynasties: Wei: grain and silk were traded, and the circulation of five baht coins was restored; Shu: straight hundred coins; Wu: Daquan five hundred, Daquan equivalent to a thousand.

Two Jin Dynasties: No new coins were minted. The Western Jin Dynasty mainly used the five baht and various ancient coins of the Han and Wei dynasties. After the Emperor Yuan of the Eastern Jin Dynasty crossed the river, he mainly used the old coins circulating in the Sun Wu area. Sixteen Kingdoms: Zhang Gui, the governor of Liangzhou in Hexi Province, restored the five-baht coin, and the Han Xing coin was the earliest year-name coin in our country.

13. The currency of the Southern and Northern Dynasties Liu Song: four baht coins; Southern Qi and Xiaoliang: the first large-scale cast iron coins, including copper coins, five baht coins, and short hundred coins; Chen: six bead coins for large loans; Northern Wei: Taihe five baht, Yong'an five baht; Eastern Wei: Yan Yong'an five baht; Northern Qi: Changping five baht; Northern Zhou: Buquan, five-element cloth, Yongtong all countries; at the end of the Southern and Northern Dynasties: people in the north of Jizhou traded silk cloth. To the south of Wuling, salt, rice and cloth were traded. 14. Currency during the Sui and Tang Dynasties. Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty cast a unified standard five-baht coin and became the unified currency in domestic circulation! During the legal currency circulation system of the Tang Dynasty, money, silk and silk were combined with Wude. Five bahts were discarded and Kaiyuan Tongbao coins were cast in four years. The fineness standard was separated from the quantity-name money system and the weight was used as the name of the coin.

15. The currency of the late Tang and Five Dynasties was Huichang Kaiyuan coin (Kaiyuan Tongbao coin with text on the back, and later each state cast the name of the state on the back of the coin). The Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms were generally chaotic. Zhou Shizong's casting of Zhou Yuan Tianbao was the time when he cast the most money.

Silver began to enter circulation (copper coins decreased, silk was less feasible, and silver gradually entered circulation), but in the Tang Dynasty it was mainly used as ornaments or wealth collections (silver cakes, silver collars), bribes, Thanks to gifts, military supplies, and local donations, the practice of public and private accumulation of silver gradually formed after the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms. Lingnan Road and Jiangxi Road produce the most silver.

16. The currency of the Song Dynasty: the reign name money of the Song Dynasty: in addition to the regulations of Tongbao money, the emperor's reign name is added. The currencies issued in the early Northern Song Dynasty were Song-Yuan Tongbao and Kaiyuan Tongbao, which were the same. Later, there were Taiping Tongbao and Chunhua Tongbao. Emperors of the past dynasties would recast new year-name coins every time they changed the Yuan Dynasty.

The characters are all Tongbao, Chongbao, Yuanbao, etc. but the fonts have changed, including Zhen, Cao, Li, Zhuan and Xing.

Copper coin areas of the Northern Song Dynasty: Kaifeng Prefecture, East and West Beijing, Hebei, Huainan, Jiangnan, Zhejiang and Zhejiang, Fujian, East and West Guangdong and other places.

Northern Song Dynasty Iron Coin Area: Sichuan and Northern Song Dynasty Iron Coin Areas: Shaanxi and Henan Southern Song Dynasty Copper Coin Areas: Southeast and Southern Song Dynasty Iron Coin Areas: Lianghuai, West Beijing, Hubei and Southern Song Dynasty Iron Coin Areas: Jingmen and other places Zi: A fully redeemable credit certificate that can only be used in Sichuan. Qianyin: not used as currency, only used for exchange, can be used outside Sichuan (Song Huizong changed Jiaozi to Qian) Southern Song Dynasty Huizi: initially issued privately in the southeast region, and later the government set up a Huizi Treasury, which was completely modeled after Sichuan The distribution method will be quoted.

Local currencies: Huaijiao, Huhui, Chuanyin, Yinhuizi. 17. The currency unification period of the Yuan Dynasty: laid the foundation for the Yuan paper currency system. The Yuan Dynasty did not mint copper coins.

Zhongtong Yuanbao is paid in silk as its principal and in units of Guan and Wen. To the Yuan banknote period: the most important currency of the Yuan Dynasty, circulated in parallel with the Zhongtong banknote.

To the period of official banknotes: In the Yuan Dynasty, the circulation of silver was strictly prohibited in the system, but it was widely used among the people, and banknotes were linked to silver. 18. The currency of the Ming Dynasty during the Ming and Qing Dynasties: the banknotes were based on the face value, and there was no reserve for the issuance of banknotes. People were allowed to exchange gold and silver for Ming Dynasty banknotes. There were restrictions on payment, and old banknotes could be exchanged for new ones; the banknotes collapsed in 1481, and in 1581 Silver became the universal currency.

