In World War II, Soviet artillery killed 70% of the enemy and was known as the "God of War". In the decades after the war, artillery has made great progress in quantity and quality. At present, the number of army artillery is second only to submachine guns.
In modern combat, firepower engagement will be the main form of combat. As the largest arms in the army, artillery has become one of the main battle forces in modern contract war. It has a long history and extensive practice in various battles. With the progress of military science, it constantly develops and enriches its own tactics.
The basic principle of artillery tactics is the guideline to guide artillery operations. In contract operations, artillery tactics should generally follow the basic principles of contract tactics and be influenced and restricted by them. They have a lot in common in connotation. For example, "know yourself and yourself, and guide the situation." Artillery commanders and organs must be familiar with the combat quality of their subordinates and the conditions of the troops they support, and compare them with enemy firepower units, especially enemy firepower units. Only by knowing the enemy's situation and even the specific position of the target can the artillery effectively exert its firepower, terrain, weather and other conditions, which are closely related to the artillery's actions, especially shooting, and must be familiar with the operational environment of each battle. Artillery is an offensive combat force that attacks the enemy with firepower, and vice versa, and it is also the focus of enemy firepower. The contract tactical principle of "destroying the enemy and saving oneself" is also very important to guide artillery operations. Including other basic principles of contract tactics, is the basis of artillery tactics.
In addition, artillery operations have a series of principles that reflect their characteristics, mainly:
Concentrate troops, concentrate fire
The power of artillery is reflected in its much greater lethality and strong spiritual shock than bullets.
As early as the ancient battle to attack and defend the city wall, people discovered these special effects of artillery, which were dubbed "thunderbolt" and "thunderbolt". Shortly after artillery was widely used in the battlefield, military strategists soon discovered that centralized use of artillery was the secret to exerting the power of artillery. Artillery tactics began with centralized use, and now centralized use of artillery has formed a set of legal practices. For example, artillery preparation is the concrete embodiment of centralized use of artillery. Usually, most or all of the artillery is required to participate. If necessary, the artillery of the second echelon can be temporarily used to participate in the artillery preparation, so as to ensure the formation of superior artillery firepower and support infantry and tank soldiers to break through the enemy's defense in one fell swoop.
The artillery group in the formation can command the artillery fire units with different organizational systems in a unified way, which is conducive to the centralized use of artillery in the main attack direction and important opportunities. The artillery reserve established by Napoleon and the anti-tank reserve later organized to deal with armored clusters have become a common form of formation in modern operations, one of whose purposes is to enhance and maintain the superiority of artillery firepower at important moments.
The centralized use of artillery includes two aspects: concentrated forces and concentrated firepower. Concentrated forces are the basis of concentrated firepower, and concentrated firepower is the purpose of concentrated forces. Concentrated use of artillery in offensive operations first requires an advantage over the enemy in total strength. Second, in terms of combat deployment, most artillery should be used in the main attack direction to form an absolutely superior artillery force, thus ensuring the absolute superiority of artillery firepower. 195 1 year1month. In the battle of Maliangshan, Chinese people's Volunteer Army's artillery strength was five times that of the enemy, and 74% of its troops were concentrated in the main direction, effectively ensuring the smooth annihilation of the enemy.
In defensive operations, when the overall strength is difficult to form an advantage, the main force of artillery should focus on the main defensive direction, and anti-tank guns should focus on the main threat direction of enemy tanks. While concentrating our forces on the main direction, we should also pay attention to the secondary direction, because the mobility of the army in the modern battlefield has been greatly improved and the situation has changed greatly. When the primary and secondary directions change, we should be able to concentrate our forces on the new main attack direction in time.
It is particularly important for artillery to concentrate their firepower. It is emphasized that the purpose of concentrating artillery force is to concentrate firepower. Concentration of forces does not mean concentration of firepower. Especially in the modern battlefield, there are many targets that need firepower. Even if the superior forces are concentrated, it is impossible to concentrate fire if you want to attack everywhere. When the artillery force does not constitute an advantage, it is even more necessary to use limited firepower at key points, and the method of sprinkling pepper noodles is often ineffective everywhere.
