Cold working die steel
Cold-working die steel is mainly used to manufacture dies for pressing and forming cold workpieces. Such as: cold stamping die, cold stamping die, cold drawing die, stamping die, cold extrusion die, thread pressing die and powder pressing die. Cold working die steel covers a wide range, from various carbon tool steels, alloy tool steels and high-speed tool steels to powder high-speed tool steels and powder high-alloy die steels. Cold working die steel is vacuum degassed refined steel with pure internal quality, good machinability, obviously improved machinability, good hardenability, air cooling quenching, excellent wear resistance and good toughness, which can be used as stamping die for stainless steel and high hardness materials.
Hot working die steel
Hot-working die steel is mainly used to manufacture dies for pressure processing of workpieces at high temperature. Such as hot forging die, hot extrusion die, die casting die, hot upsetting die, etc. Commonly used hot working die steels include alloy die steels with medium and high carbon content and alloy elements such as Cr, W, Mo and V; Hot-working die steel with special requirements is sometimes made of high-alloy austenitic heat-resistant die steel.
Plastic die steel
Due to the wide variety of plastics, the requirements for plastic products are also very different, and different performance requirements are also put forward for the materials used to make plastic molds. Therefore, many industrialized countries have formed a wide variety of steel series for plastic molds. Include carbon structural steel, carburized plastic die steel, pre-hardened plastic die steel, age-hardening plastic die steel, corrosion-resistant plastic die steel, free-cutting plastic die steel, integral hardened plastic die steel, maraging steel and plastic die steel for mirror polishing.
Tungsten carbide steel
Tungsten steel, also known as cemented carbide, refers to a sintered composite material composed of at least one metal carbide. Tungsten carbide, cobalt carbide, niobium carbide, titanium carbide and tantalum carbide are common components of tungsten steel, which have a series of excellent properties such as high hardness, wear resistance, good toughness, heat resistance and corrosion resistance, especially their high hardness and wear resistance remain basically unchanged even at 500℃, and they still have high hardness at 1000℃. Tungsten steel is called the tooth of modern industry. Tungsten steel products are widely used for cutting cast iron, nonferrous metals, plastics, chemical fiber, graphite, glass, stone and ordinary steel, and can also be used for cutting heat-resistant steel, stainless steel, high manganese steel and tool steel. The cutting speed of new cemented carbide is several hundred times that of carbon steel.
carbon tool steel
Carbon steel used for manufacturing cutting tools, molds and measuring tools. Compared with alloy tool steel, it has good machinability, low price and wide application range, so it is widely used in tool production. Carbon tool steel is divided into carbon cutting tool steel, carbon die steel and carbon measuring tool steel. Carbon tool steel refers to carbon tool steel used for making cutting tools, carbon die steel refers to carbon tool steel used for making cold and hot dies, and carbon measuring tool steel refers to carbon tool steel used for making measuring tools.
