Category: Life >> Transportation

Problem description:

The size and structure of the sailing ship, the sailing speed at the time, the background of the times, and the maritime power of each country Etc.

Analysis:

Calais-type single-deck galleon:

Used in the Greek era until the 16th century, and was later replaced by the emergence of artillery. .

The hull is long, fast, uses ramming angle attack, and is propelled by oars. With the development of Calais, the number of paddlers gradually increased from a single row to multiple rows (for example, there are (one side) single row with twenty-four strokes, double row with twenty-five strokes, three rows with eighty strokes, Three layers, eighty-seven divisions (equal type system). The sail is used only as an aid to navigation. And commercial boats have fewer rowers.

A small boat discovered in 1967 was 49 feet long, with a beam of 14 feet 6 inches, and could hold about seven tons of cargo. The length of the sail is thirty-four feet four inches, the estimated sail area is six hundred and forty-five square feet, and the estimated speed is five knots. The largest ones are known to be up to 82 feet long and 23 feet wide, with an average tonnage of less than 80 tons.

Kirk type

The Calais type has not changed much in Roman times, but the oarsman can reach five rows. Its development type is the Kirk type. The Kirk type can be as large as 1,600 tons.

For example: 180 x 46 feet, about 1,200 to 1,300 tons.

This type of Kirk was used in trade on the Mediterranean for thousands of years.

The Byzantine Kirk was the first ship type to use a triangular sail.

The square sail disappeared with the fall of the Roman Empire, and the medieval Mediterranean became a Byzantine Kirk-type world. Artillery has appeared in this era.

A fleet of ships appeared in the era of Julius Caesar. The characteristics are: the rudder paddle is only on the starboard side, the keel is used, and the hull extends along the waterline. However, it is not particularly long. It is named because of its deep draft and narrow hull. There are thirty to forty oarsmen's seats, and the length is about one hundred and fifteen feet. It is a typical white warship.

During the Crusades, two-deck battleships appeared in the Mediterranean, and their type was obviously influenced by the Kirk type. The hull is 85 x 20 feet, slightly smaller than a Roman-era cargo ship. There are two masts, the foremast is tall and slightly tilted forward, and there is a poop at the stern.

In the twelfth century, ships with a central stern rudder appeared.

The fourteenth-century Carrick was one hundred feet long, twenty-three feet wide, and had a draft of ten feet, which was almost the same as that of the Mediterranean cargo ships at that time.

The larger Carrick type became the Fokker type

Both the Carrick type and the Fokker type were single masts, square sails, with a lower bottom sail and a folded sail section.

During the evolution of the longship, the freeboard gradually increased, and the bow and stern castle gradually became one with the hull.

At that time, the Carrick and Fokker types were the main ships for European North Sea traffic.

Clark type:

Late Middle Ages

In the late fourteenth century, Clark type was the mainstream in Mediterranean transportation, and it was replaced by the Galenic type two hundred years later.

Spain and Portugal also used it to sail across the Atlantic.

The Clark combines the Calais, Kirk, Carrick and Fokker types, with two to three masts, a square sail on the main body, and a triangular sail on the tail mast. There are four to five decks, deep draft, high freeboard, up to 2,000 tons. There is a stern rudder, and the bow and stern towers are more simplified. In order to increase the performance, a first sprit was installed on the bow of the ship, with a gaff sail on it.

A topmast sail is added to the main body, and a square sail is added to the lower part.

The flagship of the Gefabu expedition was the Clark type. It was seventy-six feet long, six inches wide and twenty-six feet wide. It was not considered large. The large one is one hundred and twenty feet eight inches long and thirty-four feet two inches wide, and its keel is eighty-five feet four inches long.

A Caravel is a small cargo ship from the 15th to 16th centuries, about one to three hundred tons. There are three masts, using a jib or a mixture of jib and square sails.

Columbus's other two ships were the Caravel type

Caravel type

Medieval warships:

Calais Mainly, the later Calais was influenced by the Byzantine Kirk type, with a low length, no ramming angle, one to three masts, a triangular sail, a round stern (a high poop in the Greek era), and a central The stern rudder has a simplified poop.

Venice and Turkey used it until the seventeenth century.

Various types of Calais: (length x width x draft)

Calais type: 75"4' x 13" x 4"6'

< p> Kirk: 152"6' x 16"6' x 5"6'

Fokker: 150"10' x 24"6' x 90"10'

< p> At the end of the 16th century, the Christian Clark type in the Mediterranean defeated the Turkish Calais type.

At the same time, the British Clark easily defeated the Spanish Calais type, and the Calais era was completely over.

< p> Artillery and ships:

Cannons were installed on ships in the early 14th century. From 1336 to 1338, France had used artillery to resist pirates, but the stability and flexibility of the ships were not enough.

The Clark type is more suitable for artillery (the Calais type can only fire artillery along the long axis, otherwise it will easily capsize), it is more flexible than the Calais, and it is also more suitable for long voyages than the Calais.

As the great powers expanded outward in the fifteenth century, they also had new demands for ships:

Fast speed to shorten sailing time

Not too many people needed Driving

Able to carry enough supplies and cargo

Able to carry sufficient weapons

The boundaries between warships and merchant ships are thus blurred.

In the 16th century, Clark began to change. The hull was enlarged, and the masts and sails were added.

Galenic type:

Galenic type originated from England and evolved from Clark in the 15th century.

In the early sixteenth century, Englishman James Baker invented the broadside muzzle. Using this design, the prototype of the Galen type launched in 1514 weighed one thousand tons, had four masts, high castles in the front and rear, 122 cannons, and a large number of archers with bows and arrows.

Later improvements to the design produced the first true Galen type ship. The bow fort was removed, the stern fort was lowered, the hull was lengthened, and multi-section masts were used.

In the early seventeenth century, the British built a Galen type that was 1.5 times longer than the Elizabethan era, had a deeper draft, and could place guns on three decks.

Since the 16th century, various countries have also used the Clark type, but the British Galen type still dominates the sea.

The British Galenic sail has an upright mast and three square sails.

Galenic type definition:

Same length as Calais, but taller and thicker, with a high bow, four masts, two square sails, and dual-purpose war and merchant ships.

Battleship:

A British battleship launched in 1637, length: 127"x width: 46"6 draft'x19"4', total weight 1522 tons.

< p> The British ships became larger and larger (the limit of wooden ships was about two hundred feet) and carried more guns. The French ships became shorter, fatter and smoother, abandoning the third layer of guns that was often unusable.

But later the two countries. The designs often imitated each other.

The castles were gradually lowered, and the method of sailing was also greatly changed.

Use the jib