The commercial revolution provided for the industrial revolution: it accelerated the process of primitive accumulation of capital, promoted the transformation from feudal mode of production to capitalist mode of production, and provided market support and funds.
(1) Establishment of constitutional monarchy
William was declared king of England by Parliament on 1689 after agreeing to accept the provisions of the Bill of Rights proposed by Parliament, and was called William III. The main contents of the Bill of Rights are as follows: 1. The king shall not infringe on the taxation power of parliament; 2. The king has no right to annul laws passed by Parliament; 3. Without the consent of Parliament, the king may not organize a standing army; 4. People have the right to petition; 5. The king shall not interfere with the freedom of speech of Parliament, and shall not detain members for political acts; 6. Parliament must meet regularly. 170 1 year, the parliament passed the law of succession to the throne. The essence of this bill is a supplement to the Bill of Rights. The decree of the king must be signed by the relevant minister before it can take effect. All ministers must carry out the resolutions of parliament. If they don't agree with the resolution of parliament, the ministers must resign. According to this bill, the minister is responsible to the parliament but not to the king, and the king of England has become a virtual monarch who is "unified but dead". The political power completely fell into the hands of the parliament controlled by the bourgeoisie and the bourgeois upstarts, and the British constitutional monarchy was finally established.
The establishment of constitutional monarchy, cabinet system and modern parliamentary system is the result of British bourgeois revolution, which meets the needs of British domestic political and economic development and thus becomes the fundamental guarantee for Britain to develop capitalism and carry out industrial revolution.
(2) The completion of primitive accumulation of capital.
The emergence and development of capitalist mode of production need two basic conditions: first, there must be a large number of hired workers who have only personal freedom and no means of production; The second is to concentrate a large number of means of production and monetary wealth in the hands of a few people and turn them into capital. The process of creating these two conditions is the process of primitive accumulation of capital. The primitive accumulation of capital is different from the later accumulation of capital. The former occurred before the establishment of capitalist mass production, which is the premise and starting point of capitalist mode of production. The latter occurred in the process of capitalist mass production. Therefore, the former is called primitive accumulation of capital and the latter is called capital accumulation. Primitive accumulation of capital in Britain was mainly plundered by enclosure movement and colonization.
(3) Foreign trade
Since the second half of the16th century, the British government has been pursuing a mercantilist policy. In order to develop trade, the British government strongly supports the shipbuilding industry and supports the establishment of franchise trading companies overseas. Among them, the East India Company established by Britain in India in 1600 and the Hudson Company established in North America in 1670 have the greatest influence. Britain adopts compulsory trade in India. If Indian farmers are forced to grow opium and export it to other countries for high profits, China is also a victim. Britain buys Indian rice at a low price and sells it to other countries for huge profits.
/kloc-from the middle of 0/7th century to18th century, the British government completed two prerequisites of expanding capitalist production-a large number of free labor and a large number of capital through enclosure movement, overseas colonial plunder, robber trade, slave trade and exploitation of domestic people.
(4) The production technology has been completed.
/kloc-in the 0/5th century, semi-agricultural and semi-industrial handicrafts were very common in rural England, mainly wool textile industry. /kloc-in the 0/6th century, scattered handicraft workshops dominated. The expansion and technological progress of British handicraft workshops are closely related to a large number of craftsmen immigrants from other European countries. At the end of the Middle Ages, the technical level of handicrafts in France, the Netherlands and other countries surpassed that of Britain, and a large number of skilled craftsmen appeared.
Because of the constant religious war, a large number of Protestants were persecuted, so many skilled craftsmen who believed in Protestantism fled to Britain to take refuge. After these skilled craftsmen flooded into Britain, they played a great role in the improvement and innovation of British handicraft technology. With the deepening of the enclosure movement in Britain, more and more farmers lost their land, which provided a large number of cheap labor with various skills for British businessmen, so centralized handicraft workshops gradually developed. As for scattered handicraft workshops, it is more common. All this means that the British capitalist structure has matured within the feudal society.
Handicraft workshops, England, generally expanded in18th century. Due to the development of handicraft workshops, the technical division of labor is more refined, and the operation is divided into various details, thus making the specialized work more sophisticated and skilled. In this way, small and simple production tools suitable for various specialized jobs have emerged, and the difference between skilled workers and unskilled workers with high skills has also emerged. With the development of division of labor in manual workshops, tools have been improved into many tools only suitable for special actions, which makes it possible for these tools to be connected into machines. In addition, handicraft workshops have trained a large number of skilled and experienced workers, and their accumulated production experience has directly promoted the invention of various machines. All these have created the material premise for the invention of machines. Secondly, at that time, the production of British handicraft workshops could not meet the needs of domestic and foreign markets, and technical transformation became an urgent need, which put forward the historical task of inventing machines.