Therefore, on the basis of concentrating forces, artillery must form a fist with firepower and carry out key strikes. The key points here are, first, important opportunities, and second, major goals. The so-called important opportunities include both important opportunities related to the overall situation of the campaign, such as artillery preparation for offensive operations; It also includes important moments in a combat season. The so-called main target refers to the key targets that have an important impact on the whole battle, such as the enemy command system and nuclear attack weapons; It also refers to the targets that need to be hit hard in each battle season. When several targets appear at the same time, they should be taken first. In the fierce battle, how to make good use of artillery firepower is the most critical and wonderful part of artillery tactics. The beauty of operation lies in one heart, and its essence lies in whether it can be good at concentrating firepower on ideas at the right time.
In modern operations, the ability of ground and air fire assault is greatly enhanced, and artillery is often the focus of the other side's fire attack. In addition, the task of firepower assault is heavy, and ammunition support is difficult, so we must tighten our belts. These conditions put forward higher requirements for the centralized use of artillery, that is, the concentration of troops should be reasonable and the concentration of firepower should be moderate, not the more the better.
Unified deployment, evacuation and concealed disposition of troops
Artillery operational deployment is the unified division, grouping and configuration of artillery units to complete combat tasks. It is an integral part of the operational deployment of the synthetic army. The general requirement is to deploy the main force in the main operational direction and form the key points; It is convenient to give play to the specialties of various artillery and missiles and give play to firepower; It is convenient to use the terrain for deep echelon, evacuation and hidden configuration; It is convenient for command and is conducive to coordinated operations with other arms, especially infantry and tank soldiers; It is convenient to implement force and fire maneuver.
1. The difference between guns
The distinction between artillery is to uniformly distribute the established and strengthened artillery and stipulate their subordinate relationship and support relationship. When distinguishing artillery, a large number of artillery are usually strengthened for the corps and troops with the main operational direction, so that they have strong firepower assault force. In the secondary direction, the artillery in its own organizational system is mainly used to complete the task, which can be appropriately strengthened according to the wattage. The second echelon is usually not strengthened. When it enters the battle, it will be supported by the superior artillery, or the artillery of the first echelon can be transferred to the second echelon. Anti-tank guns should be strengthened to the troops and units of the first echelon in the main attack direction.
2. Artillery combat formation
The operational grouping of artillery is to organize established and strengthened artillery into various operational organizations according to operational needs. There are usually artillery groups, anti-tank reserves, artillery reserves and mobile artillery teams in defense.
Artillery group is a combat formation that can be formed by tactical corps at or above regiment level. It is the firepower backbone mastered by the commander of the synthetic army at the same level. Under the direct command of artillery commanders at the same level, they perform major fire assault tasks in offensive and defensive operations. The regiment artillery group is mainly used to directly support infantry and tank soldiers; The group army artillery group is composed of long-range and powerful artillery, which is mainly used to suppress important targets such as artillery deep in the enemy; The task of the division's artillery group is to directly support infantry, tank soldiers and attack targets in depth.
Tactical regiments at all levels can be organized into three levels, two levels or one level according to their positions and tasks in offensive and defensive operations, combat styles and the number of artillery pieces. In most cases, it is a two-level or one-level establishment, and the group army only establishes artillery reserves. In the second direction, when the number of artillery is small, it can also be grouped at the first level, usually the artillery group of the marshalling division. When the infantry regiment is not organized into an artillery group, in order to ensure an important combat operation, the artillery of the regiment and battalion can be used together to form a temporary light artillery group, which is mainly used to directly support the infantry and tank soldiers to fight, and then rebuild after completing the task.
Anti-tank reserve is the anti-tank mobile force of synthetic armies at all levels, which is mainly composed of anti-tank artillery and anti-tank missiles. In offensive and defensive warfare, tactical corps at or above the regiment level should establish anti-tank reserves. Perform temporary combat missions against enemy tanks when necessary.
The artillery reserve is the artillery reserve force controlled by the commander of the synthetic army, not less than 1 battalion. Group armies usually set up artillery reserves, and divisions can also be set up when there are a large number of artillery. It is mainly used to strengthen the artillery force in the main attack direction when necessary, or replace the lost artillery and undertake temporary tasks such as anti-airborne.
In defense, the group army and division can also organize mobile artillery teams with good mobility to maneuver in depth and carry out secret and sudden attacks on the enemy.
3. Artillery battle formation configuration
Artillery battle formation is a formation formed by deploying artillery to perform combat tasks. Including command post, observation post and artillery position, it is an integral part of the synthetic army combat formation. Artillery command post is usually divided into basic command post, preparatory observation post and front command post, which is similar in nature to contract command post.
