1, the earliest currency: natural seashells.
2. Metal currency: copper imitation shell and money (cloth) (the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River began to act as equivalents in the late Yellow Emperor).
3. Shang and Zhou currencies.
Natural shells are still an important currency.
Metal money is widely used:
A, copper shell and copper block;
B, currency and cloth are being transformed into metal currency in Guanluo Sanjin area.
4. Currency in the Spring and Autumn Period
Empty cloth: it is spread in Guanluo Sanjin area, and "Zhou, Zheng, Jin and Wei" are mainly flat-headed empty cloth.
Knife (goods): It was circulated in the Qi State in the East, imitating a production tool.
Imitation copper shell circulating in southern Chu State.
5, round money: round hole, round square hole.
Qin: In units of two, a round hole of one or two yuan has no outline, and a square hole of half two yuan.
6. The circulation of gold during the Warring States Period.
During the Warring States period, the circulation of gold was based on Jin Yi, mainly on Nan Jin.
7. Currency of Qin Dynasty
Gold is named after Yan, and it is a coin; Copper coin is known as half a tael, as heavy as its text, and it is the next coin; Beads, jade, tortoise shells, silver and tin are the treasures of ornaments, not coins.
8. Western Han Dynasty currency
Three baht, four baht, five baht, leather coins and white gold coins.
9. Currency in the Eastern Han Dynasty
Iron coins: In 30 AD, Gongsun Shu cast iron coins in Sichuan, using iron as the material for the first time in history.
Five baht money: In 40 AD, Emperor Guangwu suggested from Ma Yuan to restore five baht money.
10, the currency of Wang Mang's period.
Two years: wrong knife, wrong knife, big spring.
Six years: scrap the wrong knife, sign the knife for five baht, issue Koizumi instead of five baht, and circulate five coins of gold, silver, copper, tortoise shell.
Six: gold loan, silver loan, spring loan, cloth loan, turtle loan and shell loan.
1 1.
Gold as the superior currency and copper as the inferior currency are still legal tender units, and the unit is changed from Yi to Gold, 1 gold = 10000 yuan? .
There were two kinds of horseshoes in the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, namely, unicorn gold (round) and horseshoe gold (oval).
In the Western Han Dynasty, it was mainly used for giving gifts. In the era of Wang Mang, gold was nationalized. After the Eastern Han Dynasty, gold decreased, and silk, cloth and copper coins were used as gifts.
12, currency of Three Kingdoms and Jin Dynasty
Wei: I used to trade in grain and silk, and I also resumed the circulation of five baht;
Shu: straight 100 yuan;
Wu: Daquan is 500 and Daquan is 1000.
Jin Dynasty: No new coins were minted. In the Western Jin Dynasty, five baht of Han and Wei dynasties and various ancient coins were mainly used. In the Eastern Jin Dynasty, Yuan Emperor mainly used the old money after crossing the river in Sun and Wu areas.
Sixteen countries: The secretariat of Liangzhou in Hexi was restored to five baht, and Hanxing money was the earliest annual money in China.
13, currency of southern and northern dynasties
Liu Song: four baht;
Liang xiaonanqi: for the first time, a lot of cast iron money was cast, and copper coins, five baht money and short hundred were cast;
Chen: Borrow six beads;
Northern Wei Dynasty: Taihe five baht, Yong 'an five baht;
Eastern Wei Dynasty: Five baht along Yong 'an;
Beiqi: Changping five baht;
Northern Zhou Dynasty: Buquan, Wuxing Dabu, Yongtong Wanguo;
At the end of the Northern and Southern Dynasties, people in northern Jizhou traded silk cloth and people in southern Wuling traded salt rice cloth.
14, Sui and Tang currency
Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty forged a unified standard of five baht, which became a unified currency in domestic circulation.
In the legal tender circulation system of the Tang Dynasty, money and silk went hand in hand.
In four years, Wude abandoned five baht to cast Kaiyuan Bao Tong coins, and stipulated that the color code should be separated from the measurement and naming system of the currency, and the weight should be used as the name of the currency.
15, currency of the late Tang and Five Dynasties
Huichang Kaiyuan Qian (Kaiyuan Bao Tong Qian has words on the back, and later all the states cast state names on the back).
The Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms were generally chaotic, and Zhou Shizong made the most money by casting Tianbao in Zhu Yuanzhang.
Silver began to enter circulation (copper coins decreased, silk was not feasible, and silver gradually entered circulation), but in the Tang Dynasty it was mainly used as ornaments or wealth collection (silver cakes, silver collars), bribery, military supplies, local gifts, etc. After the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms, the trend of public and private collecting silver gradually took shape. Lingnan Road and Jiangxi Road produce the most silver.
16, currency of Song Dynasty
Song Dynasty Year Coin: In addition to the Bao Tong currency, the year number of the emperor was added. At the beginning of the Northern Song Dynasty, there was no difference between Bao Tong in the Song and Yuan Dynasties and Bao Tong in Kaiyuan. Later, Bao Tong appeared in Taiping, and Bao Tong appeared in Chunhua. Every time the emperor changes their RMB, they will recast a new currency. Chinese characters are all treasures and ingots, but the fonts have changed, including Zhen, Cao, Li, seal and line.
Copper coin areas in the Northern Song Dynasty: Kaifeng Prefecture, Dongjing, Hebei, Huainan, Jiangnan, Zhejiang, Fujian, western Guangdong and other places.
Tieqian District of Northern Song Dynasty: Sichuan
The dual-purpose areas of iron and money in the Northern Song Dynasty: Shaanxi and Hedong
Southern Song Dynasty copper coin area: southeast,
Tieqian District of Southern Song Dynasty: Huaibei, Jingxi and Hubei
Dual-purpose areas of iron and money in Southern Song Dynasty: Jingmen, Hanzhong and other places
Jiaozi: a completely redeemable credit certificate, which can only be used in Sichuan.
Yin Qian: It is not used as currency, but only for exchange. It can be used outside Sichuan (Song Huizong exchanged jiaozi for money).
Huizi in the Southern Song Dynasty: It was originally distributed among the people in the southeast, and later the government set up the Huizi Library, completely imitating the method of quoting books in Sichuan.
Local currency: Sophora japonica, Hu Hui, Chuanyin and Yinhuizi.
17, Yuan currency
Central banknote unification period: laid the foundation of the yuan banknote system, and the yuan dynasty did not cast copper coins. Zhongtong Yuanbao payment notes are capitalized with silk, with consistency and text as the unit.
Yuan banknote period: the most important currency in the Yuan Dynasty, circulating in parallel with the central banknotes.
The most correct period of paper money: the circulation of silver was forbidden in the Yuan Dynasty, but many people used it, and paper money was linked to silver.
Currency in Ming and Qing Dynasties
Silver coins: Silver coins were produced in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, in the form of silver ingots and silver ingots. After the Opium War, the Qing government made silver dollars to cope with the inflow of western silver dollars. In the 13th year of Guangxu, Guangxu ingot, also known as "Yang Long", was cast, which was divided into single dragon and double dragon, and there was a bust of Emperor Guangxu with silver coins in it.
19, modern currency
Copper coins from making money to copper coins
Silver coins went from silver to silver (the first foreign silver dollar that flowed into China was Spanish silver dollar, and Zhang Zhidong invited him to set up a bureau in Guangdong in the 13th year of Guangxu, and the casting was officially approved in the 16th year of Guangxu).
Sometimes, due to special reasons, different local governments in the same country may issue different versions of money. For example, Jersey and Guernsey in Britain, including England, Scotland and even remote outlying islands, all have different versions of the pound.
And they can be traded in other parts of the UK, but only the British pound is an internationally recognized trading currency, and other versions of the British pound may be rejected outside the UK.
Due to historical factors, the people and the country of China have three different legal tender currencies, the mainland uses RMB, and Hong Kong and Macao implement one country, two systems. The legal tender in Hong Kong is the Hong Kong dollar and Macao is the Macao pataca. There is no direct or indirect relationship between the two and the US dollar.
China and Taiwan Province Province use the New Taiwan Dollar.
Each basic monetary unit can usually be divided into smaller tokens. The most commonly used ratio is1100, such as100 integral = 1 yuan.
