The first is the globalization of production. The production activities of human beings are carried out in the way of division of labor and cooperation, and the market plays the role of division of labor media. In the process of economic globalization, the international horizontal division of labor has gradually replaced the international vertical division of labor as the dominant form of division of labor. This division of labor is based on the transnational flow of production factors such as capital, technology and management skills, with transnational production as the core and the formation and establishment of the global production system as the symbol. It makes the production activities of all countries in the world no longer be carried out in isolation, but become an organic part of the global production system. The formation of international horizontal division of labor has laid the foundation for the globalization of production and provided opportunities and conditions for countries to participate in international division of labor and international competition. It also makes countries become a part of the global production system and a link in the commodity value chain. The whole earth looks like a big factory.
The second is the globalization of trade. In the process of economic globalization, international trade has expanded rapidly, service trade has developed rapidly, and the number of countries participating in trade has increased dramatically. The sign of the rapid expansion of international trade is that the growth rate of international trade is much higher than that of the world economy. From 1990 to 1995, the average annual growth rate of world trade exports is 60%, and the average annual growth rate of world GDP is 1% in the same period. In 2000, global trade grew further strongly, and international merchandise trade increased by 12.5%, reaching 6 1 trillion US dollars, the highest level since 1990s.
The third is financial globalization. Based on the globalization of production and trade, the process of financial globalization has also been greatly accelerated. First, the scale of financing in international bond markets has expanded rapidly. In 1973, the amount of international financing including bank loans, bill financing and bond issuance was US$ 62.2 billion, while in 1979, it was US$ 0.45 billion, an increase of 1.33 times, with an average annual growth rate of 15%. In the 1980s and 1990s, this trend continued. 1990, the international stock issuance was $7.2 billion, and by 1996 it had reached $57.7 billion, with an average annual growth rate of 4 1.5%. Secondly, with the development of the international stock market, the fund market has developed rapidly. Since 1970s and 1980s, the international fund market has been expanding. By the mid-1990s, the number of funds listed and traded in new york and London reached 5,300 and 1.935 respectively, and the assets under management in the United States and Britain reached 2. 1 trillion dollars and 65.438+0.45 billion pounds respectively. Judging from the growth of financial assets in the international fund market, the total financial assets of various institutional investors rose from 13.95 trillion US dollars in 1990 to 23.6 trillion US dollars in 1995, with an average annual growth rate of1.3%. Finally, financial markets are highly integrated. With the continuous opening of financial markets in various countries, all kinds of financial markets in the world are developing in the direction of interconnection. At present, the foreign exchange markets in the United States, Europe and Asia have been integrated, and their operating methods, trading varieties and means are basically the same. Investors can trade at any time within 24 hours a day.
The fourth is the globalization of enterprise management. An important symbol of the globalization of enterprise management is that multinational corporations have become the main body of the world economy. According to statistics, at present, there are about 65,000 parent companies and 850,000 foreign branches of multinational corporations. The average number of foreign branches owned by each multinational company increased from four in the early 1990s to about 65,438+03 in the late 1990s. In 200 1 year, the global stock of foreign direct investment reached nearly $7 trillion, the added value created by multinational companies was about $3.5 trillion, and the total sales were about $ 19 trillion, which was more than twice the global exports in the same period. The rapid development of multinational corporations has further deepened the internationalization of production, capital and commodities, and greatly promoted the process of economic globalization.
The difference between capital globalization and trade globalization lies in the transnational flow of capital. For a simple example, an American investment fund is in the American stock market, but it expects the stock market to fall and the British North Sea Brent crude oil futures to rise, so it can withdraw funds from the American stock market, open a position in London and enter the crude oil futures market within 30 minutes.
This is the transnational flow of capital, and it can also be the globalization of capital. Because with the strengthening of international economic ties, capital flows more frequently and at lower cost. The cross-border flow of capital in turn promotes the integration of the international economy.
Trade globalization means that with the development of science and technology and the improvement of countries' opening to the outside world, the scope, scale and degree of international exchanges in the circulation field have been enhanced. The premise of trade globalization is the global diffusion of technology. On the basis of the development of international division of labor, multinational companies spread some mature technologies and related technologies to all parts of the world, which strengthened the economic ties between countries, thus triggering the worldwide industrial restructuring and industrial gradient transfer between countries. Developed capitalist countries allocate resources on a larger economic scale, open markets, update technology, optimize and upgrade industrial structure, and transfer industries with relatively old technology and low technology content to developing countries, which greatly enhances the necessity of exchange of products and production factors between countries. With the increase of countries joining regional groups, the scope and scale of global trade are expanding day by day, and new, more convenient and flexible trade methods have emerged. The trade between countries is deepening day by day, and the dependence of countries on export trade is also increasing.
What is the definition of globalization? At present, there are many definitions of globalization. Generally speaking, globalization refers to the increasing global contacts, the development of human life on a global scale and the rise of global consciousness.