Artillery observation post is an institution and place where artillery commanders and command units observe the battlefield and direct shooting. Usually divided into basic observation posts, preparatory observation posts, forward observation posts and side observation posts, the basic command post performs the main observation and command shooting tasks; The preparatory observation station is used to replace the basic observation station; The forward observation station is dispatched by the basic observation station, following the actions of the commanders of the supported infantry units, closely cooperating with the infantry, reporting the situation, calling for firepower, and directing shooting when necessary; The side observation station is used to strengthen the observation of the wing side. Artillery regiments and artillery units at or above all levels should establish basic command posts and reserve command posts, set up forward command posts when necessary, and set up observation posts in the main direction. The artillery battalion shall establish basic observation posts and reserve observation posts, and send forward observation posts and lateral observation posts when necessary.
Artillery positions are positions occupied by artillery to prepare for battle. Usually divided into basic posts, reserve posts and temporary posts; The rocket has a spare position. My own position is the main shooting position, which should have good conditions and relatively perfect facilities; The spare bit is used to continue the shooting task when the basic bit is destroyed or other circumstances require, and multiple spare bits can be selected when conditions permit; A temporary position is a position where the basic position is exposed prematurely. The shooting positions occupied when performing temporary tasks should be determined according to the shooting tasks undertaken, and try to avoid the basic positions.
The selection and configuration of artillery battle formation should be based on the combat deployment of synthetic troops, the performance and terrain of artillery, and the requirements of scattered positions, concentrated firepower, deep steps and evacuation.
On the one hand, focusing on the main attack direction and maneuvering firepower upwards are conducive to destroying the enemy. On the other hand, because the artillery positions are grouped, and the artillery is large in size, the fire and smoke are obvious when launching, which is easy to expose the positions, so the artillery must pay attention to preserving its own problems. How to solve these two contradictions is the key and difficult point in the deployment of artillery battle formation. The key to grasp is proper dispersion.
Battalion-to-battalion and company-to-company in an artillery group are usually required to be relatively dispersed. The interval is based on the fact that a small enemy nuclear bomb will not damage two battalions at the same time, and the concentrated firepower of an enemy artillery battalion will not suppress two artillery companies at the same time. However, the artillery battery in the basic shooting unit should not be too scattered to facilitate shooting command and ensure shooting accuracy. The interval between battery companies should be able to prevent enemy shells from hurting two battery companies and personnel at the same time, and take measures such as irregular formation to improve survivability.
Artillery carries out combat tasks with firepower, and the requirement for the use of artillery firepower has always been one of the important principles of artillery tactics. The armies of various countries generally emphasize the concentration, accuracy, rapidity, suddenness and fierceness of artillery firepower in order to obtain the best fire assault effect. Our artillery put forward the idea of "fast, accurate and fierce" in the Red Army period and War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression period. After the victory of the Battle of Shangganling to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea, Mao Zedong pointed out in his congratulatory message to Chinese people's Volunteer Army's leading organs drafted for the Central Military Commission: "The fierceness of artillery fire and the accuracy of shooting are actually the winning factors." In 1950s, on the basis of summing up the previous combat experience, our artillery further put forward the requirements of "quickness, accuracy, ferocity and economy", in which "ferocity" mainly refers to the effect of artillery fire, and also refers to fierceness; "Province" means saving ammunition. In 1960s, "fast, accurate, sudden and fierce" was formally regarded as the principle requirement of artillery firepower application.
Quickly, that is, seize the fighter plane, react quickly and fire in time. Due to the development of modern technology and equipment, the mobility of the army has been greatly improved. Tanks and infantry fighting vehicles can move at any time, and the time for the self-propelled artillery company to occupy the position is 1/5 of that of the towed artillery company. The unstable state of a large number of targets makes the firing time of artillery very short. Heavy fire assault task requires artillery to quickly maneuver fire and increase fire attack frequency.
Therefore, the armies of many countries now attach great importance to improving the fire response speed. For example, the artillery reconnaissance radar used by NATO troops can determine the position of the other side within 20 ~ 30 seconds after the first shell is launched. The fire response time of Soviet artillery battalion was shortened from 6 to 8 minutes to 1 minute. All these show that the firepower war between the opposing sides on the modern battlefield is in a state of fighting for time and speed. Whoever has a quick fire response can take the lead, otherwise he will be passively beaten.
In view of this, in recent years, our army's artillery has taken the improvement of rapid response capability as a breakthrough to comprehensively improve the artillery's combat capability. While paying close attention to training reform, we have developed and equipped advanced technical equipment such as artillery firing command automation system, and the artillery fire response time has reached the world advanced level, effectively improving the artillery combat effectiveness.
