Pro-me Yuelu Edition Unit 1 Basic structure and characteristics of ancient economy ▲ Ancient agriculture 1, farming method-iron plow Niu Geng ① Niu Geng, iron farm tools used during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period; (2) The main farming methods of Han Tieli and Niu Geng; (3) The shaping of plowing tools in Qu Yuan-li in Sui and Tang Dynasties; 2, the basic model-agricultural economy ① Form: Spring and Autumn War ② Form: A, Tieli Niu Geng now improves social productivity; (fundamentally) b, the establishment of feudal private land system; ③ Features: A, family property and unit; B, combined with the cottage industry; C. self-sufficiency, self-economy: the ancient economy has always been dominant; 3, earthen 1 primitive society-Tuzu clan commune 2 slave society (Xia, Shang, Zhou)-Jing Tian system (slave earthen system) 3 feudal society-feudal private system A, the tax mu in the early Spring and Autumn Period actually recognized the private nature of the soil; B, Shang Yang's reform in Qin Dynasty established feudal private ownership; 4. Agricultural policy (1) emphasizes agriculture and inhibits business. First, start with business changes. The second is to evaluate A, protect agricultural production and maintain the stability of cooperatives, and consolidate feudal rule. B, feudal society inhibited the development of industry and commerce, hindered the germination of capitalism; (2) Suppression of land annexation ① Land equalization system (Northern Wei-Tang Dynasty) ② Atlas of fish scales (the basis for determining the right of land tax collection in Ming Dynasty )▲ Characteristics of ancient handicrafts▲ Government-run handicrafts ① Workshops directly operated by the government ② Products were collected and circulated for use by the emperor. Before the Ming Dynasty, handicrafts played a dominant role in iron smelting: water rafts in the Eastern Han Dynasty; Casting steel in the Southern and Northern Dynasties; Porcelain silk weaving: Ming and Qing dynasties entered its heyday; Folk handicrafts ① Private management ② Products for private consumption In Ming Dynasty, government-run handicrafts in Ye Chao dominated. In the Ming dynasty, the products of cottage industry in the bud of capitalism were used to pay taxes. Household consumption farmer sideline ▲ Now capitalism is budding ①: some private handicrafts in Jiangnan in the Ming Dynasty; ② Original text: the development of social productive forces and commodity economy; ③ Symbol: the numerical value of the mechanical power meter of the owner; ④ Essential characteristics: capitalist employment relationship; ▲ The development of the ancient commercial (commodity economy) period shows that the commercial prosperity and the government's control of the commercial situation during the Spring and Autumn War broke the dilemma of the development in the Qin and Han Dynasties, emphasizing agriculture and restraining commerce, and developing rural fair trade during the Sui and Tang Dynasties; Cabinet workshops and flying money came out; Yang Yiji; Guangzhou, a foreign trade port, enjoyed unprecedented prosperity in the Song Dynasty. The main source of business tax; Urban development has broken the space and space restrictions; Now it is a famous commercial town; Ben and ci are popular; "The Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival" Meta-commercial prosperity International business capital; Port No.1: Quanzhou's commercial prosperity in Ming and Qing Dynasties, agricultural and sideline products; Trafficking trade; Famous business gangs: Shanxi merchants and Huizhou merchants ▲ sea ban and closed door policy ①: Ming and Qing Dynasties ② Original: a, prevention of pirates in the early Ming Dynasty; B, the anti-Qing struggle along the southeast coast in the early Qing Dynasty; C, the Qing government recognized the necessity of trade with foreign countries; ③ Evaluation A. Obstructing overseas market expansion and restraining primitive accumulation of capital from hindering the budding development of capitalism; B, schools isolated from the outside world make it lag behind the world trend Unit 3 Modern economic structure change and tortuous development of capitalism ▲ Modern economic structure change ① Original: invasion of foreign capitalism ② Performance a, gradual disintegration of self-economy b, birthday of modern enterprises (Westernization Movement) c, birthday of national capitalism (19C60,70d 70d) ▲ tortuous development of national capitalism ③ Development course (see handout above) ④ Characteristics a. B, the distribution balance is mainly distributed in the southeast coastal areas; C, the balance of industrial cloth is mainly concentrated in light industry, and has never formed a complete industrial system; (5) The nature of semi-colonial and semi-feudal society determines that the development of national capitalism will be oppressed by imperialism, feudalism and bureaucratic capitalism; ⑥ Enlightenment: A, saving the country by industry; B, the premise of national independence; Unit 4 Characteristic Socialist Construction Road ▲ Transitional period (1949- 1956, developing productive forces and reforming production relations simultaneously) ① National economic recovery (1949- 1952) ② Third transformation (1953-) Private