What are A shares, B shares, H shares, N shares and S shares?

The stocks of listed companies in China are divided into A shares, B shares, H shares, N shares and S shares. This distinction mainly depends on the place where the stock is listed and the investors it faces.

The official name of A shares is RMB common stock. It is common stock issued by me and domestic companies for domestic institutions, organizations or individuals (excluding investors from Taiwan, Hong Kong and Macao) to subscribe and trade in RMB. In 1990, there were only 10 shares in China. By the end of 1997, the number of A shares had increased to 720, with a total share capital of 160. 1997 the annual turnover of a shares is 447 1 100 million shares, with an annual turnover of 3,029.5 billion yuan. After several years of rapid development, China A-share market has begun to take shape.

The official name of B shares is RMB special shares, which are denominated in RMB, subscribed and traded in foreign currency, and listed and traded on domestic (Shanghai, Shenzhen) stock exchanges. Its investors are limited to foreign natural persons, legal persons and other organizations, natural persons, legal persons and other organizations in Hongkong, Macau and Taiwan Province Province, and China citizens who have settled abroad. Other investors as stipulated by China Securities Regulatory Commission. At present, investors in Japanese stocks are mainly institutional investors of the above categories. B-share companies are registered and listed in China. Only investors are overseas or in China, Hongkong, Macau and Taiwan Province Province.

After six years' development, since the first Japanese stock was issued at the end of 199 1, the Japanese stock market in China has developed from a local market to an all-gender market managed by the China Securities Regulatory Commission. By the end of 1997, there were1kloc-0/Japanese stocks in China, with a total share capital of/kloc-0.25 billion shares and a total market value of RMB 37.5 billion. Compared with the A-share market, the size of the three-share market is much smaller. In recent years, China has also made some useful explorations in Japanese stock derivatives. For example, 1995, Shenzhen CSG Company successfully issued Japanese convertible bonds, Shekou Merchants Port conducted a second pilot listing in Singapore, and four companies in Shanghai and Shenzhen also conducted a pilot project to convert Japanese stocks into first-class ADR for trading in the OTC market in the United States.

H shares, that is, foreign shares registered in the mainland and listed in Hong Kong. The English of HOngKOng is Hong Kong, and the foreign shares listed in Hong Kong are called H shares. By analogy, new york's initials are N, Singapore's initials are S, and the stocks listed in new york and Singapore are called N shares and 5 shares respectively.

N shares refer to foreign shares registered in Chinese mainland and listed in new york. In China stock market, when the word N appears before the stock name, it means that the stock is newly listed that day, and the letter N is the abbreviation of English new. When investors see an N-prefix stock, they should not only know that it is a new stock, but also realize that the share price of this stock is not limited by the fluctuation of the market price that day. The increase can be higher than 10%, and the decrease can be deeper than 10%. This makes it easier to control risks and seize investment opportunities. Such as N Beihua, N CCB, N Petroleum, etc.

Since Tsingtao Brewery H shares were issued in Hong Kong on 1993, our website has successively selected four batches of 77 overseas listed pre-selected enterprises, which are in the leading position in various industries, reflecting the overall development level and growth potential of China's economy to some extent. By the end of 1997. Shanghai Petrochemical, Zhenhai Chemical, Qingling Motors, Beijing Datang Electric Power, China Southern Airlines and other 42 overseas listed pre-selected enterprises completed the restructuring and listing. Among them, 365,438+0 is listed in Hong Kong, 6 in Hong Kong and new york, 2 in Hong Kong and London, 2 in K City, new york (N shares) and 65,438+0 in Singapore (S shares). 42 overseas listed companies have raised a total of 9.56 billion US dollars of foreign capital.

The second article

What is a designated transaction?

The so-called designated transaction refers to the investor's signing an agreement with a securities operating institution, which is designated as the only trading point for buying and selling securities. Designated transactions have several advantages:

(1) helps to prevent investors' stocks from being stolen;

(2) automatically receive dividends, and the cash dividend funds will be directly transferred to the investor's account by the securities trading system;

(3) Being able to accept monthly and quarterly reconciliation services provided by securities institutions.

