Second, the phenomenon of transparency:
In computer technology, things or attributes that originally existed but did not seem to exist from a certain point of view are called transparency. Generally, in computer systems, the conceptual structure and functional characteristics of low-level machines are transparent to senior programmers.
Third, transparent transmission:
Transparent transmission of (1) data link layer
Simply put, transparent transmission is what kind of data the sender sends, and what kind of data the receiver will receive no matter how the data transmission process is realized. More precisely, the so-called transparent transmission means that no matter what bit combination the transmitted data is, it should be able to transmit on the link. When the bit combination in the transmitted data is exactly the same as some control information, appropriate measures must be taken so that the receiver will not mistake this data for some control information. Only in this way can the transmission at the data link layer be transparent.
(2) Transparent transmission of bit stream
Question 2: There is a term in modern architecture called' phenomenon transparency'. What does this mean? The transparency of architecture is one of the characteristics of modern architecture. As an architectural feature, it began to appear in architecture as early as A.D. 100 and evolved in different forms. Transparency, as a systematic theory, began in 1950s, when colin rowe published articles Transparency Ⅰ and Transparency Ⅱ. This paper expounds the connotation and extension of transparency theory in detail, and shows a way to interpret modern architecture. Relatively speaking, there are few people who study the theory of transparency in China, and the research scope has always been based on the translation or theoretical explanation of transparent original text.
Question 3: What is the fish tank effect? Oh, yes.
definition
The goldfish bowl is made of glass and is very transparent. No matter from which angle, the situation inside is clear. The "goldfish bowl effect" can also be said to be the "transparency effect". It is a metaphor, that is, a highly transparent democratic management model.
origin
The "goldfish bowl effect" was founded by Mr. Kitagawa, president of Best Electric Appliance Co., Ltd. in Japan. Mr. Kitagawa emphasized that the focus of enhancing transparency should be on the economic income of managers at all levels, and required that the economic income and expense reimbursement of leaders at all levels of enterprises should be truthfully disclosed to corporate stakeholders, accept their criticisms and suggestions, and improve corporate management according to the opinions of employees.
example
At present, the business community often adopts "open and honest management method", and its philosophical basis is the same as "goldfish bowl rule", that is, "open and honest". Stark is one of the pioneers in promoting the "open and honest management law" in the industry. Won the "Enterprise Credit Award" for its outstanding moral performance and exemplary performance. When Stark took over Springfield Reorganization Company (SRC), SRC had just been separated from its parent company "International Harvest Company", and the whole company's operation was in a shaky state. Stark believes that the only way to make the company run normally for a long time is to be based on facts. He decided to let every employee of the company know the overall operation of the company. He personally teaches employees to know and understand the company's financial statements, regularly publishes the company's account books and various financial materials, so that the whole company knows the company's current situation and future goals.
Anyone who has raised ornamental fish knows that a large tank of fish is better than a small one. This conclusion may be surprising, but it is actually true. If there is any problem with keeping a small fish tank, it may soon deteriorate beyond cleaning. If you keep a large tank of fish, there will be a buffer period after the problem, and it will not go bad quickly. During this period, fish farmers may find problems and deal with them in time. This is the so-called "goldfish bowl effect" The "goldfish bowl effect" is certainly applicable to the field of channel management. The following is a typical case.
In the 1980s, Apple was the absolute leader in the K- 12 education market, with almost no competitors. Apple is so strong because there are countless solution providers selling their products. A large number of local VARs sell Macs to various campuses, leaving few opportunities for other suppliers. When these primary and secondary school students grow up and get employed, they may get used to MAC, which will lead to further demand for MAC. At that time, MAC had already occupied 14% of the PC market. If this situation continues, Apple will do better.
But in the early 1990s, some people at Apple began to believe in the 80/20 rule. They believe that the leading 20% partners have brought most of the business to Apple. Therefore, Apple thinks that it should give priority to these 20% solution providers and only authorize a few solution providers to sell Macs in the K- 12 education market. Unauthorized local var have turned to other suppliers, prompting customers to adopt WinTel platform. In just a few years, Apple lost its dominant position.
This case proves that reducing the scale of channels is self-destructive for suppliers. Similar to a goldfish bowl, large-scale channels are easier to maintain and adjust.
App application
The application of "goldfish bowl effect" in enterprise management requires enterprise leaders to increase the transparency of all work in enterprises. With the transparency of all work in enterprises, the behavior of enterprise leaders will be supervised by all subordinates, which will effectively prevent enterprise leaders from enjoying privileges and abusing power, thus strengthening the self-restraint mechanism of enterprise leaders. It must be remembered that transparency and openness are one of the magic weapons to prevent corruption and bad practices.
The following uses an image metaphor to explain the goldfish bowl effect. The goldfish bowl is transparent. No matter which angle you look at, you can clearly observe the activities of goldfish in the tank.
As a basic principle of modern management system, goldfish bowl effect has been well applied in various fields.
Openness of government affairs is the application of goldfish bowl effect in the field of * * * management. The main requirement of open government affairs is to make public the work content of * * *, and all the work planned or being prepared by * * *, such as urban construction, road planning, medical and health measures and transaction handling. , and make all the work contents and processes public, so that any citizen can pass the special ... >>
Question 4: What does the long transparency of gemstones mean? The optical properties of gem minerals include transparency, luster, color, dispersion, polychromatic and some special optical effects, which are caused by absorption, reflection, transmission, refraction, interference, scattering and diffraction of visible light, and are closely related to the chemical composition, crystal structure and bulk structure of gems, so it is an important content of gem identification and evaluation.
