Cold wave is cold air from polar regions or cold zones in winter, which invades the middle and low latitudes on a large scale like tides. When a cold wave strikes, the temperature will drop sharply, accompanied by strong winds, rain and snow. It has a serious impact on industrial and agricultural production, people's lives and human health.

The cold wave invading China mainly broke out in the Arctic, Siberia, Russia and Mongolia. Most of these areas are located in the Arctic. In winter, there is no sunshine for a long time, and there is snow and ice everywhere. The air masses staying in these areas are getting colder and drier. When this cold air mass accumulates to a certain extent and the air pressure increases to a level much higher than that in the south, it is like a flood stored in a mountain. At the first opportunity, it floods to the south with lower air pressure, forming a cold wave.

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In the Arctic, due to the weak sunlight, the ground and the atmosphere get less heat, and it snows all year round. In winter, the direct sunlight passes through the equator and reaches the southern hemisphere. The arctic region is colder and wider, and the average temperature is generally below–40℃–50℃. Large-scale cold air masses gather to a certain extent, and under the action of suitable high-altitude circulation, they will invade southward on a large scale, forming cold wave weather.