Interpretation of financial English terms;
Bear market and bull market (bear market and bull market):
Bear market-when the stock price falls, investors rush to sell their stocks in order to avoid greater losses, thus forming a vicious circle of falling, throwing and falling.
Bull market-the market is basically on the rise, the stock price is rising, and investors' confidence is high.
Bond (bond):
Debt securities, or simply "IOUs". Bonds indicate when the debt must be repaid and the interest rate that the borrower (issuer) must pay to the bondholders (creditors).
Banks and other institutional investors or individual investors can buy and sell bonds.
Credit crunch:
Because big banks are not sure how much money they have or to protect themselves, they greatly reduce or even stop lending to each other, resulting in a sharp drop in loanable funds and a sharp rise in interest rates. Consumers' mortgage loans and personal loans are therefore more expensive.
Derivatives/credit derivatives:
Through derivatives, you can invest in such products/securities, but you don't have them in your hand. The value of this investment tool depends on various factors, from coffee price to interest rate, and even influenced by climate.
Derivatives can play an insurance role in controlling investment risks.
Credit derivatives are derivatives designed on the basis of the borrower's inability to repay the loan or default, such as mortgage derivatives designed on the basis of mortgage loans, which can be traded as financial products in the securities market.
Futures (futures):
A futures contract provides for buying and selling a commodity (such as crude oil and corn). ) on a mutually agreed date and price. It can be used to hedge the risk of price fluctuation or speculate on commodity prices.
Hedge/hedge fund:
Hedging-reducing the risk of asset value fluctuation through investment. For example, you own a stock. In order to reduce the risk of stock price fluctuation, you sell another futures contract of this stock, and promise to sell the stock you hold now at the agreed price one day in the future. After such hedging, even if the stock price falls before the agreed date, you won't be hurt, but if the stock price rises, you won't get any benefits.
Hedge fund-private investment fund, with large management capital, unregulated and experienced investors. Hedge funds use a series of complex investment strategies to maximize returns, including hedging, financial leverage and derivatives trading.
Investment bank (investment bank):
Investment banks provide financial services for the government, enterprises and the rich. Unlike commercial banks, investment banks cannot absorb personal deposits or issue mortgage loans.
Leverage/deleverage:
The use of financial leverage refers to the use of debt as a supplement to investment, with the aim of maximizing profits. Of course, the loss is also maximized accordingly. The more you borrow on the basis of existing funds (or assets), the greater the leverage effect.
Non-leverage: reduce the amount of debt.
Liquidity:
Liquidity of assets refers to the difficulty of converting them into cash. For example, the liquidity of your bank demand deposit is greater than the liquidity of the property you own.
Rating:
From the perspective of investors, according to the degree of investment risk of securities, the corresponding grades are given. The level of bonds reflects the solvency of the government or enterprises that issue such bonds. The safest rating is AAA, which is reduced to the worst D in turn, that is, the issuer is insolvent.
Securities/securitization (securities/securitization):
Securities-essentially a contract that can be given value and traded. There are many kinds of securities, the most common ones include stocks, bonds and mortgage bonds.
Securitization-turning something into securities. For example, collecting different mortgage bonds, converting them into financial securities and then trading them in the market. If people who started with mortgage loans pay back their loans on time, then the buyers of mortgage securities will have income. On the contrary, it is a loss.
Short selling:
Investors expect the price of an asset, such as stock, currency or contract, to fall, so they borrow this asset from other investors through brokers, sell it at the current price, and then buy it and return it when its price falls to a certain price, thus obtaining the difference income.
"Naked" operation refers to selling securities without borrowing them. Many countries have restricted or banned such speculation.
Stagflation:
The coexistence of inflation and economic stagnation. This situation can easily put policy makers in a dilemma.
Subprime mortgage:
This kind of mortgage loan is risky for lending institutions, and the corresponding interest rate is also high, because most people who apply for this kind of loan are in financial distress, with low income or unstable income.
Write down:
Reduce the book value of assets to meet the falling market price. For example, after the company's share price plummets, the value of the company's book assets will decrease.