Globalized economy
There are great differences among the globalization of production, trade and capital. The political globalization of production means that a product value chain is completed by different enterprises in different countries. At this time, the national boundaries of production have been broken, and the boundaries of production enterprises have also been broken, and the production and operation behavior within enterprises has extended to other enterprises. On the basis of division of production and operation, the relationship between enterprises is reflected in their own production in different links of the same product value chain.
Capital globalization is the transnational flow of capital. For example, an American investment fund is in the US stock market, but it expects that the stock market will fall and the Brent crude oil futures in the British North Sea will rise, so it can withdraw its funds from the US stock market within 30 minutes, and open a position in London to enter the crude oil futures market. This is the transnational flow of capital, and it can also be the globalization of capital. Because with the strengthening of international economic ties, capital flows are more frequent and low-cost. The cross-border flow of capital in turn promotes the integration of the international economy.
Trade globalization means that with the development of science and technology and the improvement of countries' opening to the outside world, the scope, scale and degree of international exchanges in the circulation field have been enhanced. The premise of trade globalization is the global diffusion of technology. The industrial revolution triggered by high technology and the structural changes in the contemporary world economy after the Cold War are the roots of globalization.
Anti-globalization itself promotes globalization. The anti-globalization movement has sounded the alarm of globalization. The problems it reveals should attract great attention at home, internationally and globally. It reminds * * * that while promoting globalization, we should also pay attention to and correct other imbalances and deviations. The anti-globalization movement at least makes people reflect on today's systems and policies, try to solve various contradictions and conflicts that have appeared and may appear, and explore new and better development models. Globalization, like globalization, is also a "double-edged sword", which has both positive and negative effects.
The performance of capital globalization:
1. Trade liberalization. With the accelerated development of global trade in goods, services and technology, economic globalization has promoted the formation of a multilateral trading system in the world, thus accelerating the growth of international trade, promoting the development of global trade liberalization, and enabling members joining the WTO to regulate their behavior with unified international norms.
2. Internationalization of production. As the fundamental driving force for the development of human society, productivity has greatly promoted the expansion of the world market. The scientific and technological revolution marked by the Internet has narrowed the time and space distance between countries, promoted the great changes in the world trade pattern and promoted the transnational flow of production factors. It not only puts forward the inherent requirements for production beyond national boundaries, but also prepares conditions for global production, which is the fundamental driving force of economic globalization.
3. Financial globalization, worldwide network of financial institutions, and a large number of financial businesses are carried out across borders, forming a system of transnational loans, transnational securities issuance and transnational mergers and acquisitions. The world's major financial markets are interconnected in time and linked in price, and trillions of dollars can be traded in a few seconds, especially the foreign exchange market has become the most liquid all-weather market in the world. 4. Globalization of science and technology. It refers to the optimal allocation of scientific and technological resources in various countries on a global scale, which is the latest expansion and rapid progress of economic globalization. It is manifested in the large-scale cross-border transfer of advanced technology and R&D capabilities, as well as the extensive cross-border joint R&D. With the information technology industry as a typical representative, the technical standards of various countries are becoming more and more consistent, and multinational giants have controlled the development of the industry by monopolizing the use of technical standards and obtained a lot of excess profits.
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The basic meaning of globalization refers to the rapid flow, allocation and utilization of various resources and production factors on a global scale, as well as the comprehensive interaction, integration and coordination of human activities and their achievements and effects on a global scale. Global cultural integration; Global political cooperation; Global ecological biochemistry and global human identity.
On the Basic Connotation and Manifestations of Globalization
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Tracing the origin of the concept of globalization;
1, the era of globalization
2. Summary of "Globalization" Research
3, "internationalization" or "globalization"
4. Interpretation of globalization (translation)
5. Galbraith talks about the crisis of globalization.
6. Looking at the new century, the new millennium and the new world from the tide of globalization.
7. 10 on the topic of globalization
8. Reflections on globalization
9. Reflections on globalization 1
10, a brief analysis of globalization.
1 1, Global Poverty in the Late 20th Century (Translation)
Globalization from the perspective of economic ethics
13. Look at "globalization" historically.
Globalization is a fact, not a belief.
15, Globalization-Exploring the Future (Translation)
On the Duality of Globalization
17, Globalization, Research and Imagination (Translation)
18, amplification of social significance under the background of globalization
19, the concept and characteristics of globalization
20, globalization-concept, mechanism and influence-the viewpoint of system theory.
2 1, the origin of the concept of globalization
22. Globalization Theory-Criticism of Western Centralism
23, globalization ramble (translation)
24. Discrimination of globalization
25. Overview of globalization research.
26, globalization-related issues and characteristics analysis.
27. The history, current situation and hot issues of globalization research.
28. Summary of Globalization Studies
29, globalization-a beautiful lie
A summary of domestic globalization research in recent ten years
3 1, Debate at the end of the century-Globalization as a change of the times (translation)
32. About the basic connotation and manifestations of globalization.
33. Different theoretical perspectives of studying globalization.
Modernity, globalization and global issues
35, correctly understand the meaning of economic globalization and its essential requirements.