19. The modern currency copper coinage went from money making to copper yuan and silver coin from silver liang to silver dollar (the earliest foreign silver dollar flowing into China was the Spanish silver dollar. In the 13th year of Guangxu's reign, Zhang Zhidong asked to set up a bureau to mint silver dollars in Guangdong. , officially approved to be cast in the 16th year of Guangxu). Sometimes due to special reasons, different autonomous bodies in the same country may also issue different versions of currency. For example, in the United Kingdom, including England, Scotland, or even the remote islands of Jersey and Guernsey, they all have different versions of the pound. And they can be traded with each other in other areas within the UK, but only the English pound is the internationally recognized trading currency. Other versions of the pound may be refused acceptance outside the UK.

Due to historical factors, the People's Republic of China and the state have three different legal currencies. The mainland uses the RMB. Hong Kong and Macao implement one country, two systems. The legal currency in Hong Kong is the Hong Kong dollar and the legal currency in Macau is the Macau pataca. It is directly or indirectly linked to the U.S. dollar. Taiwan, China uses the New Taiwan Dollar.

Each basic unit of currency is usually divided into smaller secondary coins. The most commonly used ratio is 1/100 of the secondary currency to the primary currency. 2. What is credit currency?

In the history of the development of the currency market, people are more inclined to choose transaction methods that are lighter and less costly.

As a result, the credit transaction method came into being. Credit money is the product of credit transactions.

Literally speaking, the focus of credit currency is "credit". Credit currency is a currency stipulated by national laws and enforced by compulsory force. It can independently perform the function of currency during the circulation process and is not based on any precious metal.

Credit currency is the product of the slow development of substitute currency. The biggest difference between it and substitute currency is that substitute currency replaces metal to perform the two functions of payment method and circulation method, while credit currency is different from precious metals. separation. Credit currency is provided by banks and used for credit circulation. The value of credit currency itself is far lower than the value of the currency it represents.

In the 1930s, the outbreak of the world economic crisis plunged the economies of all countries into a downturn. Coupled with the outbreak of the financial crisis, banknotes issued by many Western countries could not be exchanged for corresponding metals. Currency, in this critical situation, credit currency appeared to relieve people's temporary worries, and it became the product of the development of substitute currency. The development of credit currency indeed made people at that time no longer worry about money, and the credit currency system was also established. The establishment of this system brought about major changes in the financial system around the world.

Do you know what credit currency is? It is an “upgraded version” of substitute currency! . 3. Definition of banknotes and credit currency

Definition of banknotes and credit currency Banknotes and credit currency (1) As mentioned above, banknotes are currency symbols or value symbols issued by the state and forced into circulation.

The banknote itself has no value (this does not mean that the manufacturing of the banknote itself does not require cost, but that the cost of manufacturing the banknote itself is disproportionately different from the metal currency it represents). It represents the metal Money performs the functions of a means of circulation. (2) The ability of banknotes to undertake the above functions is fundamentally determined by the characteristics of currency in performing its function as a means of circulation (the currency used as a means of circulation must be actual currency, but it can be currency of insufficient value) .

(3) With the development of modern market economy, a variety of credit currencies have been produced, such as bank notes, credit cards, electronic money, commercial bills, bank bills, etc. (4) Credit currency gradually emerged with the emergence of the function of currency payment means, and is the result of the gradual establishment and improvement of the credit system during the development of the commodity economy.

Credit currency can be defined as: a credit certificate and symbol that can perform monetary functions based on a credit relationship. (5) The emergence and development of credit currency can promote the development of the commodity economy, but it also increases the possibility of crises in the commodity economy.

. 4. On the relationship between credit and currency

Credit currency is a credit instrument that is generated based on credit activities and can play the role of currency. The main forms of credit money include commercial bills, bank notes and deposit money. Commercial paper is produced on the basis of the extensive development of commercial credit. It is a written document of creditor's rights held by creditors who provide commercial credit to ensure their claim on debts. It is mainly divided into two types: promissory note and bill of exchange. Commercial bills can be circulated and transferred through "endorsement", so they can function as a means of currency circulation and payment. They are a kind of bank bills. It is a credit instrument guaranteed by bank credit that can be used for circulation and payment, and is therefore also a currency. Deposit currency refers to bank deposits that can play a monetary role, mainly current deposits that can handle transfer settlement by issuing checks.