At present, Shanghai implements the designated trading system, which makes investors' investment in Shanghai safer and more convenient than in the past.

The third article

What are ST and PT stocks?

"T" stocks include ST stocks and PT stocks.

1On April 22, 998, the Shanghai and Shenzhen Stock Exchanges announced specialtreatment for the stock trading of listed companies with abnormal financial conditions (English is special treatment, abbreviated as "ST"). Among them, abnormality mainly refers to two situations: one is that the audited net profit of listed companies in two fiscal years is negative, and the other is that the audited net assets per share of listed companies in the latest fiscal year are lower than the face value of shares. During the period when the stock trading of a listed company is specially handled, its stock trading shall follow the following rules:

(1) The daily increase and decrease of stock quotation shall be limited to 5%;

(2) Add "ST" before the stock name is changed to the original stock name, such as "ST steel pipe";

(3) The interim reports of listed companies must be audited.

PT stock is a stock variety that provides special transfer service for stocks that have been suspended from listing and circulation (PT is the abbreviation of "special transfer" in English). This is because according to the relevant provisions of the Company Law and the Securities Law, listed companies will be suspended from listing for three consecutive years. From July 9th, 1999, the Shanghai and Shenzhen Stock Exchanges implemented "special transfer service" for such suspended stocks. The trading price and bidding mode of PT stock are different from those of normal trading stock:

(1) The trading time is different. PT shares are only traded on Friday, and only one trading day in a week.

(2) The price limit is different. According to the latest regulations, PT shares only have a 5% increase limit, and there is no decline limit, so the risk increases accordingly.

(3) Different matching methods. Normal stock trading will be conducted in call auction mode between 9: 0015-9: 25 every trading day, and call auction's unfinished business declaration will enter the continuous bidding queue after 9: 30. PT stock is a one-time match for all valid consignments on Friday after the market closes at 15: 00, resulting in a unique transaction price, and all qualified consignments are traded at this price.

(4) As a special transfer service, PT shares are not listed in the real sense, so they are not included in the index calculation, and the transfer information can only be seen at the close of the day.

The fourth article

What does Webby mean?

Commission rate is a technical index to measure the strength of market trading in a period of time. The calculation formula is: commission ratio = (number of entrusted buyers-number of entrusted sellers)/(number of entrusted buyers+number of entrusted sellers) × 100%. As can be seen from the formula, the value range of "commission ratio" is-100% to+100%. If the "commission ratio" is positive, it means that the on-site buying is strong, and the larger the value, the stronger the buying. On the contrary, if the "commission rate" is negative, it means that the market is weak.

In the above formula, "the number of entrusted purchases" refers to the total number of entrusted purchases in the immediately following three files, and "the number of entrusted sales" refers to the total number of entrusted sales in the immediately following three files. For example, the immediate maximum buy and commission of a stock are 15.00 yuan and 130 lots respectively, followed by 14.99 yuan, 150 lots, 14.98 yuan and 205 lots respectively; The minimum selling consignment quotation and consignment quantity are 15.0 1 yuan and 270 lots respectively, and the two upward orders are 15.02 yuan, 475 lots, 15.03 yuan and 655 lots respectively. At this time, the instant consignment ratio is -48.54%. Obviously, there is a lot of selling pressure in the field at this time.

Through the "commission ratio" index, investors can know the real-time trading strength in the market in time.

The fifth article

Difference between Shenzhen Composite Index and Shenzhen Composite Index

The stock price index is compiled by using the index method in statistics, which reflects the overall price of the stock market or the change and trend of a stock price. According to the range of stock price index reflecting price trend, stock price index can be divided into comprehensive index reflecting the whole market trend and classified index reflecting the price trend of a certain industry or a certain type of stock.

