United States: Commodity and Futures Trading Commission (CFTC), United States Securities and Exchange Commission.

United Kingdom: Financial Conduct Authority (FCA, formerly Financial Services Authority)

Cyprus: Cyprus Securities and Exchange Commission

Malta: Malta Financial Services Authority (MFSA)

Japan: Japan Financial Futures Association (FFAJ), Japan Financial Agency (FSA)

Australia: Australian Securities and Investment Commission

Switzerland: Swiss Financial Market Authority

Germany: German Federal Bureau of Financial Supervision

Singapore: monetary authority of singapore

Hong Kong: Hong Kong Securities and Futures Commission (SFC)

1. Definition: Finance is a Chinese word, and the pinyin is jónóng.

Finance _ Rich sugar industry, such as the issuance and recovery of loans, deposit and withdrawal, exchange transactions and other economic activities. FINANCE (or FINANCE)_ After the faded rhyme clock is re-integrated, the equivalent cycle of value and profit will be realized. The professional view is that the process from saving to investment can be narrowly understood as financial dynamic monetary economics. ) Finance is the behavior that people make decisions on the optimal allocation of intertemporal resources in an uncertain environment. The essence of finance is value circulation.

Second, the type and content:

There are many kinds of financial products, including banks, securities, insurance, trusts and so on. Finance involves a wide range of academic fields, including accounting, finance, investment, banking, securities, insurance, trust and so on.

3. Others: Finance is a trading activity, and financial transactions themselves do not create value. According to Mr. Chen Zhiwu, financial transactions are a way to realize future income, that is, tomorrow's money will be spent today. If we spend more money tomorrow, will it cause inflation? Simply put, the frequency of financial transactions is an important indicator reflecting the economic prosperity of a region, a region and even a country. The concept of traditional finance is a subject that studies the circulation of money and funds.

The essence of modern finance is the capitalization process of business activities. The western definition, the New palgrave Dictionary of Economics, refers to the operation of the capital market, the supply and pricing of assets. Its basic contents include efficient market, risk and return, substitution and arbitrage, option pricing and corporate finance. Gold once became the only medium of international trade. In the era of barter economy, businessmen can only carry out counterpart transactions and barter.

Therefore, human economic activities are greatly restricted. In the era of gold standard economy, value and wealth are based on physical assets-gold. This objective physical method is very beneficial to the stable development of the global economy. However, as the carrier of value circulation, gold's disadvantages, such as inconvenient physical conditions such as handling, carrying and conversion, make it give way to more flexible paper money (currency).