[Edit this paragraph] Overview
1may 2, 9601day, a series of major earthquakes occurred in the coastal areas of central and southern Chile. The most prominent event in the plate boundary earthquake in the 20th century. From Concepcion in the north to valdivia in the south, seven earthquakes of magnitude 7 or above occurred in one month, three of which were huge earthquakes of magnitude 7.7 or above, and the largest one was magnitude 8.5. Due to the saturation effect of surface wave magnitude MS, 8.5 cannot represent the magnitude of earthquake. If calculated according to the moment magnitude MW, the earthquake should be 9.5. This is because the rupture surface of the giant earthquake at the plate boundary is very large, which exceeds the range indicated by the magnitude of surface wave. Due to the huge scale of the earthquake, the whole earth has been rarely affected, and the city appearance of the capital Santiago, so the earth oscillates freely.
At the same time, the earthquake also triggered a huge tsunami, and most coastal buildings in Chile were swept away by the waves, destroying 6.5438+0.6 million houses. In addition, the waves swept across the Pacific Ocean at a speed of 600 km ~ 700 km/h, washed away more than 0/000 houses along the Japanese coast and flooded more than 20,000 mu of fertile land. Tsunamis caused by earthquakes are also rare. 15 hours later, the tidal wave of the tsunami spread to the Hawaiian islands, and 22 hours later it spread to the east coast of Japan, causing huge losses. A house collapsed. The tsunami killed 800 people in Japan and left 654.38+500,000 homeless.
[Edit this paragraph] Triggered a tsunami
1960 from may 2/kloc-0 to June 22, the largest earthquake swarm occurred in Chile in the 20th century. In the narrow area of north-south 1400 km, hundreds of earthquakes have occurred continuously, including 3 earthquakes exceeding magnitude 8, 7 earthquakes exceeding magnitude 7 10, and the largest main earthquake is magnitude 8. The earthquake caused tens of thousands of deaths and disappearances, and 2 million people were homeless; The wharf was completely paralyzed, and the city of valdivia was flooded, which caused huge losses to Chile's domestic economy and triggered the largest and most serious earthquake and tsunami in the world.
After the earthquake, the sea suddenly receded rapidly, revealing the seabed that had never seen the light of day. After about 15 minutes, it suddenly rose and rolled in. The waves are as high as 8-9 meters and the highest is 25 meters, destroying cities and villages along the east coast of Chile and the Pacific Ocean. The people who survived the square, port, wharf and seaside were immediately swallowed up, and all the ships, ports and wharf buildings on the seaside were smashed. Then the waves quickly receded and swept away everything that could be driven away, and this cycle lasted for nearly a few hours. Cities on the east coast of the Pacific Ocean are often destroyed by earthquakes and washed away by waves. Those who were buried in the ruins without death were submerged by the raging sea. With puerto montt as the center, the 800 km north-south Pacific coast was almost looted.
Tsunami waves also swept the islands in the western Pacific, and the wave height to the Japanese archipelago on the other side of the Pacific was still 6 to 8 meters, with the highest wave height reaching 8. 1 meter. Japan's Honshu, Hokkaido and other places were greatly damaged. Hundreds of Japanese were swept into the sea by sudden waves, thousands of houses were washed away and destroyed, more than 20,000 mu of fertile land was flooded, 6,543.8+0.5 million people were homeless, and most port facilities were destroyed. The tsunami also spread to Russia and the Philippines along the Pacific coast. China is protected by outlying islands along the coast, which is less affected by the tsunami. However, tidal stations in the East China Sea and the South China Sea recorded huge waves caused by earthquakes and tsunamis.
[Edit this paragraph] Earthquake impact
Chile Earthquake In 2007, during the June 5438+065438+ 10/4 earthquake in northern Chile, copper prices soared. The earthquake killed two people and injured 100 people, and some copper mines near the earthquake zone stopped production. On June 5, 2004, an earthquake measuring 7.7 on the Richter scale occurred in northern Chile, which caused at least $20 million in losses to Chile's copper mining industry. Alfredo Oballe, chairman of the association, said that the earthquake caused power outages in some copper mining areas in northern Chile, which affected normal production. Chile's national copper company, the world's largest copper producer, revealed on June 5438+05 that the production in its largest mining area was suspended for two hours due to power outage.
On June 4th 12: 40 (Beijing time on the evening of June 4th 1 1: 40), a strong earthquake with a magnitude of 7.7 occurred in northern Chile. The preliminary report shows that a large number of buildings were damaged, two people died and more than 100 people were injured. Because the earthquake center is close to the main copper-producing area in Chile, the copper price in new york futures market rose after the earthquake. According to the data released by the US Geological Survey, the epicenter of the earthquake was located at 106 km west of the Chilean town of Karama, and the focal point was about 60 km away from the surface. The magnitude originally announced by the US Geological Survey was 7.8 on the Richter scale, which was later adjusted to 7.7 on the Richter scale. The earthquake lasted about 50 seconds. The main shock was 8.9.
According to the news released by the Chilean Ministry of the Interior after the earthquake, ToCopia was the most seriously affected. At present, 30% of the houses in the city are in danger of collapse, two people were killed by the collapsed houses, and at least 65,438+000 people were hospitalized because of injury or shock. Images broadcast by local TV stations show that the concrete ceiling in front of a hotel in Antofagasta collapsed, damaging some cars, and frightened citizens stood in the street. Chile is the world's largest copper producer, accounting for one-third of the world's output, and northern Chile is the country's main copper-producing area. Antofagasta is called the Copper Capital. Due to the interruption of power supply caused by the earthquake, the production of local copper mines was affected, which directly led to the rise of copper futures prices.