Shenzhen Stock Exchange Composite Index is a weighted composite stock price index compiled by Shenzhen Stock Exchange, which takes all the stocks listed on Shenzhen Stock Exchange as the calculation range and the circulation as the weight. The benchmark date of the index is1991April 3, and the index on the benchmark date is set to 100. The Shenzhen Composite Index comprehensively reflects the stock price trend of all A-share and B-share listed stocks in Shenzhen Stock Exchange. In addition, Shenzhen A-share index and Shenzhen B-share index were compiled to reflect the stock price trends of all A-shares and all B-shares respectively. The Shenzhen A-share index is based on April 3rd 199 1 and released on April 4th 1992. The benchmark index is set at 100. The Shenzhen B-share index is based on February 28th 1992, released on February 6th 1992. The benchmark date index is set at 100.

Shenzhen Stock Exchange Index refers to the weighted stock price index calculated by taking the stocks of 40 listed companies with market representativeness as the calculation object and the tradable shares as the weight, which comprehensively reflects the stock price trend of A and B shares listed on Shenzhen Stock Exchange. The benchmark date of this index is1July 20, 994, and the benchmark index is 1000 points. The constituent stock index was released on1October 23rd 1995,65438+and officially launched on May 5th1995. A-shares of 40 listed companies are used to calculate component A-share index and industry classification index, and B-shares of companies with B-shares among 40 listed companies are used to calculate component B-share index. Shenzhen Component Index also compiles classification indexes for A shares, including industry classification index, business classification index, financial classification index, real estate classification index, public utilities classification index and comprehensive enterprise classification index. The factors considered when selecting the Shenzhen Stock Exchange Index sample are: 1. The length of the listing date; 2. The listing scale is calculated according to the average total market value of each company in a period of time and the average market value of tradable shares; 3. Transaction activity is calculated according to the total transaction amount of each company in a period of time. After the preliminary list is confirmed, 40 listed companies are selected as constituent stocks in combination with the following factors: 1. The average price-earnings ratio of the company's shares over a period of time; 2. The industry representativeness of the company and its industry development prospect; 3. The company's financial situation, profit record, development prospect and management quality in recent years; 4. The company's regional and sector representation, etc. In order to ensure the representativeness of the index, it is necessary to change the constituent stocks according to the changes of listed companies. The Shenzhen Stock Exchange is scheduled to check the representativeness of constituent stocks in June, May and September every year to discuss whether it is necessary to replace them.

Article 6

The difference between open-end fund and closed-end fund

According to whether the fund can be redeemed, securities investment funds can be divided into open-end funds and closed-end funds. Open-end fund refers to an investment fund whose scale is not fixed, but which can issue new shares or be redeemed by investors at any time according to market supply and demand. Closed-end fund is relative to open-end fund, which refers to the investment fund whose fund size has been determined before issuance and remains unchanged within the specified period after issuance.

The main differences between open-end funds and closed-end funds are as follows:

(1) The variability of fund size is different. Closed-end funds have a clear duration, during which the issued fund shares cannot be redeemed. Although this kind of fund can be raised under special circumstances, it must meet strict legal conditions. So in general, the size of the fund is fixed. However, the fund shares issued by open-end funds can be redeemed, and investors can also buy fund shares at will during the duration of the fund, which leads to the constant change of the total amount of funds every day. In other words, it is always in an "open" state. This is the fundamental difference between closed-end funds and open-end funds.

(2) There are different ways to buy and sell fund shares. When a closed-end fund is initiated, investors can subscribe to the fund management company or sales organization; When closed-end funds are listed and traded, investors can entrust brokers to buy and sell at market prices on the stock exchange. When investors invest in open-end funds, they can purchase or redeem them from fund management companies or sales organizations at any time.

