I. Biotechnology
-Biological sciences
(1) 1965, China scientists successfully synthesized the bovine insulin gene after decoding it for the first time in the world. Tisliyus, chairman of the Nobel Committee, commented: "Insulin is more convincing than nuclear power, because people can learn to make bullets from books, but they can't learn to make insulin from books ..."
(2)1998 On April 15, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences successfully recombined human pancreatin by gene method.
(3)1On March 9th, 984, China young scholar B. Shorgan cooperated with Japanese scholars to cultivate the world's first "test-tube goat". 1989, the "test-tube goat" was successfully cultivated.
(4) Yuan Longping, known as the "father of hybrid rice" in the world, was the first indica hybrid rice bred in the world in 1973. Until the 1990s, the influence of hybrid rice continued.
-Genetic engineering
(5) Since1980, Shanghai Institute of Medical Genetics and Fudan University Institute of Genetics have made great breakthroughs in the research of transgenic sheep containing human coagulation factor IX in milk, which has made China's transgenic sheep technology at the international leading level.
(6) The Animal Husbandry Institute of Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences has successfully bred a transgenic pig with low feed consumption, good meat quality and strong disease resistance. The total efficiency of gene introduction is 2. 1%, which is more than double that of foreign countries and exceeds the international advanced level.
(7) As for genetic drugs, 1988, China has successfully developed a genetic engineering vaccine for hepatitis B; 1992, a number of genetic engineering drugs, such as synthetic artificial interferon, have been successfully developed to treat hepatitis A and hepatitis C, and some of them have entered the market.
Second, agricultural technology.
(8) As early as 1956, farmers' breeding experts in Guangdong Province cultivated the first improved dwarf indica rice variety in China. Since then, with the breeding and popularization of a series of dwarf varieties, 1965, indica rice has been basically dwarfed in the south, and the yield per mu has increased from 200-250 kg to 300-350 kg.
(9) In 1990s, China agricultural scientists and technicians isolated and cloned the photosensitive genic male sterile gene by using modern biotechnology, and further developed a two-line hybrid rice technology using only male sterile lines and maintainer lines. It shows the characteristics of high yield, high quality and multi-resistance in large-scale trial planting in China, with an average yield of 1 1.250 kg per hectare.
(10)1995165438+10. In October, the State Key Laboratory of Institute of Plant Protection of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences and the Biology Department of Shandong University jointly cultivated the world's first transgenic wheat variety with barley dwarf virus resistance.
(1 1) 1997. In July this year, Huang Danian, a researcher at China Rice Research Institute, and his research collaborators successfully transferred herbicide-resistant genes into rice and applied them to hybrid rice after years of research.
(12) 1997 10 in June, Guo Sandui, the biotechnology center of China Academy of Agricultural Sciences, successfully developed the first bivalent insect-resistant cotton in China.
(13) 1998.9 In September, Professor Gao from the Institute of Nuclear Agronomy of Zhejiang Agricultural University and others led the research group to successfully cultivate transgenic rice with stem borer resistance by Agrobacterium-mediated method for the first time in the world.
In addition, China has also made great achievements in advanced technology fields such as laser breeding, radiation mutation breeding and space breeding.
Third, communication technology.
-Mainframe computer
(14) 1983 12 The Computer Research Institute of National University of Defense Technology has developed a large computer system called "Yinhe". Since then, China has stepped into the ranks of developing supercomputers in the world.
(15) 1993 10 In June, Shuguang-1 large parallel computer was successfully developed.
microelectronic technique
(16) Since 1965 successfully developed the first monolithic integrated circuit, several key research and production bases of integrated circuits have been established successively. Now it can produce 250 million circuits every year, an increase of 45%. At the end of the ninth five-year plan, the mass production level of integrated circuits was 1- 1.5 micron, and the research level was 0.8.
intelligent robot
(17) At present, the intelligent robots that have been successfully developed in China mainly include: mobile robots for nuclear industry; Wall climbing robot; Mobile robots working in harsh outdoor environment: underwater1000m and 6000m cableless robots. ...
-Laser technology
(18) After 10 years of research, China's research in X-ray, oxygen-iodine chemical laser, free electron laser, high-power solid titanium glass laser and excimer laser has reached or approached the international advanced level.