Classification of steel
Heat treatment of 1. steel Heat treatment of steel refers to the process of changing the microstructure of steel through different heating, heat preservation and cooling in solid state, so as to obtain the required properties. The road map of steel heat treatment is shown as follows: 2. Classification of heat treatment of steel (1) is divided into 1) overall heat treatment (annealing, normalizing, quenching and tempering) according to process methods; 2) Surface heat treatment (flame heating surface quenching, induction heating surface quenching, laser heating surface quenching, etc. ); 3) Chemical heat treatment (carburizing, nitriding, infiltrating other elements, etc. ). (2) According to the function of heat treatment in parts processing, it is divided into 1) preheating treatment (annealing, normalizing): it is an intermediate process before cutting mechanical parts to improve cutting performance and prepare for the subsequent organization. 2) Final heat treatment (quenching and tempering): heat treatment to obtain the final performance of the parts. 3. The positions of critical points on the phase diagram during overheating and supercooling are shown as follows: equilibrium phase transformation line A 1, A3, Acm heating (overheating) Ac 1, Ac3, Accm cooling (supercooling) Ar 1, Ar3, Arcm austenitizing-if the temperature is higher than the phase transformation temperature, steel will be austenitized during heating. Four steps of austenite formation: 1) formation of austenite crystal nucleus; There is usually a crystal nucleus at the phase boundary between F and Fe3C in pearlite. 2) austenite crystal nucleus grows; (3) Dissolution of residual cementite; (4) Austenite homogenized eutectoid steel is heated to point AC 1- hypoeutectoid steel is heated to the transition temperature above Ac3; Hypereutectoid steel-theoretically it should be heated above Accm, but actually it is lower than Accm. Because when heated above Accm, carburization will be completely dissolved, austenite grains will grow rapidly, the structure will become coarse and brittleness will increase. The critical point positions on the phase diagram during heating and cooling are as follows: austenite grain size and austenite grain growth and their influencing factors 1, austenite grain size 1) Initial grain size-grain size when various original structures have just transformed into austenite at room temperature. 2) Actual grain size-the size of austenite grain actually obtained by steel under specific heat treatment or heating conditions. It is divided into 10 grade, and 1 grade is the coarsest. 3) Inherent grain size-indicates the trend of austenite grain growth. Does not indicate the size of the grain. Intrinsic coarse-grained steel: Austenite grain size grows rapidly with the increase of heating temperature. (as shown in Figure 6-3) Intrinsic fine-grained steel: The austenite grain size will only grow significantly when heated to a higher temperature. 2, austenite grain growth and its influencing factors 1) heating temperature and holding time-the higher the heating temperature, the faster the grain growth and the coarser the austenite; With the prolongation of holding time, the grains grow continuously, but the growth rate is slower and slower. 2) heating speed-the higher the heating speed, the higher the nucleation rate, so the smaller the initial austenite grain, the less time for the grain to grow. 3) carbon and alloying elements 4) supercooled austenite, the original structure of steel-unstable austenite existing below eutectoid temperature (A 1), with symbol a indicating cold. With the different undercooling, undercooled austenite will undergo three types of transformation: 1) pearlescent transformation; 2) transformation of bainite; 3) Martensite transformation. Pearlescent transformation (high-temperature transformation) (I) pearlite structure morphology and properties supercooled austenite will transform into pearlite structure in the temperature range of A 1~ 550℃. The microstructure is a mechanical mixture of ferrite and cementite lamellae. This structure can be subdivided into: (2) pearlite transformation process: as shown in the figure: typical diffusion transformation: 1) carbon atom and iron atom migration; 2) lattice reconstruction. Bainite transformation (medium temperature transformation) (I) Microstructure and properties of bainite ◆ Supercooled austenite will transform into bainite structure in the temperature range of 550℃ ~ Ms, and bainite is represented by the symbol B. According to microstructure, bainite can be divided into upper bainite (upper B) and lower bainite (lower B). As shown in the figure: the mechanical properties of bainite are 1)550 ~ 350℃- upper bainite B- feathery -40 ~ 45 HRC- brittleness-basically no practical value; 2)350℃~ ms- lower bainite B- black bamboo leaf -45 ~ 55 HRC- excellent comprehensive mechanical properties-commonly used. (2) Semi-diffusion transformation in the process of bainite transformation-only carbon atoms are diffused, and the massive iron atoms are basically not diffused. Martensite transformation (low temperature transformation) (1) Microstructure and properties of martensite when austenite is supercooled to Ms at a large cooling rate, ......
What are the types of new steel formwork installation tools and which one is easy to use?
In the market, Tian Jian Industry, a new type of steel formwork installation tool, mainly includes main keel, secondary keel, T-beam, L-beam, external angle lock, hole lock and steel structure diagonal support.