(3) The buying and selling prices of fund shares are formed in different ways. Because closed-end funds are listed on the exchange, their buying and selling prices are greatly influenced by the relationship between market supply and demand. When the market supply is less than the demand, the buying and selling price of the fund unit may be higher than the net asset value of each fund unit, and then the fund assets owned by investors will increase; When the market supply exceeds demand, the fund price may be lower than the net asset value of each fund unit. The transaction price of open-end funds is calculated based on the net asset value of the fund unit, which can directly reflect the level of the net asset value of the fund unit. In terms of fund transaction costs, investors have to pay a certain percentage of securities transaction tax and handling fee in addition to the price when buying and selling closed-end funds, just like buying and selling listed stocks; The related expenses (such as initial subscription fee, redemption fee, etc.) that investors of open-end funds need to pay are included in the fund price. Generally speaking, the transaction cost of closed-end funds is higher than that of open-end funds.

(4) The investment strategies of funds are different. Since closed-end funds cannot be redeemed at any time, all the funds raised can be used for investment, so that fund management companies can formulate long-term investment strategies and achieve long-term business performance. Open-end funds, on the other hand, must keep some cash for investors to redeem at any time, but not all of them are used for long-term investment, and generally invest in assets with strong liquidity.

Article 7

What is call auction? What are the steps in call auction?

In each trading day, the bidding of any securities is divided into two parts: call auction and continuous bidding. Call auction refers to the centralized handling of all valid commissions. Call auction time in Shenzhen and Shanghai is from 9: 00 am15 to 9: 25 am on the trading day. Call auction is completed in four steps:

Step 1: Determine the valid delegation. In the case of price limit, the determination of effective entrustment is as follows: according to the closing price of the securities in the previous trading day and the determined price range, the highest price and the lowest price of the day are calculated. The effective price range is all the prices between the highest price limit and the lowest price limit of securities. Entrustments with price limit exceeding this range are invalid, and the system will automatically cancel the order.

Step 2: Select the transaction price. First, select the price within the effective price range that makes all consignments produce maximum delivery. If there are more than two such prices, the transaction price shall be selected according to the following rules:

(1) All buy orders above the selected price and all sell orders below the selected price can be closed.

(2) The consignor with the same price must complete the transaction. If more than one price still meets the above conditions, the price closest to yesterday's market price should be chosen.

Step 3: Centralized matching processing: all purchase orders are arranged from high to low, and those with the same price limit are arranged according to the time when they enter the system; All sales orders are arranged from low price limit to high price limit, and those with the same price limit are arranged according to the time of entering the system. Match the top trading orders one by one, that is, close the positions in the order of "price first, time with the same price first" until the closing conditions are not met, that is, there are no buying orders with price limit higher than or equal to the transaction price, or no selling orders with price limit lower than or equal to the transaction price. All transactions are conducted at the same transaction price.

Step 4: Reveal the market.

(1) If the trading volume of the security is zero, the trading price will be displayed as the opening price, the latest trading price, the highest price and the lowest price, and the trading volume and amount will be displayed.

(2) In the remaining valid entrustment, the actual highest bid price is revealed as the bid price; If the highest bid does not exist, the display is empty; The actual minimum selling price is displayed as the selling price. If the lowest selling price does not exist, the selling price is displayed as empty. If the entrusted auction fails to close, it will automatically enter the continuous auction.

Article 8

What are the abnormal trading fluctuations and need to suspend trading temporarily?

According to the regulations of Shanghai Stock Exchange and Shenzhen Stock Exchange, the following situations are abnormal trading fluctuations, and the owner of the transaction temporarily suspends trading of the stock after the relevant parties make an announcement until the resumption of trading in the afternoon.

1. The stock price has reached the price limit for three consecutive trading days;

4. A stock has been listed as "public information of stocks and funds" for five consecutive trading days;

3. The stock price amplitude has reached15% for three consecutive trading days;

4. The average daily trading volume of a stock for five consecutive trading days is greater than the average daily trading volume of last month 10 times;

5. Other circumstances considered by the Exchange or China Securities Regulatory Commission as abnormal fluctuations. Special circumstances recognized by China Securities Regulatory Commission are not subject to this restriction. Funds are not subject to this restriction.

Article 9

Securities dictionary

Opening: In the securities trading of the stock exchange, the first transaction that opens every day is the opening, which is divided into high opening, low opening and flat opening according to the opening price.