-Three high-energy physics research devices
(19) In the 1980s, China successively built three high-energy physics research devices-Beijing Electron-Positron Collider, Lanzhou Heavy Ion Accelerator and Hefei Synchrotron Radiation Facility.
-New material technology
(20) Following the United States, Germany and several other countries, scientists in China developed microalloyed steel.
(2 1) China has been able to draw large-diameter silicon single crystals with a diameter of 300mm and a weight of 8 1kg. The actual information compilation is at the international leading level.
The performance of energy, ceramics, superconductivity and other materials has reached the advanced level in the world.
Four, two bombs and one satellite and space technology
-Two bombs and a satellite
(23) 1964 10 061October 16, the first bullet in China exploded successfully, which shocked the whole world. 1967, China's first hydrogen bomb exploded successfully. That's China's famous "two bombs".
1On April 24th, 970, China's first artificial satellite flew out of the earth and sang "Dongfanghong" into space. Since then, "two bombs and one satellite" has been written into the history of science and technology in new China.
(24) 1960, China successfully developed the first short-range surface-to-surface missile.
-Long March rockets
(25) China began to develop large-scale launch vehicle technology in the early 1960s. 1980 In May, a large launch vehicle was successfully launched into the Pacific Ocean, marking that China's launch vehicle technology has reached a new level.
(26) According to the needs of space transportation, China has successfully developed four kinds of Long March rockets, including Long March 1, Long March 2, Long March 3 and Long March 4. At present, China's Long March rocket family has developed into nine types of rocket series, which makes foreign countries realize the carrying capacity and level of China's space flight, and indicates that China's space technology has a solid foundation.
artificial/man-made earth satellite
1970 On April 24th, China launched the first artificial earth satellite, which was successfully put into the scheduled orbit. On March 3rd, 0972, China launched the second scientific and technological experimental satellite+0975+0165438+1October.
(28)1999165438+10, the first unmanned test spacecraft of China's manned spaceflight project was a complete success. From 200/kloc-0 to 2002, the unmanned test spacecraft shenzhou 2 ~ 4 were developed and launched one after another, and valuable test data were obtained. Shenzhou 5 spacecraft was developed on the basis of unmanned spacecraft.
Verb (abbreviation of verb) energy engineering
-Peaceful use of nuclear energy
(29) 1966 10 China successfully conducted its first missile nuclear weapon experiment.
197 1 In August, the first nuclear submarine made in China was launched.
(31)1In June 1958, with the help of the former Soviet Union, China built the first experimental primary and secondary reactors. Zhejiang Qinshan Nuclear Power Station is the first nuclear power station designed and built by China. The world's mature, safe and reliable PWR type is adopted, and the safety design standards that have been tested in practice are adopted. Construction began in +0984. 38984 . 6888688686 1
Up to now, China has two nuclear power plants, Qinshan and Guangdong Daya Bay, and the state plans to build four more nuclear power projects in the near future.
(32) In addition, China is still developing several other nuclear reactors: 1, and Tsinghua University Nuclear Energy Design and Research Institute has successfully developed a 5 MW nuclear heating reactor; 26,000 kW advanced PWR nuclear power plant AC600, currently developed by China Nuclear Power Research and Design Institute; 3. The development of 10 MW high temperature gas-cooled reactor experimental reactor is currently under way in Tsinghua University Nuclear Energy Design and Research Institute; 4. The fast breeder reactor nuclear power plant is expected to be put into commercial operation around 2020; 5. Since 1958, fusion reactor nuclear power plant manufacturers have been included in the "863 Plan".
-Other new energy sources
(33) MHD power generation has been studied since 1960s, and three research bases with a certain scale were established in 1980s. At present, the project has been included in the "863 Plan", and it is planned to build a 2 MW coal-fired MHD combined cycle experimental device by the end of this century.
(34) The development of solar power generation began with 1958. At present, there are about 38 units and universities engaged in photovoltaic research and development in China. Since 1976 began the commercial production of ground solar cells, there are now 12 production lines or factories for ground solar cells.
(35) Wind power generation in the northern and southeast coastal areas and islands of the Three North Region has developed rapidly. 1986, three generator sets were introduced from Rongcheng city, Shandong province, to form the first wind power station in China. 199 1 year, Zhejiang Shengsi wind power station was jointly completed with Germany, and the grid-connected power generation runs well.
