1854, Britain colluded with France and the United States on the pretext that there was a statement in the Wang Xia Treaty between China and the United States and the Huangpu Treaty between China and France that "some things may not be changed, but after 12, the two countries should send personnel to handle them fairly", demanding that the Qing government revise the treaty of nanking, and France and the United States also took the opportunity to propose amendments. At that time, because Britain and France were caught in the Crimean War with Russia for the Black Sea, they were too busy to take military action against China, and the United States could not stand alone against China because of its limited strength, so it temporarily tolerated the rights of the three countries. 1856, the Huangpu treaty and the Wang Xia treaty expired on 12, and the United States once again requested to amend the treaties. At this time, the Crimean war ended in the victory of Britain and France. When peter parker, the new American ambassador to China, once again refused the request of the Qing government, Britain and France used the "Yarrow Incident" and "Father Ma Incident" as excuses to launch a new war of aggression against China.
1. "Arrow Event"
The "Arrow Incident" happened on June 8th, 1856. On that day, Liang, commander of Guangdong Navy, led Bing Yong to arrest two pirates from China and 10 crew members suspected of piracy on the smuggling ship "Roya" of China docked at Huangpu Port. In order to facilitate smuggling, the ship hired an Englishman as its captain and registered with the Hong Kong authorities. However, when it was arrested, its license had expired and the British flag was no longer flying on board. Therefore, the Guangdong Navy's arrest of people on board in China is entirely an internal affair of China, and has nothing to do with Britain. After receiving the captain's report, the British acting consul in Guangzhou immediately wrote to Ye, the governor of Guangdong and Guangxi, insisting that the Yarrow was a British ship, claiming that the navy's arrest on board was detrimental to the consular dignity; The Guangdong navy pulled down the British flag flying on the ship, which is an insult to the British flag and also an insult to Britain. This is untrue. Parkes arrogantly asked Ye Chenming to send the sailors back, apologize and give a reply within 24 hours, otherwise it would be solved by force. In the face of unprovoked provocation, Ye answered truthfully, and at the same time, under the pressure of the invaders, fearing that the situation would expand, he sent the arrested sailors to the British consulate. Ye's compromise behavior greatly encouraged the arrogance of the British invaders. Parkes, who tried to make excuses for the new war of aggression against China, deliberately made things difficult and refused to accept it on the pretext of being impolite. 10 10 On October 23rd, British Admiral Sima Mi Geli led a British warship into the provincial capital river and invaded Guangzhou, officially provoking the Second Opium War.
2. "Father Ma Incident"
Prior to this, the French were using "Father Ma incident" (also known as "Xilin religious case") as an excuse to negotiate with China and cheat. The so-called "Father Ma incident" refers to the French Catholic priest Marley who illegally sneaked into Xilin County, Guangxi, a non-trading port, and was executed by local officials in February 1856. At that time, the case was not closed. In exchange for Britain's support for its "free action" in Vietnam and the "legal" guarantee of Catholicism's missionary work in China, France accepted Britain's suggestion and sent Ge Luo as its plenipotentiary, using the "Father Ma incident" as an excuse to send troops jointly with Britain.
References:
Looking at the Modern History of China from the Opium War
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1856 what event did Britain use as an excuse and what event did France use as an excuse to ignite the second opium war?
The root cause of the Second Opium War is that the western capitalist countries want to further open the China market and expand and deepen the aggressive rights and interests gained by the First Opium War, which is the same as the first Opium War in nature and can also be said to be the continuation and expansion of the first Opium War, so this war is called the Second Opium War.
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What do the arrows of the Opium War and the Ma Fu incident refer to respectively?
The "Arrow Incident", "Father Ma Incident" 1854, the British collusion law and the United States demanded that the Qing government revise the statement that "some things may not be changed after 12" on the pretext of "sharing interests equally". At that time, because Britain and France were caught in the Crimean War with Russia for the Black Sea, they were too busy to take military action against China, and the United States could not stand alone against China because of its limited strength, so it temporarily tolerated the rights of the three countries. 1856, the Huangpu treaty and the Wang Xia treaty expired on 12, and the United States once again requested to amend the treaties. At this time, the Crimean war ended in the victory of Britain and France. When peter parker, the new American ambassador to China, once again refused the request of the Qing government, Britain and France used the "Yarrow Incident" and "Father Ma Incident" as excuses to launch a new war of aggression against China. 1. "Arrow Event" "Arrow Event" occurred at 1856 10.08. On that day, Liang, commander of the Guangdong Navy, led Bing Yong to arrest two pirates from China and 10 crew members suspected of piracy on the smuggling ship "Roya" of China docked at Huangpu Port. In order to facilitate smuggling, the ship hired an Englishman as its captain and registered with the Hong Kong authorities. However, when it was arrested, its license had expired and the British flag was no longer flying on board. Therefore, the Guangdong Navy's arrest of people on board in China is entirely an internal affair of China, and has nothing to do with Britain. After receiving the captain's report, the British acting consul in Guangzhou immediately wrote to Ye, the governor of Guangdong and Guangxi, insisting that the Yarrow was a British ship, claiming that the navy's arrest on board was detrimental to the consular dignity; The Guangdong navy pulled down the British flag flying on the ship, which is an insult to the British flag and also an insult to Britain. This is untrue. Parkes arrogantly asked Ye Chenming to send the sailors back, apologize and give a reply within 24 hours, otherwise it would be solved by force. In the face of unprovoked provocation, Ye answered truthfully, and at the same time, under the pressure of the invaders, fearing that the situation would expand, he sent the arrested sailors to the British consulate. Ye's compromise behavior greatly encouraged the arrogance of the British invaders. Parkes, who tried to make excuses for the new war of aggression against China, deliberately made things difficult and refused to accept it on the pretext of being impolite. 10 10 On October 23rd, British Admiral Sima Mi Geli led a British warship into the provincial capital river and invaded Guangzhou, officially provoking the Second Opium War. 2. "Father Ma Incident" Prior to this, the French used the "Father Ma Incident" (also known as "Xilin Religious Plan") as an excuse to negotiate and cheat with China. The so-called "Father Ma incident" refers to the French Catholic priest Marley who illegally sneaked into Xilin County, Guangxi, a non-trading port, and was executed by local officials in February 1856. At that time, the case was not closed. In exchange for Britain's support for its "free action" in Vietnam and the "legal" guarantee of Catholicism's missionary work in China, France accepted Britain's suggestion and sent Ge Luo as its plenipotentiary, using the "Father Ma incident" as an excuse to send troops jointly with Britain.
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What were the causes of the Second Opium War, Ma Fu incident and Arrow incident?
Father Ma, namely Ma Lai, illegally sneaked into Guangxi, China in March 1856 and was executed by local officials. In the same year 10, the Yarrow incident occurred, and the Guangdong navy boarded the Yarrow to arrest pirates. Parkes, the British consul in Guangzhou, provoked trouble on the grounds that the ship was registered in Hong Kong. On 23rd, British warships shelled Guangzhou, and France joined Britain on the grounds of Father Ma's incident.
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What are "Arrow Incident" and "Father Ma Incident"?
Arrow event /view/89773.htm Father Ma event /view /view/ 159057.htm
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