As an economic category, credit is a unilateral movement of value conditioned on repayment and interest payments. Its essence should be understood from the following aspects:

First, credit is not a general lending behavior, but is conditioned on repayment and interest payment.

Second, credit is a special form of value movement. There are many forms of value movement, and credit is realized through a series of lending-repayment-payment processes. The unilateral transfer of value is in sharp contrast to the traditional reciprocal transfer.

Third, credit is a creditor-debt relationship. The lender is the creditor and the borrower is the debtor. The credit relationship is the unity of the creditor's rights and debts.

Fourth, credit is an economic category closely linked to the commodity currency economy. Credit in different societies reflects the economic relations of different societies.

In summary, we can be sure that money has been the main driving force for the development of credit in history. In other words, credit has historically relied on currency circulation as the basis for its development.

5. Chinese Currency History

At the turn of the century and the beginning of the millennium, the origin and development of currency are accompanied by the evolution of human social history. While recording human social and economic activities, it has become It is an important tool for studying social history and exploring human civilization. The Chinese nation has a long history and is industrious and brave. While creating and nurturing human civilization, it also gave birth to a dazzling, coherent and far-reaching oriental monetary culture, which has become a great tool for studying the evolution of world currency. An important part of the currency. According to relevant historical data and archaeological research, the origin and development of China's currency is basically synchronized with the origin and development of world currency. It generally originated after the first great division of labor in society, developed in the slave society of the Yin and Shang Dynasties, and formed in the Later Zhou Dynasty. Unified in the Qin Dynasty. In terms of the history of the development of its currency itself, it has gone through four different stages: the physical currency period, the metal currency period, the paper currency period and the modern electronic currency period. Among them, the casting of China's metal currency silver, the use of banknotes, Far earlier than other countries and regions in the world. The period of physical currency is the initial stage of currency development, which originated in the late primitive society after the first great social division of labor and the separation of animal husbandry and agriculture. According to the "Book of Changes·Xici" records, "Shennong made...the sun and the middle were the market, and the world was for the people, and the goods of the world were gathered, and everyone got what they had." This passage describes the commodity exchange process in the early days of China's physical currency. The form of exchange was barter. It is called "barter exchange". With the development of exchange, the form of "barter exchange" gradually becomes unsuitable. Therefore, people choose a product that everyone is willing to accept as the equivalent, and this product acquires the function of currency. That is, it is called "real currency". Its object is firstly livestock, secondly cloth and millet, and finally currency. During the period of metal currency, barter was used in our country. It is called "barter exchange". With the development of exchange, "barter" The form of "exchange" gradually cannot be adapted. Therefore, people choose a product that everyone is willing to accept as the equivalent. This product acquires the function of currency, which is called "real currency". Its object is firstly livestock, and secondly Cloth, and finally shell coins. The period of metal currency used in our country was roughly after the second great social division of labor, that is, the separation of handicraft industry. Metal currency has long dominated the use of currency in our country and has been used for thousands of years. Presenting complex and diverse forms of currency, it occupies an important position in our country's monetary system. Metal coinage has mainly gone through three different stages: First, the imitation currency stage. The currency in this period was cast in metal, which was different from physical currency. Although there were several fixed coin shapes during the period, there was no standard weight, only size and weight. From the Yin Shang Dynasty to the end of the Warring States Period, China was in the imitation currency stage, including imitation shells, imitation farm tools and imitation tool "cut" coins, mainly There are cloth coins of the Western Zhou Dynasty, Qi and Yan Dao coins, Chu ant nose coins and round coins imitating spinning wheels. It has achieved preliminary results in the research of monetary theory. Among them, the theory of "the power of mother and son" has a great influence on the research of monetary theory in later generations. Second, the weight-remembering currency stage is a period when the development of metal currency gradually becomes standardized. In 221 BC, after Qin Shihuang unified the six countries, he unified the complicated imitation currencies into gold and half-square-hole round coins. At this stage, silver began to be minted and was widely promoted, making China the first country in the world to adopt silver coins. Among them, the Han five-baht coin is the longest-used and most successful weight-bearing currency in the history of our country. The study of monetary theory has also moved from the weight theory of the imitation currency stage to the nomenclature theory and metal theory of the weight-recording currency stage. Third, the currency stage of the year-recording treasure money. The use of Tang Kaiyuan Tongbao marked the beginning of the metal year-recording treasure money currency stage. In the beginning, the next year's number was cast on the money. Judging from relevant archaeological discoveries, the casting of the next year's number on the money did not start in the Tang Dynasty, and the first time the money was cast in the Tang Dynasty was not the year number, but most coins after the Tang Dynasty were Therefore, our country customarily refers to the coinage after Kaiyuan Tongbao in the Tang Dynasty as the monetary stage of Nianbao money. The emergence of Nianbao money is not only the need for the economic development of the Tang Dynasty, but also a summary of the monetary practices of the previous dynasties. The Tang Dynasty The Tang Dynasty was the heyday of the development of China's feudal dynasty. With the increase in foreign exchanges and exchanges, the currency of this period had an important impact on the currency changes of our country in later generations and on the development of world currencies. The economic prosperity of the Tang Dynasty was manifested in the currency aspect as follows: 1. It was the prosperity of the economy that promoted the development of monetary and credit institutions. At that time, credit institutions specializing in exchange and remittance had appeared in Chang'an, and "flying money" similar to money orders appeared; secondly, in addition to the popular copper coins in the Tang Dynasty, There were also gold and silver coins, which developed the physical metal form of currency. The most influential coinage during this period was the "Kaiyuan Tongbao" of the Tang Dynasty. Papermaking is one of China's four great inventions, and our country was also the first to use it.