Material classification of new material industry
As the foundation and forerunner of high technology, new materials are widely used. Together with information technology and biotechnology, they have become the most important and promising fields in 2 1 century. New materials, like traditional materials, can be classified from different angles such as structural composition, function and application field, and different classifications are nested with each other. New materials mainly include the innovation of traditional materials and the introduction of new materials. With the development of high-tech, the combination of new materials and traditional materials industry is increasingly close, and the industrial structure presents the characteristics of horizontal diffusion. Classification of new materials: According to the application fields, new materials are generally divided into the following categories: 1 Information materials, electronic information materials and products support modern high-tech industries such as modern communication, computers, information networks, micro-mechanical intelligent systems, industrial automation and home appliances. The development scale and technical level of electronic information materials industry, which has an important strategic position in the national economy, is the most intense material field of scientific and technological innovation and international competition. In the future, 10 ~ 15 microelectronics will still be the most basic information material, and optoelectronic materials will become the fastest developing and most promising information materials. Information materials can be divided into the following categories: integrated circuits and semiconductor materials: silicon materials are the main part, and new compound semiconductor materials and new generation high-temperature semiconductor materials are also important components. Photoelectric materials: laser materials, infrared detector materials, liquid crystal display materials, high-brightness light-emitting diode materials, optical fiber materials and other fields; New electronic component materials: magnetic materials, electronic ceramic materials, piezoelectric transistor materials, information sensing materials, high-performance packaging materials, etc. The current research hotspots and technological frontiers include the third generation semiconductor materials, such as flexible transistors, photonic crystals, SiC, GaN, ZnSe and other wide band gap semiconductor materials, organic display materials and various nano-electronic materials. 2. The energy consumption of energy materials continues to increase worldwide. 80% of energy comes from fossil fuels. In the long run, pollution-free and sustainable new energy sources are needed to replace all fossil fuels. Future clean energy sources include hydrogen energy, solar energy, wind energy and nuclear fusion energy. The key to solve the energy problem is the breakthrough of energy materials, whether it is to improve the combustion efficiency to reduce resource consumption, or to develop new energy or use renewable energy, it is closely related to materials. The materials needed by traditional energy sources are mainly to improve energy utilization efficiency. Now, we focus on the development of supercritical steam generator sets and integrated coal gasification combined cycle technology, which requires very high materials, such as engineering ceramics and new channel materials. Hydrogen energy and fuel cell: materials and technologies needed for the production, storage and utilization of hydrogen energy, fuel cell materials, etc. Green secondary batteries: new materials such as nickel-hydrogen batteries, lithium-ion batteries and high-performance polymer batteries; Solar cells: polysilicon, amorphous silicon, thin film batteries and other materials; Nuclear energy materials: new nuclear power reactor materials. New energy materials mainly include special films, polymer electrolytes, catalysts and electrodes, advanced photoelectric materials, special spectrum plastics and coatings, carbon nanotubes, metal hydride slurry, high-temperature superconducting materials, low-cost and low-energy civil engineering materials, light, cheap and efficient insulating materials, light, strong and composite structural materials, ultra-high temperature alloys, ceramics and composite materials, and radiation-resistant materials. Low activity material, corrosion-resistant and pressure-resistant cracking material, mechanical plasma-resistant material. Current research hotspots and technological frontiers include high-energy hydrogen storage materials, polymer battery materials, medium-temperature solid oxide fuel cell electrolyte materials, polycrystalline thin-film solar cell materials and so on. 3 biomaterials biomaterials are materials that are combined with living systems and used to diagnose, treat or replace body tissues and organs or enhance their functions. It involves materials, medicine, physics, biochemistry and modern high technology and has become one of the main pillar industries in 2 1 century. Now almost all kinds of materials have been used in health treatment, mainly including metals and alloys, ceramics, polymer materials, composite materials and biomass materials. Polymer biomaterials are the most active fields in biomedical materials. Metal biomaterials are still the most widely used implant materials in clinic, and the research and development of medical titanium and its alloys and nickel-titanium shape memory alloys are hot spots. In recent years, inorganic biomaterials have attracted more and more attention. At present, the main direction of international biomedical materials research and development is bionic or functional design and preparation to simulate the composition, structure and function of human soft and hard tissues, organs and blood, and the other is giving ......
What new building materials are there now?
New building materials New building materials are new varieties of building materials, which are different from traditional building materials such as bricks and tiles, lime sand and gravel, including many varieties and categories. Functionally, there are wall materials, decorative materials, door and window materials, thermal insulation materials, waterproof materials, adhesive sealing materials, as well as various supporting hardware, plastic parts and various auxiliary materials. In terms of materials, there are not only natural materials, but also chemical materials, metallic materials, non-metallic materials and so on.