Before the French Revolution popularized the metric system, the metric system of 1/20/240 was used for a long time in European history. For example, in Britain, 1 equals 20 shillings and 240p. The French situation is 12, denier 1 sol, 20 sol 1 Riefler (Lifler, also known as lithium). 1:7, 1: 14, 1:25, 1: 10,1:/000 and other decimal systems have also been used.
18, barter
The history of human use of money originated from the era of barter. In primitive society, people bartered for the materials they needed, such as a sheep for a stone axe.
But sometimes limited by the types of materials used in the exchange, we have to find a mutually acceptable item for exchange. This article is the most primitive currency. Livestock, salt, rare shells, rare bird feathers, precious stones, placer gold, stones and other items that are not easy to obtain in large quantities are used as money.
19, metal currency
After years of natural elimination, in most societies, commodities used as money are gradually replaced by metals. The advantage of using metal currency is that its manufacture requires manpower, it cannot be obtained in large quantities from nature, and it is easy to preserve.
Rare gold, silver and copper, which are difficult to smelt, have gradually become the main currency metals. Some countries and regions have already used iron currency. Marx said that money is not gold and silver in essence, and gold and silver are money in essence.
The early metal currency was huge, so it needed to be tested by touchstone and weighed at the same time. With the development of human civilization, a more complex and advanced monetary system has been gradually established.
People in ancient Greece, Rome and Persia minted coins with uniform weight and color. In this way, when using money, it is undoubtedly much more convenient to weigh and check the color. These coins are printed with the head of the king or emperor, complicated heraldic and seal patterns to avoid counterfeiting.
The earliest metal currency in China was the copper shell of Shang Dynasty. Shang Dynasty is also called the Bronze Age in the history of China. The developed bronze smelting industry at that time promoted the development of production and the increase of trade activities. As a result, the most popular coin at that time was not easy to trade because of its unstable source, so people looked for more suitable monetary materials and naturally concentrated on bronze, and bronze coins came into being.
However, this kind of metal currency made of bronze is very rough, simple in design, not fixed in shape, without using units, and has not reached the level of widespread use in the market. Because its shape is very similar to the shell coin as a currency, most people call it a copper shell.
According to the analysis of archaeological materials, the copper shell was circulated with Beibi at the same time after it was produced. In the mid-Spring and Autumn Period, a new form of money appeared, namely, gold-plated copper shell, which is a thin layer of gold plated on the surface of ordinary copper coins, which is luxurious and wear-resistant. The copper shell is not only the earliest metal currency in China, but also the earliest metal currency in the world.
20. Gold and silver
Coins in western countries are mainly gold coins and silver coins, and auxiliary coins are made of copper and copper alloys. With the development of social economy in Europe, the volume of commodity transactions has gradually increased. In the15th century, deflation panic appeared in economically developed Flanders and northern Italian states.
From the16th century, a large amount of gold and silver from America flowed into Europe through Spain, which saved the European monetary system and created the initial conditions for the development of European capitalist economy.
2 1, paper money
With the further development of economy, metal coins are inconvenient to use, and a large number of metal coins need to be used in large transactions, and their weight and volume are annoying.
There will be wear and tear in the use of metal currency. According to incomplete statistics, since humans used gold as money, more than 20,000 tons of gold have been worn in mint, or in people's hands, money bags and clothes pockets. So paper money appeared as a symbol of metal money. The earliest paper money in the world was a symphony that appeared in China's Song Dynasty in Sichuan, China.
Extended data:
As money is a commodity, it has the same use value and exchange value as all commodities.
In different forms of value movement, money plays different roles: value scale, circulation means, payment means, storage means and world currency. Among them, value scale and circulation means are the basic functions of money. The other three functions are all derived from these two.
1, numerical range
Value measure is the most basic and important function of money, that is, money acts as a measure to express and measure the value of all other commodities. The value of a commodity depends on the length of socially necessary labor time it contains. Here, socially necessary labor time is the internal measure of commodity value.
However, under the condition of commodity economy, the value of commodities can not be directly expressed by labor time, but can only be simply expressed by money as the representative of value. It can be seen that the function of money to implement the value scale is actually the external value scale of commodity value. And the commodity value shown by a certain amount of money is the price of the commodity.
In other words, price is the monetary expression of value. Money can act as a measure of value because it is a commodity and valuable, so it can be used to measure the value of other commodities.