One of the countries with paper currency, its use can be traced back to the white deer skin coins of the Han Dynasty and the "Fei Qian" of the Tang Dynasty. The "Jiaozi" was officially issued in the Northern Song Dynasty (about 1000 AD). It was gradually improved and became an economic currency in the Yuan and Ming Dynasties. The main currency in exchanges continued to be used during the Qing Dynasty, but was once abolished. The emergence and use of paper money occurred spontaneously in the process of social and economic exchanges, and was an unprecedented change in the development of currency. 800 years ago, the Ming Dynasty The world-famous traveler Marco Polo, who traveled to our country in the middle of the DPRK, could not understand that cheap paper could be exchanged for the same price as expensive silk. Although paper money changed the way of commodity exchange, due to the feudal society and modern rulers The issuance of banknotes is only used as a tool to amass wealth. Excessive issuance leads to increased inflation. Especially the legal currency issued during the "legal currency reform" implemented by *** *** in 1935 is used as a tool to exploit and squeeze the people. , expanding armaments and persisting in the civil war as a tool, leading to rising prices and poor livelihoods. It was not until the birth of the people's currency system in December 1948 that the issuance and use of banknotes were truly standardized and unified, and the stability of the currency value was maintained. This has effectively promoted the prosperity of our country's economy and the continuous improvement of people's living standards. If the use of banknotes in the last century ushered in a new era in the history of currency development in China, then the use of banknotes created by Americans in the early 20th century as a symbol of modern society Electronic currency is also another major change of epoch-making significance in the history of currency development. Its emergence not only changed the traditional payment methods of mankind and realized the leap from the tangible stage to the intangible stage of currency, but also changed the way people have changed for thousands of years. It is a standard to measure wealth and involves all aspects of human life. In the past ten years, electronic currency has been used to facilitate. 6. What is the history of the monetary system?

The monetary system was formed to eliminate the dispersion and chaos of currency circulation and adapt to the needs of commodity production and commodity circulation expansion.

From the 16th to the 18th century, in line with the initial conditions of capitalist economic development at that time, the currency systems of emerging capitalist countries widely adopted bimetallism. With the further development of large-scale capitalist industry and wholesale commerce, defects such as the instability of bimetallism became increasingly prominent. By the beginning of the 19th century, the transition from bimetallism to monometallism began.

The United Kingdom first implemented the gold standard in 1816; by the 1850s, most countries had adopted the gold standard; in the early 20th century, the gold standard had been widely implemented in various countries. 1929--1933 During and after the world economic crisis, all countries successively abandoned various gold standards and implemented non-encashment credit currency systems. 7. Similarities and Differences between Commodity Currency and Credit Currency

Commodity currency is currency whose own value is the same as its market value, such as gold and silver! Legal currency is a transaction tool specified by the state, such as the RMB, which itself has no value (just a piece of paper).

Additional answers

Credit currency is stipulated by national law , the forced circulation of currency that independently performs monetary functions and is not based on any precious metal. At present, the currencies issued by various countries in the world are basically credit currencies. Credit currency is a credit circulation tool provided by banks. Its own value is far less than its monetary value, and unlike proxy currencies, it is completely decoupled from precious metals and no longer directly represents any precious metals. It is the product of further development of monetary forms and a direct result of the collapse of the metal monetary system. In the 1930s, a worldwide economic crisis occurred, causing economic panic and financial chaos, forcing major capitalist countries to deviate from the gold standard and the silver standard. The banknotes issued by the state could no longer be exchanged for metal currency. Therefore, credit currency came into being. And born. Almost all countries in the world today adopt this currency form.