Opening price: the opening price refers to the first transaction of a security on each business day of the stock exchange, and the transaction price of the first transaction is the opening price of the day. According to the regulations of the Shanghai Stock Exchange, if there is no transaction within half an hour after the opening of the market, the opening price of the previous day is the opening price of that day. Sometimes, if a security has not been traded for several days, the stock exchange will put forward a guiding price according to the price trend of the securities entrusted by customers as the opening price after trading. The average price or average selling price on the first day of securities listing is the opening price.

Closing price: the closing price refers to the transaction price of the last transaction of a security before the end of the trading activities of the stock exchange one day. If there is no transaction on that day, the latest transaction price is taken as the closing price, because the closing price is the standard of the current market and the basis of the opening price of the next trading day, which can be used to predict the future securities market; Therefore, when analyzing the market, investors generally take the closing price as the calculation basis.

Number of transactions: refers to the number of shares traded on that day.

Highest price: refers to the different prices of stocks traded on the same day as the highest trading price.

Lowest price: refers to the lowest transaction price among different prices of the day.

Increase: refers to the opening price is much higher than the closing price of the previous day.

Low opening: refers to the opening price is much lower than the closing price of the previous day.

Disk stall: refers to investors not actively buying and selling, but taking a wait-and-see attitude, so that the change of stock price on that day is very small. This situation is called disk stop.

Reorganization: refers to the stock price after a period of sharp rise or fall, began to fluctuate slightly, and entered a stage of steady change. This phenomenon is called reorganization, which is the preparation stage of the next big change.

Pan Jian: The stock price is rising slowly, which is called Pan Jian.

Floppy disk: The slow decline of stock price is called floppy disk.

Gap: refers to the sharp jump of stock price under the stimulation of strong bullish or negative news. Gaps usually appear before the beginning or end of a sharp change in stock prices.

Back file: refers to the phenomenon that the stock price temporarily falls back because of the excessive increase in the process of rising.

Rebound: refers to the phenomenon that the stock price rises temporarily due to the acceleration of the decline in the falling market and sometimes supported by the buyer. The rebound is less than the decline, and the downward trend resumes after the rebound.

Number of transactions: refers to the number of transactions of various stocks on that day.

Turnover: refers to the total transaction price of each stock on that day.

Final bid: refers to the price that the buyer wants to buy after the close of the day.

Final bid: refers to the asking price of the seller after the close of the day.

Bulls: people who are optimistic about the stock market prospects, buy stocks first, and sell stocks to earn the difference when the stock price rises to a certain price.

Short position: refers to the investor's change that the stock price has risen to the highest point and will soon fall, or the stock has begun to fall, and it continues to fall and is sold at a high price.

Up and down: compare the daily closing price with the previous day's closing price to decide whether the stock price is up or down. Generally, it is indicated by "+"and "-"on the bulletin board above the trading desk.

Price: refers to the fluctuation unit of the bid price. The price changes with the change of the share price. Take the Shanghai Stock Exchange as an example: the market price of each stock 100 yuan is 0. 10 yuan; Price per stock market100-the price in 200 yuan is 0.20 yuan; The price of 200-300 yuan per share is 0.30 yuan; The price of each stock market is 300-400 yuan, and the unit price is 0.50 yuan; The price per stock market above 400 yuan 1.00 yuan;

Consolidation: refers to the situation that the stock price often hovers and stagnates in the stock market. In a certain period of time, you can neither go up nor down. Shanghai investors call it a deadlock.

Rights issue: When a company issues new shares, it distributes them to shareholders for subscription at a special price (lower than the market price) according to the number of shares owned by shareholders.

Asking price: the lowest price that the seller is willing to sell in stock trading.

Quotation board: Some large banks, brokerage companies and stock exchanges have set up large electronic screens to provide stock quotations to customers at any time.

Break-even point: the base point of stock trading volume of an exchange, beyond which profits will be realized, and vice versa.