The function of currency to implement the value scale is realized through the price standard. In order to measure the size of various commodities, the currency itself must first determine a unit of measurement, that is, technically determine a certain weight of gold or silver as a monetary unit, such as gold, silver, money, cents and so on. This monetary unit containing a certain metal weight is called the price standard.
Different countries have different monetary units, so they have different price standards. For example, in the history of our country, "two", "baht" and "Wen" have become the main monetary units, that is, price standards. In Britain, the monetary unit is mainly the pound.
Price standard is not an independent function of money, but a technical regulation derived from the function of value scale. Although the function of the value scale of money is realized by the price standard, they are different categories. The difference is that money, as a measure of value, is the embodiment of value, that is, social labor condensed in commodities, and the price standard is the unit of measurement of money.
2. Means of circulation
Means of circulation refers to the function of money as a medium of exchange in commodity circulation. Before the emergence of money, commodity exchange was a direct exchange of things, that is, commodities-commodities. After the emergence of currency, commodity exchange is carried out through the medium of currency, that is, commodity-currency-commodity. Here, money plays the role of medium in the exchange relationship between two commodities and performs the function of circulation means.
As a measure of value, it can be a concept currency. As a means of circulation, it must be a real currency, but not necessarily a full-value currency. This is because money is only fleeting when it performs the function of circulation means. People care whether it can play the role of exchange medium, but don't care about its actual value.
As long as the society recognizes it, it can represent a certain amount of money and a certain value. This leads to the possibility that money is insufficient to replace all money and paper money to replace coinage as a means of circulation. Relatively speaking, paper money itself has no value, and only performs the function of circulation means according to the value of gold or silver it represents, that is, it represents metal money.
Money, as a means of circulation, on the one hand overcomes the difficulty of finding in barter exchange, on the other hand, it also deepens the internal contradiction of commodity economy. Commodity exchange with money as the medium divides exchange into two independent behaviors: buying and selling. Their disconnection in time and space contains the possibility of crisis.
3. Storage means
Meaning: storing wealth (a symbol of wealth) is not money in concept, but gold and silver bars (such as metal bars) with sufficient value.
The function of money storage means is that money exits the circulation field and is preserved as the general representative of social wealth. As a means of storage, money can spontaneously adjust the amount of money in circulation. When the amount of money needed in circulation decreases, the surplus money will withdraw from circulation; When the amount of money needed in circulation increases, some stored money enters circulation.
As a means of storage, money must be real enough gold and silver money. Only gold and silver coins or gold and silver bars can play the role of money storage means.
Paper money does not have the function of storage means. Only when the value of paper money remains stable for a long time will people store paper money. Paper money has the function of storage means (in banks), but it does not have the function of storage means.
4. Payment instruments
Means of payment refers to the function of money in paying off debts. In commodity exchange, goods can be bought and sold by credit instead of cash, and cash can be paid after a certain period of time. Since the buyer pays first, the seller becomes the creditor and the buyer becomes the debtor. After the agreed time limit, the buyer pays off the debt to the seller in the form of currency.
Here, money acts as a means of payment. As a means of payment, money was originally within the scope of commodity circulation, and later extended to outside the field of commodity circulation.
Buying and selling on credit is actually a kind of lending activity. With the development of credit business, various credit currencies have appeared, such as promissory notes, checks, drafts, bank notes and so on. Various credit currencies also play the role of means of payment, and the debts they represent can offset each other, greatly reducing the amount of money needed in circulation.
The means of payment is further produced on the basis of value scale and circulation means. Because money is a measure of value, goods can be exchanged with money; Because money, as a means of circulation, can produce the behavior of buying and selling goods;
Only with the further development of commerce, the way of selling goods on credit will appear, and the function of payment means will come into being. In order to pay due money, money must be stored. It can be seen that the means of payment must be based on the existence of value scale, circulation means and currency storage function.
5. World currency
Meaning: When money acts as a universal equivalent in the world market, we call it the world currency. As a world currency, it must have full value and be a precious metal block, which plays a role according to its actual weight. In fact, it is gold bullion and silver bullion that play the role of functions of money in the world. Paper money cannot be used as the world currency.
Function: Buy foreign goods in the world market and pay the balance of payments. The demand for real money is generated when it is transferred between countries as a representative of social wealth.
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