New building materials have excellent characteristics such as light weight, high strength, thermal insulation, energy saving, soil saving and decoration. The use of new building materials not only greatly improves the function of the building, but also makes the interior and exterior of the building more modern and meets people's aesthetic requirements. Some new building materials can significantly reduce the weight of buildings, create conditions for the popularization of light building structures, promote the modernization of building construction technology and greatly accelerate the construction speed.
The performance and function of new building materials are different, and the raw materials and technological methods for producing new building materials products are also different. As far as its development is concerned, some varieties are mainly color, and color varieties emerge one after another, such as decorative materials; Some varieties focus on functions, such as thermal insulation materials; Others derive many varieties through deep processing, such as new building plates. Take the new floor as an example. At present, there are dozens of new building boards, among which gypsum board, glass fiber reinforced cement (GRC) board and asbestos-free calcium silicate board are the three new building boards with the largest output and the most common application in China. These three kinds of plates are not only different in raw materials and production technology, but also different in properties and functions. For example, the main raw materials of gypsum board are gypsum and protective paper, which are suitable for interior wallboard and ceiling board; The main raw materials of glass fiber reinforced cement board are low alkali cement and alkali-resistant glass fiber, which are suitable for internal and external wallboard; The main raw material of calcium silicate board is calcium silicate material, which can not only be used as internal and external wallboard, but also be used to decorate and make furniture combined with houses. The common feature of these three kinds of boards is that the original board is used as raw material, and then combined with functional materials such as seepage prevention, heat preservation and fire prevention, and various new wall materials with light weight and superior performance can be produced by using composite technology. In addition, the raw materials they use are all non-metallic materials, which are the three most easily available non-metallic materials.
With the great attention and support of the Party and * * *, China's new building materials industry, after more than 20 years of development, has a considerable scale and a relatively complete variety. With the establishment of market economy system and the implementation of housing projects, China's new building materials industry will surely get greater development. According to the requirements of the cross-century development strategy of building materials industry, the development of new building materials will focus on new words and promote the adjustment of industrial structure. During the Ninth Five-Year Plan period, the output value of new building materials and products developed at a rate of about 20%-25%. Among them, the output value of independent accounting enterprises above township level is 80-90 billion yuan, accounting for 20% of the total output value of building materials industry. The quality of technology, equipment and products reached the international level in the 1970s, key enterprises reached the international level in the early 1980s, and advanced enterprises reached the international advanced level in the same period. .
1, some new building materials products and 20 10 forecast
(1) Waterproof sealing material. It is estimated that by 20 10, the national output of new waterproof coiled materials will reach 250 million square meters, with a market share of 50%, and the use of new waterproof materials in permanent buildings in cities and towns will reach 80%.
(2) thermal insulation materials. It is estimated that by 20 10, the national demand for thermal insulation materials will be: 600,000 tons of rock (mineral) wool, 654.38+10,000 tons of glass wool, 400,000 tons of expanded perlite and 80,000 tons of aluminum silicate fiber.
(3) mineral wool sound-absorbing board. It is estimated that by 20 10, the national demand for mineral wool acoustic panels will be 40-50 million square meters, and the variety, quality and quantity of products can not only meet the demand of the domestic market, but also some products will be exported.
(4) Decorative gypsum board. It is estimated that by 20 10, the national demand for decorative gypsum boards will be140,000 square meters. In 2000, the demand for gypsum board was about 80 million square meters.
(5) architectural coatings. It is estimated that by 20 10, the national demand for architectural coatings will reach10.6 million tons.
(6) Plastic profiles and doors and windows. It is estimated that by 20 10, the national demand for plastic profile products will be 500,000-600,000 tons, which can make up for 25-30 million square meters of plastic doors and windows.
(7) plastic floor. It is estimated that by 20 10, the national demand for plastic flooring will reach1.5-200 million square meters. By then, all kinds of plastic floors ( ......
