The three-dimensional support system of concrete steel structure is supported by four-corner 12-story giant steel columns, and there is no column in the room. By using three-dimensional support and steel columns and diagonal bars in each support plane, the gravity load of each floor is transferred to the corner column, which increases the gravity load of the floor and acts as a dipole arm to resist overturning moment, thus improving the effectiveness of the counterweight.
2. Jinmao Building:
Frame tube structure system. The core is cast-in-place reinforced concrete, and the outer frame is composed of steel structure and concrete structure, which has become a model building for steel structure and concrete structure. The latest structural technology is adopted for the first time in the history of super high-rise buildings. The vertical deviation of the whole building is only 2 cm, and the shaking of the roof is less than half a meter. This is the best high-rise building in the world, and it can also ensure that 12 strong wind will not fall, and at the same time it can resist an earthquake of magnitude 7. The exterior wall of the building is composed of large glass walls, which reflect colors like silver and non-silver, with different shades and endless changes. The hall adopts a circular arch door frame, which gives people a feeling of being tall, spacious and bright. Mediterranean perforated marble is selected for the wall, which can play a good sound insulation effect; The marble on the ground is shiny but not bright, flat but not slippery. The eight bronze murals in the front hall reflect the traditional calligraphy art in China. The evolution of Chinese characters, from Oracle Bone Inscriptions and Zhong Dingwen to seal script, official script, regular script and Cao, reflects the 5,000-year history of civilization in China. The corridor leading to the banquet hall is an art gallery, which embodies elegant taste and luxurious style.
3. Shanghai World Financial Center:
Reinforced concrete structure (SRC structure), steel structure (S structure). Shanghai World Financial Center is a comprehensive building with office as its main function and integrating business, hotel, sightseeing, conference and other facilities. Concrete-filled steel tubular (CFST) is used to support mega-structures, which can increase the stiffness and ductility of members and also has damping effect. There is another advantage of using concrete to fill. Generally, the steel tube at the top of the structure is thin, and concrete filling can increase the buckling resistance of the steel tube. ?
4. National Stadium Bird's Nest:
It is a reinforced concrete frame-shear structure and a steel structure with bending and torsion members. The project cost is 3.3 billion yuan, the construction area is 258,000 ㎡, and the steel consumption of the external steel structure is 42,000 tons. The whole project includes steel and steel bars in concrete, and the total steel consumption reaches 654.38+065.438+00000 tons. The main steel structure forms a "bird's nest" structure woven by saddle-shaped steel truss in the whole giant space. The total steel consumption of steel structure is 42,000 tons. The concrete stands are divided into upper, middle and lower floors. The concrete structure of the stand is a reinforced concrete frame-shear wall structure system, with 7 floors underground 1 floor and above ground. The steel structure and the upper part of the concrete stand are completely separated, and they are not connected with each other, but are enclosed in form, and the foundation sits on the connected foundation plate.
5. National Grand Theatre:
Frame-shear wall concrete shell steel structure with construction area of 265,438+944,000 ㎡. The external structure is an ellipsoidal double-layer steel reticulated shell structure, and the interior generally covers the opera house, concert hall and grand theater. During the installation of the giant steel shell of the National Grand Theatre, the bolted ball grid structure was used instead of ordinary scaffolding as its temporary construction support system, which gave full play to the spatial stress performance of the grid structure, and it was easy to disassemble and assemble and could be reused.
6. The main building of the new site of CCTV:
From the structural point of view, when it is finally completed, the two leaning towers, cantilever structure, 9-story podium foundation and basement can all be regarded as a complete structural system. The weight of the floor is supported by the external steel cylinder, the internal column and the floor. Although the structural members of the outer steel tube are inclined in two planes, the inner columns of the building, including the inner columns of the core tube, remain vertical. Due to the inclination of the tower, and considering that the floor depth is limited in a reasonable range, some internal columns need to be terminated and replaced in the tower. The weight supported by these inner columns will be transferred to the inner cylinder and the outer steel cylinder. Most of the transfer structures are two-story truss structures, and most of them are located in appropriate positions such as computer rooms. The number of conversion structures will be kept to a minimum. ?
7. Guangzhou Opera House:
Steel-steel concrete mixed structure. The outer envelope of the Grand Theatre and multi-function hall adopts three-dimensional oblique reticulated shell with spatial combined folded plates, and the overall geometric shape of the structure is irregular polyhedron. Each surface of the outer envelope of the theater and multi-function hall is triangular or quadrilateral, and its edges are divided into several sections, which are connected in the plane to form a three-dimensional grid. The edges are the main beams, and the internal grids are connected by the secondary beams, both of which are steel box beams.
8. Wuhan Radio and Television Center Building:
Reinforced concrete frame-tube shear wall structure with a building area of 74,462 ㎡. Wuhan Radio and Television Center Building is located at the intersection of Qingnian Road, Jianshe Avenue, Hankou, with a construction area of 74462m2. Its structural form is reinforced concrete frame-tube shear wall structure. There are 30 floors in the main building, of which the second floor in the basement is used for parking, the local area 1 floor is used for equipment, the podium is 5-6 floors, the office building in the tower is 24 floors, the steel structure functional building in the upper part of the tower is 8 floors, and the helipad is at the top. Its building elevation is 164.8m, and there is a steel TV transmission tower at the top of the first 30 floors of the main building with the elevation of198 m. Its steel structure involves many things, such as the podium roof steel structure, the top roof steel structure and the top steel structure transmission tower. ?
National Aquatics Center (Water Cube):
Steel-concrete shear wall+steel structure+membrane structure, with a construction area of 79,532 ㎡ and a total steel consumption of 6,900 tons, is the membrane structure building with the largest span (maximum span130m). The structural design of the stadium comes from the problem of "the most effective division of three-dimensional space" put forward by Lord Kelvin, an Irish mathematician, and creatively designs a new polyhedral space rigid frame structure by using and improving the optimized polyhedral combination system put forward by Irish professors Weaire and Phelan. This paper introduces the geometric composition, performance, stress of polyhedral space unit, composition of the whole structural system, performance analysis and other related contents of ETFE inflatable pillow.
10, New Capital Museum:
Frame-shear wall and steel roof, the project cost is 780 million yuan, and the construction area is 6 1680㎡. The large-span steel structure on the upper part of the new Capital Museum is complex. The wind tunnel is used to simulate the airflow in the atmospheric boundary layer, and the wind pressure distribution and wind environment of the roof, lower surface and outer wall of the building under various winds are tested. The wind load effect of long cantilever structure is effectively reduced by setting louvers at the end of roof overhangs. Aiming at the problems existing in the traditional prestressed bracing system between columns, such as complicated tensioning process, difficult control of column top deviation, and additional axial force generated by the lower chord of truss between columns, the bracing form of arranging herringbone tie rods on both sides of the middle column is proposed, which greatly simplifies the prestressing tensioning process, effectively avoids column top deviation and reduces the additional axial force of the lower chord of truss between columns. ?