BHP Billiton said that its three copper mines have been paralyzed due to power outages. Macmorland Freeport Company said that a copper mine in Chile resumed production after a short suspension, and another copper mine could not be produced due to lack of power supply. After the news of the earthquake, the copper price in the new york futures market rose by 3.2% immediately, while after the news of the power outage in the copper mine, the copper price in the new york futures market soared by 6%, reaching $3.229 per pound.
[Edit this paragraph] The earthquake involves cities.
The three cities most affected by this earthquake are Karama, Copia and Antofagasta.
Carama: A city in northern Chile, the capital of El Loa province in Antofagasta. Located on the west slope of the Andes, on the bank of Loa, 2 1km away from Camata open-pit copper mine in Qiu Ji in the north. The altitude is 2266 meters. The climate is dry. The surrounding irrigated agricultural area and the commercial center of the mining area. Important livestock market (mainly cattle in neighboring Argentina). Manufacture high explosives, and the products are supplied to all parts of Bolivia. The water pipeline leads to Antofagasta, 200 kilometers southwest. There is an American-built solar observatory nearby.
Tococopia: A port city in northern Chile, located in the capital of ToCoppela province in Antofagasta district. Located on the Pacific coast, south of Antofagasta180km away.
Antofagasta: A mining and smelting center in northern Chile. At an altitude of 2,700 meters (8,860 feet), the open-pit copper deposit in this area (3 kilometers [2 miles] long and 300 meters [980 feet] deep, and mining started at 19 15) is one of the largest known copper deposits in the world.
[Edit this paragraph] Other earthquakes in Chile
1835 On February 20th, 1 1: 30, a strong earthquake struck Concepcion and Tal Cabano in central Chile. As it was noon at that time, the citizens felt the ground shaking under their feet and rushed out of their homes at once. Many people survived. Every house in Concepcion is separate from each other. After the earthquake, piles and rows of rubble appeared, forming a completely different landscape from Bano, Talka. Bano, Talka, was hit by a tsunami after the earthquake. After the robbery, only a layer of brick and wood and broken walls could be identified.
1939 It has been half a century. The earthquake of magnitude 8, which occurred on June 24th, 65438, is the worst earthquake in contemporary American history. At midnight 1 1: 35, the earthquake struck Concepcion in people's sleep and other places not far north of it, such as Kiki and Coe Yi Xue, Coronel and angor. Concepcion, an ancient city, suffered the most because of its crooked streets, narrow hutongs and many crowded low-rise houses. Three quarters of the buildings in Concepcion collapsed, tens of thousands of miners were buried underground, 15 Catholic churches collapsed, and only three buildings survived. When the earthquake happened, more than 300 people were watching a movie in a cinema, and all of them were killed. A citizen said that when the earthquake happened, he was on his way home and "only felt that the whole world was on me". His wife and three children were buried under the rubble. The earthquake in Chile killed more than 50,000 people, most of whom were children.
[Edit this paragraph] The earthquake with the largest number of deaths
120 1 July, the earthquake in the eastern Mediterranean caused about 165438+ ten thousand deaths, mainly in Egypt and Syria.
1556 On February 2, an earthquake occurred in Shaanxi, Shanxi and Henan provinces of China, and it is estimated that 830,000 people were killed in the earthquake.
The earthquake with the highest death toll in modern times is1Tangshan earthquake in eastern China on July 28th, 976, with an official death toll of 242,000.
The earthquake with the strongest magnitude: Chile earthquake (8.9)
What was the biggest earthquake in the history of the world? So far, there is no conclusion. In human history, there have been many major earthquakes in the world: which one is the biggest? Due to the limitations of people's understanding, the evaluation criteria are inconsistent and the understanding is very inconsistent. Scientists agree that the biggest earthquake is 8.9. But which earthquake can be rated as 8.9? Opinions vary. Some people think that the earthquake that occurred in Chile 1960 in South America at 0: 00 on May 22nd was the largest, with a magnitude of 9.5. Others believe that the largest earthquake occurred in the waters near the Ecuador-Colombia border in South America on June 5438+0906 65438+1October 3/kloc-0, with a magnitude of 8.8. Some people think that the largest earthquake occurred in1March 3, 933 in the East China Sea of Japan, with a magnitude of 8.9. But there are also different views. 1933 Japan Sanlu earthquake, the Japanese themselves calculated that it was only 8.5. 1906 earthquakes in the waters near the border between Ecuador and Colombia are generally only 8.6. The Chile earthquake of 1960 was also assessed as 8.5 or 8.75, even as 8.3, and was classified as a general earthquake.
It is worth pointing out that at least 10 earthquakes with magnitude above 7 occurred within one month before and after the 1960 Chile earthquake, and two of them reached or exceeded magnitude 8. The huge earthquake not only caused six volcanoes to erupt again, but also formed three new volcanoes, which changed the landscape of Chile. The earthquake spread widely, and the tsunami triggered by it swept across the Pacific Ocean. Even distant Hawaii and Japan were turned upside down by the turbulent waves: 56 people died in Hawaii and 0/38 people died in Japan/Kloc-0, which was more than the death toll of a moderate earthquake in Japan (embarrassed! ! )。 If the whole earthquake process is unified, the earthquake in Chile is large in scale and releases a lot of energy, which is a rare earthquake.