Interest filling: before ex-dividend, the market price of the stock is approximately equal to the market price before ex-dividend announcement plus the dividend to be distributed. Therefore, the stock price will rise after the ex-dividend is announced. After the ex-dividend is completed, the stock price often falls below the pre-dividend stock price. The difference between the two is about equal to the dividend. If after the ex-dividend is completed, the share price rises close to or exceeds the share price before the ex-dividend, and the difference between the two is made up, it is called interest filling.

Face value: refers to the face value of the stock initially set by the company.

Legal capital: For example, the legal capital of a company is 20 million yuan, but only 6.5438+million yuan is enough when it starts business, and shareholders pay 6.5438+million yuan as the full capital.

Blue chip: refers to the stocks issued by listed companies with abundant capital and good reputation.

Broker's commission: the remuneration that the broker gets for executing the customer's instructions, usually calculated as a percentage of the transaction amount.

Bull market: Also known as bull market, it is a market where share prices generally rise.

Short market: a market in which stock prices show a long-term downward trend. In the short market, the stock price changed sharply and rose slightly. Also known as the bear market.

Equity: all shares representing the ownership of an enterprise, including common shares and preferred shares.

Capitalized securities: new shares provided free of charge according to the shareholding ratio of ordinary shareholders, also known as temporary shares or bonus shares.

Spot sale: after the transaction is completed in the stock exchange, the act of demanding the delivery of securities on the same day is called spot sale.

Flip: The bulls who were optimistic about the market changed their views, not only selling stocks, but also selling them by shares. This behavior is called flipping or flipping.

Turn over: The original short seller changed his mind, not only bought back the stocks he sold, but also bought more stocks. This behavior is called flipping.

Short selling: buying stocks when the stock price is expected to rise, then selling the bought stocks before the actual delivery, and collecting the difference or making up the difference at the actual delivery.

Short selling: it is speculated that the stock price is expected to fall, so if you sell the stock, you will make up the position in full before the actual delivery, and only settle the difference when the delivery occurs.

Negative: push the stock price down, negative factors and news.

Lido: It is a factor and news that stimulates the stock price to rise and is beneficial to bulls.

Sky: This is an act of taking a pessimistic view of the stock price prospect. Borrow shares to sell, or sell stock futures, and then buy them back after a long time.

Short-term: the act of turning the stock price into bearish in the short term, and selling and covering the position by borrowing shares in the short term.

Changduo: It is a kind of behavior that is optimistic about the long-term stock price and thinks that the stock price will continue to rise for a long time, so buy stocks and hold them for a long time, and then sell them after the stock price rises for a long time to earn the difference income.

Short-term: it is the behavior of optimistic about the stock price, buying the stock and selling it without a slight increase in the stock price.

Fill in the blank: it is the act of buying back previously sold shares.

Hanging in the air: refers to grabbing empty hats and short selling stocks, only to find that the stock price has fallen in the end and has to be compensated by high prices. Kill more: it is generally believed that the stock price will rise that day, so there are many people grabbing long hats in the market, but the stock price has not risen sharply. At the end of the transaction, they rushed to sell, causing the closing price to fall sharply. Short selling: it is generally believed that the stock price will fall that day, so everyone grabs the hat. But the stock price has not fallen sharply, so it is impossible to buy at a low price. There was a struggle to make up before the close, but the closing price rose sharply.

Death: I am optimistic about the stock market prospects. After buying a stock, if the stock price falls, I would rather keep it for a few years. If I don't care about the money, I will never sell it.

Lock-in: it means that the stock price is expected to rise, but it will fall all the way after buying; Or expect the stock price to fall, but after selling the stock, the stock price will rise all the way. The former is called long locking and the latter is called short locking.

Hat grabbing: refers to the act of buying low and selling high on the same day, or selling high and buying low, buying and selling the same kind and quantity of stocks, and earning the difference.

Hatter: People who rob hats are called hatters.

Decapitation: refers to grabbing a long hat to buy a stock, only to find that the stock price did not go up, but fell, so we had to reduce the price.