(36) Biomass energy is a rural energy that our government has vigorously developed in recent years by adopting the policy of "adapting measures to local conditions, complementing each other with multiple functions, rationally utilizing and stressing efficiency", and has achieved remarkable results.
In terms of geothermal energy, Yangbajing geothermal power station has been built in China and Tibet, with a power generation capacity of 27,000 kilowatts.
China has established several experimental tidal power stations in the southeast coastal areas with an installed capacity of 40-640 kW.
Scientific investigation of intransitive verbs
-conducting scientific investigations on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.
(39) Since the 1960s, China's scientific investigation on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau has never stopped. In 1960s and 1970s, China Academy of Sciences made two scientific expeditions to Mount Everest and a comprehensive scientific expedition to the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, and made a comprehensive and systematic investigation to Xizang Autonomous Region, publishing 46 books and 56 books.
Since 1973, several generations of China scientists have visited the Grand Canyon for eight times, and gained a new understanding of its formation history, resources and environment, and the relationship with human beings and natural resources.
Marine and polar scientific expedition
(40) 1970, Xiang Yanghong V made a comprehensive survey of a specific sea area in the Pacific Ocean for the first time, and obtained valuable information on marine gravity, magnetism, water depth, geology, hydrology and other disciplines. 1980 in may, Xiang Yanghong v went to the Pacific ocean to carry out a mission, with the purpose of exploring the El Ni? o phenomenon and making contributions to China's marine and hydrological undertakings.
(41) In the mid-1980s, China began polar exploration. 1984,1On February 30th, 989, China's first Antarctic expedition landed on George Island and established the Great Wall Station in China, which was completed on February 20th, 985. September 26th, 0989, Zhongshan, Antarctica, China.
1June, 1999, China made his first expedition to the North Pole.
-investigation of paleontological fossils
(43) 1984- 1995 China scientists discovered a large number of fauna fossils in Chengjiang, Yunnan Province, which revealed the suddenness of biological evolution and challenged the traditional Darwinian evolution theory represented by "gradualism", and was called one of the most amazing discoveries in the 20th century by the international scientific community.
During the period of (44) 1997, scientists from China investigated the Precambrian phosphorus-bearing stratum in Weng 'an, Guizhou Province, and found a large number of miniature multicellular animals and furuncle embryo fossils, which advanced the animal origin time by 50 million years, which was another major breakthrough in early animal research.
-Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties Dating Project
(45) The dating project of Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties is a large-scale project that combines natural science with social science and humanities to solve the dating problem of three generations. There are 9 topics and 40 special topics in the project. 170 scholars have made fruitful achievements in philology, astronomy, archaeology, ancient philology and other fields, which will become a new starting point for the study of ancient civilization in China towards 2 1 century.
This answer was recommended by Zhu Ping, an expert in science education classification.
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The madman smiles at the sky with a horizontal knife
Adoption rate: 9 1% from the team: the math tutoring group is good at: historical topics.
Other answers
The scientific and technological achievements of China in 2006 are as follows:
On March 9, 2009, China Academy of Sciences announced the top ten innovations in 2006. The Godson 2E universal 64-bit processor was selected. According to the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the Godson 2E universal 64-bit processor is the highest performance general-purpose processor in the world except the US and Japan.
On March 9, 2009, China Academy of Sciences announced the top ten innovations in 2006. They are:
1.East fully superconducting noncircular cross-section tokamak nuclear fusion experimental device
On September 26th, 2006, the EAST superconducting tokamak nuclear fusion experimental device invested by the National Development and Reform Commission successfully obtained a high-temperature plasma discharge with a current of over 200 kA and a time of nearly 3 seconds in the first day of physical discharge experiment, marking the first time that the world's first fully superconducting non-circular cross-section tokamak nuclear fusion experimental device was built and put into operation in China.
2. New progress in experimental and theoretical research on controllability of nano-quantum structures.
In the past few years, the research group of the Institute of Physics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences has exerted international influence on the basic issues of nano-electronic devices, such as the exploration of nano-structures, the law of assembly, and the physical properties of unit devices. In 2006, a series of important progress was made, and systematic work was gradually formed.
3. Draw the distribution map of cosmic rays in the sky, and find that the distribution of cosmic rays is anisotropic and the motion law of cosmic rays.