Accuracy means shooting accurately, and strive for the first shell to hit the target or the first group of shells to cover the target. When the first shell hits the target, it mainly means that the first shell directly hits the moving target. The first group of projectiles covers the target, which means that in indirect aiming shooting, when shooting the target directly without trial shooting, the first group of projectiles covers the target according to the prescribed standards. It is not easy to meet these two requirements in artillery shooting. Especially indirect aiming shooting is restricted by many factors, such as the calculation accuracy of shooting data at target position, gun technology and operation level, trajectory and meteorological conditions. In the past, in order to ensure the shooting effect of the target, a more reliable method was often adopted, that is, the target was tested first, and then the deviation was corrected by live ammunition calculation, and then the target was shot effectively. This method is time-consuming, easy to expose attempts, and does not meet the tactical requirements. At present, it is only a reserved project.
In order to increase the effect of the first fire assault, the armies of many countries have adopted advanced science and technology to solve the problem of improving the firing accuracy of artillery from the aspects of artillery, ammunition and shooting support means, and achieved obvious results. For example, the copperhead guided projectile equipped by the U.S. military in the 1980s used semi-automatic laser guidance technology to shoot targets dozens of kilometers away, and its circular deviation was only 1 meter. It takes an average of only two bullets to destroy a tank, while it takes an average of 250 bullets to use conventional artillery shells. Over the years, the artillery of our army has greatly improved the hit rate of the first round and the coverage rate of the first group of bullets by improving technical equipment and training reform, and put forward the shooting standard of "first hit, first group coverage" as one of the requirements of artillery firepower application to meet the needs of modern operations.
Suddenly, it is necessary to attack the enemy by surprise. A surprise attack on the enemy has always been a wonderful way to win militarily, and so has the use of artillery firepower. The sudden fire made the target too late to avoid, and the shooting effect doubled. According to statistics, more than 80% of the exposed effective forces were killed within 15 seconds after the fire assault began. Suddenly, tactically, it is conducive to the attempt of covert operations. At the beginning of the attack, the artillery preparations were all carried out suddenly, in order to catch the enemy off guard and facilitate a rapid breakthrough.
Violence means giving the enemy a heavy blow and a strong shock with intensive firepower in a short time. The combination of short time and intensive fire can not only produce more obvious effects on the damage of enemy objects, but also give enemy combatants a strong spiritual shock, which often makes them temporarily lose their combat effectiveness. When fighting back against Vietnam in self-defense, our infantry sometimes try to get the starting position close to the enemy's position under the condition of ensuring the accuracy of artillery firing, and take advantage of the effect of artillery assault to occupy the position in one fell swoop when the surviving enemy fails to resume the fighting state. In order to achieve the fierceness of artillery fire in battle:
First, we should increase the input of artillery on the battlefield. At present, the establishment of battery companies has generally increased from four to six, and the Soviet Union has implemented eight battery companies. In the establishment of the army, all levels of synthetic armies and infantry companies are equipped with artillery, which accounts for an increasing proportion, making artillery one of the largest arms in the army. Second, we must increase the firepower density of shooting at the target in unit time. For example, in terms of equipment, modern artillery adopts fully automatic or semi-automatic loading system, which speeds up the firing rate. The number of new rockets has increased. Some rocket battalions can fire 40 tons of shells at a time for about 20 seconds, and the amount of ammunition thrown at the target per unit time has increased by 10 to 15 times. Tactically, focus on the main goal. If you don't fight, you will be injured, which is one of the important principles of artillery firepower.
Swift, accurate, sudden and violent are interactive and closely related. It is difficult to have an effect without permission; Too accurate is often bad for fighters; If you want to be sudden, you must be quick and accurate, and use fierce firepower to achieve the best surprise effect in the shortest time and with the least consumption.
Move in a timely, rapid and covert manner.
Maneuver, as one of the basic elements of modern operations, is very important to the application of artillery tactics.