ownership-metric system B, significance: establishing a socialist economic system and entering socialism; ③ The Fifth Plan (1953-1957): laid the initial foundation for socialist industrialization; ▲ The tenth exploration period (the period of building socialism in an all-round way:1956-1966) ① * * VIII1956: analysis of main contradictions and main tasks; ② 82 Discussion 1958: General Line of Socialist Construction ③ Great Leap Forward 1958: Violating the objective economic laws; ④ People's Commune Movement 1958: Beyond the development level of productive forces; ⑤ Eight-character needle1961a. Background: Leaping forward and privatization have caused serious economic difficulties. B. content: adjustment, consolidation, enrichment and improvement. C. Significance: Recovery and development of civilian economy ▲ Cultural Revolution (1966-1976)19766. ▲ Reform date (1978- up to now) 1, 10th Sanquan 1978 2. Economic system reform ① Contents: A, rural areas: household contract responsibility system (1978 Sichuan, Anhui) B, cities: enterprise reform to enhance enterprise strength 1988. B, 1992 10 10 * * XIV mentioned the goal of economic system reform to establish a socialist market economic system; C, 1993*** The Third Plenary Session of the 14th CPC Central Committee established the basic framework of China's socialist market economic system. D, 1997 * * The 15th National Congress of the Communist Party of China put forward that the metric system should be the main body and the economy should develop together. 3. Opening to the outside world A, special economic zones-coastal cities-coastal areas-inland B, floors-all positions-all regions ▲ stage of reform and opening up 10, the starting point of the third comprehensive implementation of reform and opening up; The exposition of the 14th National Congress of the Communist Party of China on the new stage of socialist reform, opening-up and modernization: (3) the key symbol of Pudong Development in the 1990s; Unit 5 Changes of modern society ▲ Invasion of primitive capitalism ▲ New establishment ▲ Reform and opening up ▲ Performance (see the handout above) ① Material A, basic necessities of life B, transportation and communication tools C, mass media-four major media ② Social customs A, The Revolution of 1911 changed feudal bad habits (abolishing foot binding, cutting braids and changing clothes, calling each other comrades, shaking hands, etc.) B, new things of reform and opening up (environmental protection, concern for health, etc. ) 2 process 3 affects a, world a and the whole world; B, the embryonic form of the western European world market began to appear; B, Europe A, the trade that triggered the commercial revolution moved from the maritime coast to the western coast; B, accelerate the disintegration of European feudal system and promote the development of capitalism; 2. Early colonial expansion-gradual expansion 3. The first industrial revolution-basic form 4. The second industrial revolution-the final establishment, the change of production organization form, the innovation of vehicles, the first industrial revolution 18c60d- 19c, the accumulation of skills by craftsmen in workshops, the second shipbuilding revolution 19c-19c, the early 20th century, the combination of theory and technology. Monopolistic organization of automobiles and airplanes ▲ Form and mode-invasion and expansion outside capitalist countries Unit 6 ▲ Adjustment of world capitalist economic policies 2. Performance: stock market crash, bank collapse, enterprise bankruptcy, agricultural product prices plummet and unemployment rate soars. 3. Features: 1. Widely spread; 2. persistence; 3. Special damage; 4. Impact; 1. exacerbated the crisis in major capitalist societies; (2) Intensifying the contradictions among capitalists; ③ Intensify the contradiction between capitalism and colonies and semi-colonies; ▲ Roosevelt's New Deal 1, background 2, content (1) Finance 1 make banks suspend business for rectification and gradually restore bank credit; (2) Abandoning the gold standard and stimulating the depreciation of the US dollar; (3) expanding the power of the Federal Reserve Board of Directors; (4) Control the securities industry (2) Industry (1) Strengthen the guidance of industrial planning, and put all aspects of production under the supervision of the family through the "all-industry revival"; (2) adjusting enterprise relations and labor relations; (3) Agriculture ① Agricultural adjustment institutions adjust agricultural policies through administrative means; (2) Farmers provide subsidies, reduce farming and production, adjust the structure of agricultural products, and raise and stabilize the prices of agricultural products; (4) Social Welfare ① Establish a federal relief agency to distribute relief funds in China; ② Strengthen social security measures to provide social security for vulnerable groups; (3) implement the * * project of "work for relief" to increase industry and stimulate consumption; (5) The establishment of "all-labor relations" has obtained the right to organize workers; (2) Establish an industrial relations committee to protect workers' basic rights; ③ Social insurance 3. Essence: carrying out the capitalist system, partially adjusting the capitalist relations of production, and