65438+ In the issue of Science on October 20th, 2006/KLOC-0, based on the systematic analysis of the experimental data of nearly 40 billion observation cases accumulated in recent nine years, Chinese and Japanese physicists jointly published the latest achievements on the anisotropy of high-energy cosmic rays and the rotation of cosmic ray plasma around the center of the Milky Way with interstellar gas substances and stars.
4. A major breakthrough has been made in the technical development and industrial test of methanol to low-carbon olefins.
The industrial pilot project of "Technical Development of Methanol to Low-carbon Olefin (DMTO)", which was jointly organized by Dalian Institute of Chemistry of China Academy of Sciences, Shaanxi Xinxing Coal Chemical Technology Development Co., Ltd. and Luoyang Petrochemical Engineering Company of China Petrochemical Group, made a major breakthrough. The methanol conversion rate of nearly 100%, ethylene selectivity of 40. 1%, propylene selectivity of 39.0% and low-carbon olefin (DMTO) were achieved in an industrial pilot plant with a daily output of 50 tons of methanol. The successful operation of this experimental plant has important economic and strategic significance for China to comprehensively utilize energy and expand the diversification of low-carbon olefin raw materials.
5. Godson 2E Universal 64-bit Processor
Godson 2E universal 64-bit processor is the highest-performance general-purpose processor in the world except the US and Japan, and it is also the first processor in Chinese mainland that adopts 90 nm design technology. The highest frequency of Loongson 2E processor developed by Institute of Computer Science of Chinese Academy of Sciences reaches 1.0 GHz, and the measured performance exceeds that of Pentium IV processor 1.5 GHz. It has the characteristics of low cost, low power consumption, high performance and high security. The power consumption of Godson 2E processor varies from 3 watts to 8 watts under different working conditions. During the 11th Five-Year Plan period, Loongson processor will make greater contribution to the informatization of China.
6. Non-contact monitoring technology and equipment system of laser-induced fluorescence for water pollution
Water is an indispensable and important resource in human production and life activities. Rivers, lakes, reservoirs and offshore waters in China are generally polluted to varying degrees, and the water pollution is getting worse year by year. Anhui Institute of Optics and Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences uses laser-induced fluorescence monitoring technology to realize remote sensing of water pollution. The system integrates optical remote sensing technology, spectroscopy, analytical chemistry, electronic technology and computer technology, and realizes online remote sensing of multi-component organic matter in water by laser-induced fluorescence spectrometry, which develops and improves the technical level of online remote sensing of water pollution in China.
7. Scientists in China have discovered a new pathogenesis of Alzheimer's Harmo's disease.
On June 5438+065438+1October 19, 2006, the online edition of the internationally renowned academic journal Nature Medicine published the latest research results of the research group of the Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Life Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences on the new mechanism of amyloid β protein. This result reveals the new pathogenesis of Alzheimer's Harmo's disease, and suggests that β 2 adrenoceptor may become a new target for developing drugs to treat Alzheimer's Harmo's disease.
8. China has made a breakthrough in the research of new antidiabetic drugs.
In 2006, scientists from Shanghai Institute of Pharmacology, China Academy of Sciences made important progress in the field of non-peptide small molecule glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist, and the related results were published in the online edition of the international authoritative scientific journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS) in the first week of 2007 1 month. In a written press release to the media, the editorial department of Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences pointed out that this oral effective non-peptide small molecule agonist may become a new treatment for diabetes, obesity and other related metabolic diseases.
9. Reveal the mystery of Drosophila memory and explore the neurobiological basis of memory.
The latest research results of the research group of Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences on Drosophila revealed that there is no universal memory center in the brain of Drosophila, but different sensory memories are stored in different regions. Just as humans can remember different parameters such as the height, size and color of images, the image memory of Drosophila also has different parameters. By studying the memory genes of Drosophila melanogaster, it can be further applied to mice, mammals and even humans, thus solving mental diseases such as insomnia and Alzheimer's disease.
10. terminal control technology and application of drinking water quality safety risk
In order to evaluate the water quality in time and deal with emergencies, the Center for Ecological Environment Research of Chinese Academy of Sciences and Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry of China Academy of Sciences jointly developed the biological online monitoring and early warning technology suitable for terminal water quality monitoring, established and improved the biological toxicity testing method, and formed a set of water quality evaluation technology system suitable for molecular and cellular level. The key technologies of research and development have independent intellectual property rights, * * * has produced 22 invention patents and published 6 1 paper, of which 23 papers have been included in SCI.