Because in addition to the usual force maneuver, fire maneuver is a unique way for artillery to perform combat tasks. It can be said that the tactics of artillery are ultimately completed by mobile firepower. Firepower maneuver is to transfer fire without changing the position of the position, and point the fire at the target that needs to be suppressed and annihilated quickly in time. It can make the artillery deployed in different positions concentrate on attacking an important target, and the response speed of firepower maneuver is much faster than that of force maneuver, so it can strike enemies in different directions one by one. False transfer and feint of firepower through firepower maneuver can often destroy the enemy by surprise. In the Sino-Vietnamese border self-defense counterattack, our artillery flexibly implemented fire maneuvers, confusing and luring a large number of enemies and creating many favorable fighters for infantry. In modern warfare, the artillery's force maneuvers are also more frequent. It has become an important part of artillery tactics to form the aggregation of artillery combat forces in time, gain firepower advantage in the main attack direction and important opportunity, and implement flexible and diverse mobile operations.
Therefore, a new form of mobile artillery formation appeared. In the past, after the artillery occupied the position, it relied on firepower to maneuver to the end. Now, in order to reduce the enemy's fire damage, it is necessary to change positions frequently during the battle and survive while moving. In the fourth Middle East War, Israeli artillery usually stayed in a position for less than half an hour. Maneuver is the basic method to preserve oneself and destroy the enemy in artillery operations.
The organization of artillery exercises should be timely, rapid and concealed, and the concentration and dispersion of troops after completing the task should not be too early or too democratic. Action must be swift and covert. This is necessary for long-distance marching, especially for short-distance changing positions, especially rockets, which have great firepower when launching and are easy to expose their positions, and need to be quick and decisive. Frequent fire assault operations on the battlefield must also stress the opportunity, respond quickly, fire suddenly, transfer fire from one target to another in time, and attack the enemy flexibly and efficiently.
Give full play to the advantages and advantages of mobile warfare and carry out deep strikes.
The range of artillery has developed from hundreds of meters in ancient times to thousands of kilometers today, and the development trend of its gunner is getting longer and longer, which has brought great changes to artillery tactics. Especially because of the popularity of modern long-range attack weapons and the nature of high-speed maneuvering of the army, deep attack has become an important part of modern operations. The Soviet army further developed the theory of large-depth three-dimensional attack, emphasizing the strong artillery firepower to support the mobile operations of armored clusters and cooperating with airborne troops to carry out large-depth and high-speed attacks. The theory of air-ground integrated operation put forward by the US military also emphasizes the depth of operation, and divides the tasks of artillery into close fire support, interception shooting and anti-artillery operations. The latter two tasks are mainly deep attacks.
One of the traditional tactics of our army to defeat the enemy with inferior equipment in previous wars is close combat to annihilate the enemy. Close combat is also the operational principle emphasized by artillery in the past. This is because in the past, our artillery equipment was poor, the number was small, the ammunition was small and the technical level was low. Mainly by daring to fire at close range, direct aiming shooting and close range shooting are adopted to ensure the accuracy of firepower. Now the situation has changed a lot.
On the one hand, the long-range combat performance and technical level of our artillery equipment have been greatly improved. The artillery's ability to carry out deep strikes has increased. On the other hand, in the modern battlefield, the troops are deployed in depth, and the targets of motorized infantry divisions at a depth of 4-25 kilometers from each other account for more than 50% of the total number of targets, especially the deep deployment of important targets such as command, firepower, logistics and technical support systems and various reserves.
In view of this, artillery tactics must change the previous method of focusing only on frontal confrontation, start from the front, strike in depth layer by layer, and strike at the same time in both front and depth. Including supporting infantry and tank soldiers, we should not only directly use firepower to ensure their current actions, but also pay attention to suppressing the enemy's deep firepower system to reduce the threat of enemy firepower to our infantry and tank soldiers.
Due to the need and possibility of deep attack, modern artillery should not only complete a large number of tasks to support infantry and tank soldiers, but also complete some combat tasks with firepower alone. For example, in the late 1950s, our army shelled Kinmen across the sea, and in the 1980s, in the self-defense counterattack against Vietnam, the artillery came down from the mountain to achieve a certain operational purpose with firepower, and there was no direct conflict between the infantry and the enemy. In the late period of Iran-Iraq War, the "missile siege" between the warring parties was a long-range firepower engagement mainly based on ground-to-ground campaign tactical missiles. Artillery has the advantages and advantages of long-range operations, and will show its talents in the modern battlefield that emphasizes deep attack.
Actively cooperate closely.
The cooperation between artillery and infantry is the earliest cooperation between arms. With the evolution of history, artillery always has an indissoluble bond with new arms.