What kind of metal material is cpm32?
It's CPM3V die steel.
Characteristics of (1) die steel This steel is a new tool steel produced by CRUCIBLE Company by powder melting process. The powder particles are formed into non-segregated ingots by HIP (Hot Isostatic Pressing), and then processed by conventional technology. Its high wear resistance solves the problem of die angle collapse. The impact toughness of this steel is obviously higher than that of D2 and CPM M4, which is close to the level of S7 impact steel. The steel has high impact toughness and high wear resistance. Because it contains 3% vanadium, its wear resistance is far superior to D2, equivalent to M2. Impact toughness is equivalent to S7, which is much higher than other tool steels. Good thermal stability is beneficial to the subsequent surface treatment process. If the surface is coated, better wear resistance, higher hardness and thermal stability will be obtained. Cpmvv powder steel is used in the hardness range of 58 ~ 60 HRC, which has high quality, high uniformity, over-dimensional stability, grindability and toughness.
(2) Supply status and hardness annealing status, with hardness ≤24 1HBS.
(3) Typical chemical components (mass fraction, %)C 0.80, Cr 7.50, V 2.75, Mo 1.30.
(4) The standard annealing temperature is 900℃ and the holding time is 2h. Then slowly cool down to 595℃ at a cooling rate of ≤ 15℃/h, and take it out for air cooling.
(5) Quenching temperature 1065℃, heat preservation for 30 ~ 45 min, then air cooling, or putting in nitrate/oil at 540℃, then air cooling to ≤50℃, tempering at 540℃ and tempering for three times, the best toughness and wear resistance can be obtained.
(6) Typical application examples
① Gear shaving cutter, industrial blade of blanking die and shearing blade.
② Punching punches and dies, stamping or forming tools.
③ Powder molding tools.
④ Used for fine blanking tools and chip cutter cold heading tools.
What kinds of prestressed steel strands are there?
Prestressed steel strand is composed of 2, 3, 7 or 19 high-strength steel wires. After stress relief (stabilization), it is suitable for prestressed concrete or similar purposes.
According to the number of steel wires in a steel strand, it can be divided into 2-wire steel strand, 3-wire steel strand, 7-wire steel strand and 19-wire steel strand. According to the surface morphology, it can be divided into smooth steel strand, notched steel strand, molded steel strand (pact), galvanized steel strand and epoxy resin coated steel strand. It can also be classified by diameter, strength grade or standard.
How many kinds of stainless steel are there?
Identification method of stainless steel
Number and representation of steel
(1) Use international chemical element symbols and domestic symbols to indicate chemical components, and use * * * letters to indicate component content:
Such as: China-Russia 12CrNi3A.
(2) The series or number of steel is represented by a fixed number of digits; Such as: USA, Japan, 300 series, 400 series, 200 series;
(3) with Latin letters and sequence number, only for use.
Numbering rules in China.
(1) Use element symbols
② uses: hanyu pinyin, open hearth steel: p, boiling steel: f, killed steel: b, grade a steel: a, T8: Te8,
GCr 15: ball
◆ Composite steel and spring steel, such as 20CrMnTi 60SiMn (C content is expressed in parts per ten thousand).
◆ Stainless steel and alloy tool steel (C content is expressed in thousandths), such as: 1Cr 18Ni9 thousandths (i.e.
0. 1%C), stainless C≤0.08%, such as 0Cr 18Ni9, and ultra-low carbon C≤0.03%, such as 0Cr 17Ni 13Mo.
International stainless steel marking method
The American Iron and Steel Association uses three numbers to represent various standard grades of malleable stainless steel. These include:
① Austenitic stainless steel is marked with 200 and 300 series numbers,
② Ferritic and martensitic stainless steels are represented by 400 series numbers. For example, some common austenitic stainless steels.
It is marked with 20 1, 304, 3 16, 3 10.
③ ferritic stainless steel is marked with 430 and 446, and martensitic stainless steel is marked with 4 10, 420 and 440C.