(5) the progress of natural science
The invention of machines must be based on the progress of natural science. /kloc-at the end of 0/6/kloc-at the beginning of 0/7, the British bourgeoisie has matured. Under the influence of the Renaissance, people's thoughts were liberated and natural science made remarkable achievements. Among them, Francis Bacon (156 1-1626) has the greatest influence. He is both a philosopher and a natural scientist. Bacon believes that the task of philosophy is to go deep into nature, study and reflect nature, and gain knowledge from it, thus promoting the progress of science and technology. Bacon put forward the slogan "knowledge is power". Bacon advocated understanding nature through scientific experiments. He believes that experiment is the most effective way to observe, understand and form knowledge and obtain new discoveries. Bacon's thought had a positive impact on British natural scientists, enlivened the British natural science field in the17th century and liberated the productive forces.
Among these scientific achievements, the law of universal gravitation and the three laws of mechanics have had a great and direct impact on the development of natural science and the rise of industrial revolution. The natural scientific achievements made during this period laid a solid scientific theoretical foundation for the industrial revolution.
(6) New economic theory guides change.
/kloc-in the middle of the 0/7th century, after the British bourgeois revolution, the domestic and foreign markets expanded rapidly. With the growth of social wealth, it is no longer simply manifested in the accumulation of money, but also in the growth of production, which is manifested in the continuous expansion of social material wealth created in the production process. Therefore, the industrial bourgeoisie opposes state intervention in economic life and restrictions on production. With the focus of bourgeois interests shifting from the circulation field to the production field, mercantilism theory tends to collapse, and new economic theories emerge as the times require. This new economic theory is the classical political economy of the bourgeoisie and the ideological reflection of the interests of the industrial bourgeoisie. The most representative is Adam Smith's economics (1723-1790). The main representative work of Adam Smith's economics is the study of The Wealth of Nations. This book can be said to be the first systematic and complete work on bourgeois political economy, and it is the ideological embodiment of the interests of the industrial bourgeoisie. It greatly encouraged the vigorous development of the industrial revolution. The publication of The Wealth of Nations provides a theoretical basis for the rule of the industrial bourgeoisie. It had a far-reaching impact on the development of the British industrial bourgeoisie and became the clarion call for the arrival of the industrial revolution era.
(7) the emergence of emerging industries
Britain's metallurgical, mining and coal mining industries just started from16th century to17th century. In terms of ore mining quantity and processing technology, in the first half of17th century, Britain was not as good as the Czech Republic and Sweden, and the production level of some industrial sectors was not as good as that of France. However, the emergence and growth of British capitalism has its own characteristics, that is, the capitalist relationship goes deep into the countryside, which seriously destroys the economic foundation of British feudal society and lays a solid foundation for the rapid development of capitalism.
/kloc-In the 8th century, although wool industry was the most developed industry in Britain, it developed from the late feudal society and was strictly controlled by the government. The purpose of the government is to ensure the quality and maintain the reputation of the national industry in the world market, but at the same time, it also seriously hinders the technical update of the wool textile industry. Make the production process of this industry rigid and rigid, and become a conservative, lifeless and traditional production department. The cotton textile industry in Britain is different. It is a new industrial sector. British cotton textile industry was introduced by Dutch technicians in 1588, and its production center was not established in Lancashire until 17 century. Prior to this, its production bases were scattered in rural areas, not bound by guild and government regulations, and there were no rules and regulations and traditional obstacles in production. Therefore, the cotton textile industry has a good environment for technological innovation. /kloc-before the 0/8th century, the raw materials of the British cotton textile industry were mainly imported, and the production technology was quite backward. In the international market, the product quality is not as good as India, and the price of similar products is 50%-60% higher than India. The situation of British cotton textile industry is very difficult. In order to survive and resist Indian cotton fabrics, British cotton industry has to strive to improve product quality, reduce production costs and enhance market competitiveness. Therefore, technological innovation is imperative. Secondly, cotton fabric is suitable for ordinary people to wear every day, and its price is lower than wool fabric, which belongs to low-grade goods and has a very broad market prospect at home and abroad. It can be seen that the cotton textile industry is more suitable for inventing new machines, popularizing new technologies and creating new products. Therefore, by the 1960s of 18, the British industrial revolution began with the technological revolution of the emerging cotton textile industry.
The process of industrial revolution is that invention promotes invention, and various industrial sectors have a chain reaction. From light industry to heavy industry, from working machine to engine, they promote each other and finally form a complete system of machine production. The British industrial revolution lasted about one hundred years from the middle of18th century to the middle of19th century.
Commercial revolution: a major change in the commercial and economic fields in western Europe after the opening of new air routes. It is manifested in the formation of the world market, the increase of the types of commodities in circulation, and the transfer of the trade center from the Mediterranean coast to the Atlantic coast. It accelerated the process of primitive accumulation of capital and promoted the transition from feudal mode of production to capitalist mode of production. At the same time, the document has an important impact on the social economy of other parts of the world, and the world as a whole is closely linked.