Transparency and luster of gemstones
Transparency is the process of light passing through a gem, which is related to its chemical composition and structure. The transparency of gems can generally be divided into three grades:
Transparency: you can clearly see the objects behind you through the gem, such as crystals and diamonds;
Translucency: some light can pass through the crystal, but can't see through the objects behind it, such as high-quality jade and moonstone;
Opaque: Light can hardly pass through, such as malachite.
Gloss is the ability of the surface of a gem to reflect light, and its intensity is just the opposite of transparency. Gemstones with high transparency have weak luster. The luster of gems can be divided into:
Metallic luster: highly reflective, like a shiny electroplated surface, such as hematite;
Semi-metallic luster: strong reflection, such as magnetite;
Diamond luster: the surface reflection is stronger than glass, and it has a bright and dazzling feeling, such as diamonds;
Glass luster: only a small part of light can be reflected, such as glass, crystal, topaz, etc.
Grease luster and turpentine luster: reflection on the surface like grease (such as the fracture of crystal) and reflection on the surface like turpentine (such as the fracture of amber);
Waxy luster: such as the reflection of serpentine jade;
Pearl luster: reflecting soft and colorful light like pearls;
Silk luster: reflecting light like silk, which is unique to fibrous gems (such as tiger's eye stone).
1, Color, Polychromaticity and Dispersion of Gemstones
Visible light is divided into red, orange, yellow, green, cyan, blue and purple bands according to the length of light waves. Color is the reflection of gemstones on different wavelengths of visible light with different absorption degrees. If a gem absorbs the blue and green light waves in white light, it will appear red * * * tone, which is the result of mixing the remaining light waves, also called subtractive color. To accurately observe the color of gemstones, it must be carried out under natural light or standard white light source to avoid false color tone caused by light source. Besides hue, saturation and brightness, these two terms are also commonly used in gemology: saturation means that the brightness of a color is directly proportional. For example, emerald and malachite are both green tones, but the former is much brighter than the latter. Brightness is the brightness of color, which is related to the optical properties and processing quality of the gem itself. Precious colored gems often requires pure tone, high saturation and brightness.
Polychromaticity refers to the characteristic that heterogeneous gem crystals show different colors in different directions due to anisotropy, which can be divided into dichroism and trichromatism. For example, sapphire crystal is blue-green along the length direction of the cylinder and blue along the vertical extension direction, so it is dichroic; Gems with strong polychromatic color can be detected by naked eyes, but the polychromatic color of most gems can only be observed by special instruments (such as dichroic mirrors).
Dispersion refers to the phenomenon of light decomposition when natural light is obliquely incident on a medium, just as sunlight can be decomposed into seven colors with a prism. All polished gems will cause dispersion, but the degree of dispersion varies with the refractive index of gems. The ability of each gem to cause dispersion phenomenon is called the dispersion degree of gem. For example, a diamond with high dispersion can produce brilliant brilliance, which is very dazzling. The dispersity of crystal is low.
2. Special optical effects
Halo effect is a phenomenon that reflected light waves interfere with each other due to the special arrangement of substances in gems. For example, pearls have their unique rainbow-like soft halo, which is called pearlescent.
Color-changing effect refers to the phenomenon that layered microspheres arranged regularly in gemstones such as opal diffract natural light to produce colorful appearance, similar to an oil painter's sketchpad.
Moonlight effect is a kind of light scattering phenomenon, such as moonstone (microcline), which has a lattice twin structure inside, causing irregular reflection (scattering) of light, forming a soft and lovely white halo like moonlight, hazy and light blue.
Starlight effect refers to the phenomenon that curved gemstones meet with four, six and twelve starlike rays under the irradiation of light. It is caused by the directional reflection of light by inclusions in gems, such as starlight sapphire and starlight spinel.
Cat's eye effect refers to the phenomenon that a gem cut into a curved surface presents a silky smooth band similar to a strip pupil in the cat's eye under the irradiation of light, and the band moves in parallel with the change of the observer's position. The reason is that equal fibrous inclusions are densely arranged on the vertical solitary surface of the gem, which are formed by the reflection light points of the inclusions. & gt
Question 5: The "goldfish bowl rule" is the "transparency effect". This is a metaphor. The goldfish bowl is made of glass with high transparency. No matter from which point of view, the analysis of question C shows that option 2 is correct and conforms to the meaning of the question. The behavior of * * * in the question is to standardize the administrative behavior of * * * and its staff, and at the same time better protect citizens' right to know and supervise, so it was selected. The (1) option is inconsistent with the meaning of the question. The trial of the goldfish bowl rule in the problem itself is that power runs in the sun. Letting power run in the sun is tautology, not the purpose of the goldfish bowl rule trial, so it is ruled out. (3) The option view is inconsistent with the meaning of the question, and the goldfish bowl rule in the question is to accept people's supervision, not to improve the administrative efficiency of * * * *, so it is excluded.
Question 6: What does the visible flash effect of tourmaline gas-liquid inclusions mean? Tourmaline contains bubbles and some substances, and the flashing effect is cat's eye effect.
Question 7: What does the futures effect mean? More precisely, it may be the expectation of the future. Futures are expectations of future prices. The estimation of futures effect is the influence on future expectation.