In the middle ages, cavalry was the decisive arm, and at that time, it seemed that riding guns and cavalry became good partners in mobile warfare. After a large number of tanks were used on the battlefield, there were self-propelled artillery, which went to the battlefield with the "armored cavalry". Artillery and aviation often lead me in firepower and cooperate closely, sometimes posing a three-dimensional blow to the enemy. When necessary, artillery can use firepower to destroy obstacles and cooperate with engineers to open the way. Artillery and electronic countermeasure soldiers can kill and destroy the enemy by combining "soft" and "hard". For example, artillery can fire chaff jamming bombs, and even small communication jammers can be mounted in shells and fired deep into the enemy for close interference. Moreover, the artillery has close cooperation with various arms and services.
Due to the development of equipment technology, in the artillery, in addition to artillery units, there are various professional units. Only by closely cooperating with these professional detachments can artillery launch operations and accurately shoot shells at targets. As far as artillery is concerned, it is also necessary to organically coordinate all kinds of direct aiming artillery and indirect aiming artillery, towed artillery and self-propelled artillery, long-range artillery and short-range artillery, artillery and missiles, and learn from each other's strong points to form a resultant force effect.
It is not difficult to see that artillery is a combat force with complex tactical and technical coordination and extensive contact with other arms. In highly contracted modern operations, coordination is the most common tactical action of artillery.
In battle, artillery has the closest relationship with infantry and tank soldiers. Coordinated action is usually based on the actions of infantry and tank soldiers, so that the firepower of artillery and the actions of infantry and tank soldiers are closely coordinated and coordinated according to the purpose, time and place. Generally, the coordinated way is to implement fire support as planned, or the infantry and tank soldiers temporarily call artillery fire support in the battle. Because the coordination among infantry, artillery and artillery is rich and frequent, the artillery command post is usually juxtaposed with or close to the synthetic command post.
In order to closely cooperate with the March and Tanzanian operations, the artillery battalion in the artillery group is sometimes established with the first-line infantry battalion in the main attack direction to support the operations in time. There are differences between artillery and bombing aviation and attacking aviation. First, distinguish between goals. For targets with long artillery range, aviation usually carries out fire assault; Second, when it is necessary to jointly assault the same target, we must distinguish the time. The division of time should be calculated in minutes and seconds and strictly implemented. The purpose of distinction is to make the firepower of artillery and aviation cooperate with each other without interference.
The coordination between artillery and other arms is usually carried out under the unified organization of the commander of the synthetic army. When reinforcing other troops, artillery should be based on the actions of the reinforced troops and cooperate closely. Before the battle, the artillery fire plan should be made according to the operational action plan of the support or subordinate units. In the course of combat, we should keep close contact with other arms and actively cooperate with and support their actions.
Because firepower is the main means to kill the enemy in modern operations, it is undoubtedly a key point of modern contract operations command to organize the coordination of various firepower and the coordinated action of firepower system with infantry and tank soldiers on the battlefield. As the main force of fire assault of the synthetic army, the artillery commander has the responsibility to assist the commander of the synthetic army to organize the coordinated action of fire action. It is necessary to keep abreast of the changes in operational intentions and battlefield conditions, actively participate in logistics in the decision-making process, plan and organize the general business of firepower coordination, and be a good assistant to the commander of the synthetic army in using firepower.
In doing so, first, it can give full play to the expertise of artillery commanders who are familiar with firepower, which is conducive to the coordination of various firepower and the formation of joint forces. Second, it can reduce the burden of the commander of the synthetic army, especially the numerous firepower means greatly increased in modern operations, each of which has its complex tactical and technical performance. It is difficult for the commander of the synthetic army to directly command and coordinate the concrete application of a large number of fire operations, and it is not conducive to improving the overall command efficiency of the commander of the synthetic army to the overall situation of the battle. In combat, the US military has established fire support coordination institutions at all levels from company to army. Its army field regulations stipulate that "the field artillery officer with the highest position in all levels of combat troops is designated as the fire support coordinator" and serves as the head of the fire support coordination agency.
Its regulations also point out: "The commander of a combat unit and his fire support coordinator can work closely together to produce maximum combat effectiveness." It also requires that "in order to give full play to the role of existing fire support means, commanders should involve fire support coordinators in every step of their decision-making process." This practice is conducive to the close cooperation between military operations and fire support.
In addition to the above-mentioned basic principles of artillery tactics, there are also tactical principles of artillery combat command, combat preparation and various support organizations, which constitute an interconnected organic whole and are the guidelines for comprehensively guiding artillery operations.
-Quoted from "World Military Encyclopedia Operational Strategy" by China Environmental Science Press.