First, the pricing power of nickel market is not in China, and the domestic spot nickel price basically fluctuates with LME nickel;
Secondly, the gradual decrease of global nickel sulfide resources and the increase of mining difficulty will inevitably push up the production cost in electrolytic nickel, and the stainless steel smelting cost will inevitably rise.
Ferronickel first appeared as a substitute for electrolytic nickel. After experiencing the "baptism" of the financial turmoil in 2008, faced with the objective situation of the continuous development of China's stainless steel industry and the sharp reduction of nickel sulfide resources in the world, ferronickel undoubtedly faces the opportunity to grow from a simple electrolytic nickel substitute to a leveraged commodity to balance nickel prices.
However, the ferronickel industry in China is also facing the following problems.
First, the laterite nickel ore used in the production of ferronickel in China mainly depends on imports. With the rising price of non-ferrous metals, many mining countries have successively issued policies and related laws, such as Indonesia, Congo, Mongolia, etc., to restrict the export of raw ore or increase the export tariff of raw ore in order to share the high profits brought by high prices. As nickel ore is the most upstream of the whole nickel industrial chain, no resource control means no pricing power, which is a threat to the whole nickel industry in China and the downstream nickel application industries including stainless steel. Therefore, it is the only way for China to reduce risks by implementing the "going out" strategy, forming strategic partnerships with major international nickel suppliers and actively investing in local nickel mines.
Two, the main equipment of ferronickel smelting in China is blast furnace and submerged arc furnace. According to the detailed planning rules for the adjustment and revitalization of the iron and steel industry issued by the State Council and the Notice of the State Council on Further Strengthening the Elimination of Backward Production Capacity on April 7 this year, the blast furnace production capacity of 300 cubic meters and below will be eliminated by the end of 10, and the ironmaking blast furnace of 400 cubic meters and below will be eliminated by the end of 20165438. According to this website, the main furnace capacity of China ferronickel smelting blast furnace is mostly 128 cubic meters, and it is very rare to reach more than 300 cubic meters. Once the State Council's policy of eliminating backward production capacity can be thoroughly implemented, it will undoubtedly have a great impact on China's ferronickel industry, especially blast furnace ferronickel, and will also have a great impact on the stainless steel industry. However, due to low smelting efficiency, large pollution and high energy consumption, the smelting process is backward. Judging from the healthy development of the industry itself, the survival of the fittest is an inevitable law. With the determination of the country to gradually eliminate backward production capacity and change the mode of economic development, a new pattern of ferronickel production in China may also be born.
Converter action
A cavity is formed in the converter, and the cast iron melt is treated with magnesium. The size and shape of converter wall parts have a decisive influence on the efficiency of treating cast iron melt and the accuracy of obtaining residual magnesium content in converter. In order to control this influence optimally, the length L of the wall member is determined according to the formula L=600×T0.45×A, and the height H is determined according to the formula H= 1.5L×A, where A is a coefficient, and its value is between 0.5 and 1.5, and its specific value depends on the sulfur content of 0.0 1%.
Firstly, the crude molten ferronickel is discharged into the ladle from submerged arc furnace, and soda ash is added to the ladle at the ratio of 14kg per ton of molten ferronickel, which can reduce the sulfur in molten ferronickel to 0.0 15 ~ 0.08%. Passivated magnesium particles can also be sprayed into the ladle, which requires a special evaporator to spray granular magnesium into the ladle, and the injection depth is about1.5m. This process can reduce the sulfur content in molten nickel to below 0.0 15% (more than 20 domestic steel companies introduced this process from Ukraine and applied it to hot metal desulfurization in blast furnaces).
After the desulphurized ferronickel slag is dumped, it is poured into an oxygen top-blown converter lined with acid refractory. In acid oxygen top-blown converter, oxygen and silica are blown, and the temperature of molten pool rises rapidly at this time. In order to control the appropriate bath temperature, it is necessary to add the metal waste produced in the production process or the nickel-containing waste purchased into the furnace.
After desilication, the molten ferronickel is put into an alkaline oxygen top-blown converter with the same tonnage, and impurities such as carbon and phosphorus in the molten ferronickel are removed by top-blown oxygen. In order to make alkaline slag and reduce the temperature, limestone is added to the converter. When there is enough nickel-containing waste, lime can be used instead of limestone.