strengthening the state's economic and political intervention; 4. Features: the economic model of family intervention is adopted to deal with the crisis, and its countermeasures are basically realistic; 5. The beauty of influence (1) ① makes the American economy gradually decline; (2) To alleviate the contradiction between American society and American society to some extent, so that the United States can avoid taking the road of the Sith; (2) The world ① Innovators are involved in the economic development model; ② Capitalism bid farewell to laissez-faire policy and entered the period of monopoly capitalism; ▲ New changes in war capitalism ① Development of monopoly capitalism (main) ② Establishment of welfare workers ③ Rise of tertiary industry ④ Current new economy▲ Background measures in the period of economic development of war capitalism ▲ The end of World War II-The economy was broken at the beginning of the 20th century, and the intervention of 20th century economists who wanted to restore the rapid economic development reduced stagflation at the beginning. Unit 7 Socialist Construction in the Soviet Union (II) Policies, Models and Three Reforms) ▲ War against capitalism (1918-1920)1. Background ① The hostile forces inside and outside attempted to strangle the new Soviet regime; (2) there is a serious shortage of food and the economy is extremely difficult; 2. Goal: gather all material and financial resources to support the civil war; 3. Main contents ① Agriculture: surplus grain collection system; ② Industry: comprehensive enterprise; 3 commerce: cancel free trade; (4) Distribution: the physical distribution system of compulsory labor system is implemented; 4. Evaluation ① Positive: Special historical conditions ensured the military victory of the Soviet regime; (2) Negative: harming farmers' interests is conducive to the development of production and violates the objective laws of economic development; Go through the correct road to socialism; ▲ The new economic policy (1 921-1924)1,the background (1) and even the war have seriously damaged the people's economy; (2) The continuation of the policy of opposing capitalism triggered an economic and political crisis; (Necessity) 2. Content ① Agriculture: Agricultural tax replaces surplus grain collection system; (2) Industry: cancel enterprises and allow private enterprises; (3) commerce: allowing free trade to resume commodity exchange in currency circulation; (4) Distribution: canceling physical distribution and implementing distribution according to work; 3. The function (1) is to meet the economic requirements of farmers, mobilize people's enthusiasm for production, and restore people's economic development; (2) Consolidate the alliance of workers and peasants, stabilize social order and consolidate the Soviet regime; (3) Exploring the road of transition to socialism in countries with dominant agricultural economy; ▲ Slim model 1, performance ① Priority development of heavy industry funds comes from agricultural light industry; (industry) ② collectivization of agriculture; (agriculture). Features ① a single metric highly centralized planned economy (administrative instructions replace market regulation) ② independence from the capitalist world market; 3. Evaluation (1) ① The implementation of the second five-year plan has made Soviet industry strong; (2) The rapid economic strength of the Soviet Union has laid a material foundation for the victory in the war against the Sith; (2) Disadvantages ① The one-sided development of heavy industry led to a serious imbalance between agriculture and immigrant economy during the light industry period; (2) It is too serious to demand from farmers, which suppresses the enthusiasm of the people; ▲ Khrushchev's reform (1953- 1964) ▲ Lenev's reform (1964- 1982) failed. The former Khrushchev reformed agriculture to a certain extent, but the Slim model failed to make a fundamental breakthrough. ▲ Gorbachev's Reform (65438+) 2. Economic reform (key points): ① Content: replace administrative orders with economic management, and effectively recognize the regulatory role of market economy; ② Conclusion: Ineffective ③ Problems: A, macro-control decision-making lacks corresponding supporting measures; B. continue to give priority to the development of heavy industry; 3. Political reform: ① Direct origin: Gorbachev's economic reform is in trouble ② Conclusion: The deviation from the Marxist situation is out of control. The disintegration of the Soviet Union ▲ The Soviet New Economic Policy, Roosevelt's New Deal, and the development and reform of monopoly capitalism in Western Europe in World War II have similarities and differences: ① Origin: the people are hard to be destroyed by the domestic economy; (2) Means: a) On the premise of adhering to the original social system, make partial adjustment by using the relationship between state power and property; B, the combination of family intervention and market regulation; Conclusion: Economic recovery and development, political consolidation and people's improvement; Similarity: the essential difference is the same as the social system to be maintained; Unit 8 Globalization Trend of the World Economy ▲ Capitalist World Economic System Structure 1, International Monetary Fund 1945, World