36. Evaluate the concept of globalization from a western multidisciplinary perspective.
37. Western Globalization Theory-Concept, Hot Spots and Mission
38. Look at globalization from a Marxist perspective.
39. Look at globalization from the perspective of materialist history.
40. Political globalization and political philosophy globalization-from the differences between Habermas and Schroeder.
4 1, the "globalization" plan has been going on for 500 years.
42. Another reflection on globalization.
43. Summary of development theory research.
44. The broad theory of evolution and globalization
45. International people's new understanding of globalization
46. Some controversial issues in the study of globalization abroad.
47. The globalization thoughts of classic writers
48. Be wary of the globalization of a single idea.
49. A Comprehensive View of Globalization-Dialogue with Li.
50. Doubts about globalization
5 1, the definition of globalization
52. The risk cost of globalization
The advantages and disadvantages of globalization
54. How to deal with the challenges of globalization?
55. What is globalization?
56. Achieve fair and equitable globalization.
57. On globalization and its impact.
Globalization-a cross-century phenomenon.
59. Overview of globalization research.
60. Some microscopic influences of production globalization.
6 1, Exploration of New Theories of Globalization in the West
62. Globalization and New Historicism
63. American scholar Zilcott talks about globalization.
64. The ideological trap of globalization
65. Interpretation of the consequences of globalization
Globalization and its dilemma
67. Globalization and its political dimension
Globalization of development
69. Don't refuse globalization-the nature, characteristics, core problems and countermeasures of globalization in the new period.
70. Problems and Countermeasures of "Globalization"
7 1, Li believes that talking about globalization cannot be generalized.
72, scientific research globalization development evaluation
73. New problems under the impact of globalization.
One of the manifestations of globalization is that technical barriers have replaced trade barriers.
75. Globalization has extended from economic affairs to political and judicial decision-making.
76. Reflections on the era of globalization and knowledge economy.
77. Globalization has many economic, cultural and political manifestations.
78. Globalization is changing the dominant position in the economy.
Globalization has created "anti-globalization"
80. How to face the challenge of globalization rules and practices?
8 1. What do you think of the anti-globalization tide?
82. In the future, the contradiction between economic globalization and political decentralization will become increasingly obvious.
83. The background of globalization and the query on the universal development of globalization.
84. The essence of globalization is a means for powerful countries to maximize their own interests.
What is the essence of globalization? Four viewpoints of economic globalization
At present, there are four basic views on economic globalization in the world: the first view holds that economic globalization is the inevitable result of capital expansion, so the essence of economic globalization is capitalization, even Americanization, which is the symbol of the final victory of American model capitalism in the world, which is the so-called "liberalism" view;
The second view also holds that economic globalization is capitalist and Americanized, so it is essentially economic colonialism and a new stage of imperialist development, which must be resolutely criticized and opposed. This is the so-called "new Marxist" view or "left" view;
The third view is skepticism. History does not show the so-called facts of globalization. At best, it is only highly internationalized, that is, the economic interaction between countries. Economic globalization is a myth of some theorists.
The fourth view holds that globalization is the central force to promote the rapid social, economic and political changes in the 2/Kloc-0 century. These changes are reshaping the world today, but the future depends on further changes, that is, the famous "theory of change".
What is the difference between globalization and economic globalization? The process of economic globalization has begun, especially since 1980s, especially since 1990s, the process of world economic globalization has been greatly accelerated. Economic globalization is conducive to the rational allocation of resources and production factors on a global scale, and to the globalization of capital and products.
Mobility is conducive to the global expansion of science and technology, the economic development of underdeveloped areas, the performance of human development and progress, and the inevitable result of world economic development. But it is a double-edged sword for every country, which is both an opportunity and a challenge. Especially for developing countries with weak economic strength and relatively backward technology, the risks and challenges will be more severe in the face of fierce global competition. At present, the urgent problem to be solved in economic globalization is to establish a fair and reasonable new economic order to ensure the fairness and effectiveness of competition. Economic globalization refers to the globalization of trade, investment, finance, production and other activities, that is, the best coordination of survival factors on a global scale. Fundamentally speaking, it is the product of highly developed productive forces and international division of labor, which requires further crossing the boundaries between countries and nations. Since entering the 2 1 century, economic globalization and the in-depth development of multinational corporations have not only brought great impetus to world trade, but also brought many uncertain factors to the economic and trade of various countries, resulting in many new features and new contradictions. Therefore, it is of practical significance to study and understand this problem.
Globalization is a concept and a phenomenon of the development of human society. At present, there are many definitions of globalization. Generally speaking, globalization refers to the increasing global contacts, the development of human life on a global scale and the rise of global consciousness. Countries are interdependent in politics, economy and trade. Globalization can also be interpreted as a compression of the world and a view of the whole world.
I think it's a superior-subordinate relationship.
There are cultural globalization, economic globalization, animal globalization and information globalization.