The impurity content of molten ferronickel produced by basic oxygen top-blown converter has reached the requirements of commercial ferronickel standard, and the nickel content has increased to about 20%, which can be sold as commercial ferronickel.
Because sulfur can be removed in the converter, the desulfurization of hot metal ladle and desilication of acid converter can be combined in one converter. The first converter was an acid converter, which was transformed into an alkaline converter, with top and bottom combined blowing. By blowing argon (nitrogen) at the bottom, desilication and desulfurization can be realized in the converter in a reducing atmosphere.
The molten ferronickel from the first converter enters the second converter for dephosphorization, and limestone should be added to the furnace during smelting to ensure the proper smelting temperature. The qualified ferronickel melt smelted by the converter is sent to the foundry for casting, and the nickel metal content is 20%.
Power consumption accounts for 30% ~ 33% of the total cost of ferronickel. The power consumption per ton of commercial ferronickel is related to the nickel content in the ore. When the nickel content of ore is 65438 0.5%, the power consumption is about 600kWh/t dry ore. When the nickel content of ore is 2.5%, the power consumption per ton of ferronickel is reduced to 400kWh.
The consumption of nickel oxide ore with nickel 1.5% ~ 2.0% purchased from abroad is roughly 12t/t ferronickel. Reducing agent (anthracite powder) accounts for about 8% of the ore; The weight of various fuels is 50kg/ton of ferronickel; Oxygen 80m3/t ferronickel; Lime 5 kg/ton ore before roasting.
General ferronickel smelting enterprises cast ferronickel into bread or lumps, as shown in the following figure.
Standard number: GB/T 25049-20 10
Chinese standard name standard Chinese name: ferronickel
First release date: 20 10-9-2.
Standard Status: Current
Audit confirmation date Audit confirmation date:
Plan number. :20077290-T-605
Replace the national standard number and replace the standard:
Replaced national standard number replaced standard:
Time of Abolition Date of Abolition:
The adopted international standard number: ISO 650 1: 1988.
Name of international standard adopted: technical conditions for delivery of ferronickel.
Adoption degree application degree: MOD
Adopt international standards Adopt international standards: ISO.
International standard classification number: 77. 100
China standard classification number: H42.
Standard Category Standard Sorting: Products
Standard number of pages:
Standard price (yuan) Price (yuan):
Governor: China Iron and Steel Industry Association.
Technical Committee: National Technical Committee of Iron and Steel Standardization
Drafting Committee: Shanxi Taigang Stainless Steel Co., Ltd.
This standard specifies the technical delivery requirements of different forms of ferronickel (ingots, blocks and granules) for steelmaking and casting.
The clauses in the following documents become the clauses of this standard by reference. All subsequent modifications (excluding errata) or revisions of dated reference documents are not applicable to this standard. However, parties who have reached an agreement according to this standard are encouraged to study whether the latest versions of these documents can be applied. For undated reference documents, the latest edition is applicable to this standard.
Gb/t 21931./determination of carbon content in nickel, ferronickel and nickel alloys (GB/t 21931.1-2008, IDT ISO 7524:/kloc.
GB/T 2 193 1.2 determination of sulfur content in nickel, ferronickel and nickel alloys (GB/T 2 193 1.2-2008, IDT ISO 7526: 1985).
GB/T 2 193 1.3 determination of phosphorus content in nickel, ferronickel and nickel alloys (GB/T 2 193 1.3-2008, iso11400:
Determination of nickel and nickel-iron-sulfur content-alumina chromatographic separation-barium sulfate gravimetric method
GB/T 2 1933. 1 determination of nickel, iron and nickel content (dimethylglyoxime gravimetric method (GB/T 2 1933. 1-2008, IDT ISO 6352: 1985).
Determination of Sulfur Content in Nickel, Ferronickel and Nickel Alloy (GB/T 2 1933.2-2008, iso 8343: 1985, IDT).
GB/T 2 1933.3 determination of phosphorus content in nickel, ferronickel and nickel alloy: Phosphorus vanadium molybdenum yellow spectrophotometry (GB/T 2 1933.3-2008, IDT ISO 7520: 1985).
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