Remember, biphasic (austenite-ferrite),
④ Stainless steel, precipitation hardening stainless steel and high alloy with iron content less than 50% are usually named by patent names or trademarks.
4). Classification and grading of standards
4- 1 rating:
① National standard GB
② Industry standard YB
③ Local standards
④ enterprise standard Q/CB
4-2 Classification:
① product standard
② Packaging standard
③ Method standard
④ Basic standards
4-3 standard grades (divided into three grades):
Grade Y: international advanced level.
Class I: international average level.
Class H: domestic advanced level.
4-4 National Standards
GB 1220-84 Stainless Steel Rod (Grade I)
GB424 1-84 stainless steel welding plate (class h)
GB4356-84 Stainless Steel Welded Disc Garden (Grade I)
GB 1270-80 Stainless Steel Pipe (Grade I)
Gb12771-91stainless steel welded pipe (grade y)
GB3280-84 Stainless Steel Cold Plate (Grade I)
GB4237-84 Stainless Steel Hot Plate (Grade I)
GB4239-9 1 stainless steel cold-rolled strip (grade 1)
Classification of stainless steel
Austenitic stainless steel: stainless steel with austenitic structure at room temperature. When the chromium content is about 18%, the nickel content is about 8% ~ 10%, and the carbon content is about 0. 1%, the steel has a stable austenite structure. Austenitic Cr-Ni stainless steel includes the famous 18Cr-8Ni steel and the high Cr-Ni series steel developed by adding Mo, Cu, Si, Nb, Ti and other elements. Austenitic stainless steel is nonmagnetic and has high toughness and plasticity, but its strength is low, so it can not be strengthened by phase transformation, but only by cold working. If sulfur, calcium, selenium, tellurium and other elements are added, it has good cutting performance. In addition to the corrosion resistance of oxidizing acid medium, this steel can also resist the corrosion of sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, formic acid, acetic acid and urea if it contains elements such as Mo and Cu. If the carbon content in this steel is less than 0.03% or contains Ti and Ni, its intergranular corrosion resistance can be significantly improved. High silicon austenitic stainless steel has good corrosion resistance in concentrated nitric acid. Austenitic stainless steel is widely used in all walks of life because of its comprehensive and good comprehensive properties.
Ferritic stainless steel: ferritic structural stainless steel in use. The chromium content is 1 1%~30%, and it has a body-centered cubic crystal structure. This kind of steel generally does not contain nickel, and sometimes contains a small amount of elements such as molybdenum, titanium and niobium. This kind of steel has the characteristics of large thermal conductivity, small expansion coefficient, good oxidation resistance and excellent stress corrosion resistance, and is mostly used to manufacture parts resistant to atmospheric, steam, water and oxidative acid corrosion. This kind of steel has some disadvantages, such as poor plasticity, obviously reduced plasticity after welding and corrosion resistance, which limits its application. The application of refining technology outside the furnace (AOD or VOD) can greatly reduce the interstitial elements such as carbon and nitrogen, so this kind of steel is widely used.
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How to classify the types of steel bars according to the latest specifications?
Please refer to the Code for Design of Concrete Structures, which is a national standard with the number of GB 500 10—20 10.
4.2. 1 The reinforcement of concrete structure shall be selected according to the following provisions:
HRB400, HRB500, HRB400 and HRB500, HPB300, HRB335, HRB335 and RRB400 are suitable for ordinary steel bars with longitudinal stress of 1.
2. HRB400, HRB500, HRB400 and HRB500 should be adopted for the ordinary reinforcement of longitudinal stressed beams and columns.
3 stirrups should be HRB400, HRBF400, HPB300, HRB500 and HRBF500, or HRB335 and HRBF335.
4 prestressed steel wire, steel strand and prestressed threaded steel bar should be used for prestressed reinforcement.
What kinds of new building formwork supports are there?
The traditional building formwork support is generally wood square, but now it is changed to steel formwork support for environmental protection. Changli Tian Jian Company initiated this new building formwork support system made of alloy steel, which generally includes steel-wood formwork support, steel-bamboo formwork support, aluminum alloy formwork support and steel-wood composite formwork support.