Monetary System (Short-term Loan to Solve Balance of Payments Difficulties), Capitalist World Economic System (Bretton Woods System), World Bank (International Bank for Reconstruction) 1945, Three Pillars (Term Loan, Term Loan) World trade system-General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1947 (aimed at eliminating tariff barriers and realizing trade significance: the world economy reflects the development towards systematization and institutionalization; ▲ Bretton Woods system (world monetary system) 1, background ① the general decline of western European countries in World War II; (2) The economic strength of the United States has expanded the creditor's rights unprecedentedly; Trying to gain a foothold in the capitalist world system; 2. Basic features ① The dollar is directly linked to gold; (2) member currencies maintain a fixed exchange rate with the US dollar; 3. Impact ① is conducive to maintaining the operation of the world monetary system and creating conditions for the recovery and development of the world economy; (positive) (2) The United States grasps the lifeblood of the capitalist world economy and strengthens its privileged position in the international financial field; (Negative) ▲ Regional grouping of world economy 1, European Union (1993) ① Background A. Western European countries have similar cultural traditions; B) Conflicts and wars in modern Europe aroused a strong desire for European reunification; C. The bipolar pattern of the United States and the Soviet Union in World War II made the common importance of European intellectuals an economic exploration; (2) The A Cheng was established, and 195 1 established the isomorphism of European coal and steel; B, 1957 to establish the European economic isomorphism. Europe can be the same body; C, 1967 merged to form the European body; D, 1992 Treaty on European Union aims at establishing European economic and monetary union and European political union; E, 1993 The establishment of the European Union (marking the transformation of European economic entities into economic and political entities) F, 1999 euros came out (except the United Kingdom) ③ Meaning A, it conforms to the overall interests of Europe, promotes its economic and political development and enhances its economic and political status; B, Europe and other regions play an exemplary role in strengthening the polarization trend of the world economy and promoting the new pattern of world politics; 2. North American Free Trade Area (1994). 3. Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (1989). Cultural and historical differences among members of the four continents affect its development. 199 1).▲ Realistic manifestations of economic globalization in economic regions ▲ Trends of world economic globalization 65438+ (2) Industrial revolution, capitalist economy, unprecedented development in the world and rapid expansion of the world market; (3) Since World War II, schools in various regions of the world have become closer; ④ The development trend of the world economy towards globalization in 1990s has been improved and strengthened; 20c90d globalization trend thrust: a, capital pursues profit (the force) b, new scientific and technological revolution promotes (fundamentally) c, modern communication, transportation (technical conditions) d, bipolar structure collapses e, market economy system is widely implemented f, international organizations promote cross-company (2) evaluation ① essence: developed countries dominate a new round of capital expansion in the global scope; (2) Influence A. The double-edged sword not only accelerates the development and prosperity of the world economy, but also intensifies the imbalance of global competitive interests; B, the beneficiaries of economic globalization in developed countries; C. developing countries are at a disadvantage; Opportunities and challenges; Opportunity: it is conducive to attracting foreign investment and expanding the international market with advanced technical management experience; Challenge: Home sovereignty, economic security and living environment are facing unprecedented challenges; Strategy: keep a clear head and make a reasonable strategy; Actively participate in the pursuit of development; 2. Background of the establishment of the World Trade Organization (WTO) 1995 (1): GATT lacks legal compulsory measures to settle disputes; (2) Purpose: to meet the needs of world economic development; Objective:1October/kloc-0 199565438+65438；; (3) Function: Established a standardized and standardized world trade system; (2) realizing global trade liberalization; ③ Promoting the process of economic globalization; 3. Join the World Trade Organization (200 1) (1): ① Join GATT1986; ② Joined the World Trade Organization 5438+065438 in February 2006; (2) Joining the WTO will have positive effects: a, promoting economic development; B, improve the socialist market economic system; Promote world economic growth and establish a complete world trade system; (2) Negative effects: market liberalization and tariff concessions have impacted agriculture, automobile and other industries; ▲ Measures to cater to the trend of economic globalization: reform and opening up, establishing a socialist market economic system, and joining the WT.